[Comparative characteristics of the mycoflora composition of the virgin and tilled saline soils of the south of the Ukrainian USSR].
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Mitosporic Fungi↗
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Results for “soil salinity”
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Absorption of 3H2O and 22Na from saline soil layers by greasewood. BNWL-714.
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Ecology↗
[Phosphoric metabolism of Aspergillus niger in calcareous and saline soils].
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Aspergillus niger↗
Desert-derived Ensifer sp. SA403 enhances potato salt tolerance by reshaping rhizosphere microbiome functions and host responses.
Soil salinization increasingly threatens global food security, and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), a moderately salt-sensitive crop, is particularly vulnerable to saline soils. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) offer a promising strategy to improve crop performance, yet how PGPR interact with native microorganisms to enhance potato salt tolerance remains poorly understood. In this study, we identified a desert-derived PGPR strain, Ensifer sp. SA403, which substantially enhanced potato performance under high salinity across sterile, non-sterile and field conditions. Physiologically, inoculation with SA403 reduced shoot Na⁺ accumulation and increased the K⁺/Na⁺ ratio; notably, these effects were markedly stronger in non-sterile substrates than under sterile conditions, indicating that SA403-mediated ion homeostasis relies on cooperation with the resident microbiota rather than on the strain acting alone. Metagenomic profiling indicated that SA403 strain reshaped rhizosphere communities, significantly enriching beneficial taxa such as Priestia and Bradyrhizobium, and upregulated functional pathways involved in glutathione and sulfur metabolism. Furthermore, host transcriptomic analyses showed that SA403 modulated plant responses to salt stress, with differentially expressed genes enriched in jasmonic acid signaling, ethanolamine metabolism and amino-acid biosynthesis pathways. Field trials on saline soils confirmed that SA403 significantly increased seedling emergence and tuber weight. Together, our results demonstrate that SA403 functions as a biological mediator that optimizes rhizosphere microecology and coordinates ion balance and host signaling to enhance potato salt tolerance. These findings support the potential of SA403 as a robust PGPR-based tool for sustainable potato production on saline soils.
Rhizosphere↗
Decoding the trajectory of antibiotic resistance genes in saline and alkaline soils: Insights from different fertilization regimes.
The soil salinity and alkalinity play an important role in the occurrence and proliferation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Yet, little is known the underlying mechanism by which soil salinity and alkalinity affect antibiotic resistance evolution. Here we investigated the ARGs variation in soil salinity and alkalinity environments created by different fertilization, and explored the biological mechanisms that salinity and alkalinity alter the evolutionary paradigm of antibiotic resistance. The results showed the soil treated by organic fertilizer exhibited a low salinity, neutral level (TSD 239.20 μS/cm, pH 7.17). The ARG abundance in the OF treatment was the highest, keeping an average of 67.83 TPM. Beside the effect of direct input of organic fertilizer at the beginning, it was important to note that, ARGs abundance during planting showed significant correlations with pH and electric conductivity. We observed that changes in microbial survival strategies under different salinity and alkalinity conditions further affected ARG hosts abundance. Indoor experiments demonstrated that there was a survival trade-off between the growth of resistant bacteria and the evolution of antibiotic resistance in salinity and alkalinity environments. Meta-genomic and Meta-transcriptomic analysis consistently demonstrated bacterial antibiotic resistance was primarily associated with pyruvate, energy and lipid metabolic pathways. The functional gene related to salinity and alkalinity, like cysH, cysK, plsB and plsC showed negative correlations with MDR. Prokaryotic transcription assays validated these relations. This study well explains the prevalence of soil ARGs after different fertilization regimes and will give a deeper understanding for the effect of soil salinity and alkalinity on antibiotic resistance evolution.
Soil↗
Review of 15 years of research on ecotoxicology and remediation of land contaminated by agricultural drainage sediment rich in selenium.
The consequences of elevated Se accumulation at the Kesterson Reservoir National Wildlife Refuge in the Central Valley of California created adverse effects on wildlife and led to extensive research on the behavior of Se in both the wetland and upland ecosystems. Selenium concentrations in water entering the Kesterson Reservoir averaged 300 microg L(-1). In pond waters 20-30% of the Se was selenate, while only 2% was selenite in the drainage water entering the reservoir. Submerged rooted aquatic plants fed on by water birds were found to contain 18-390 mg Se kg(-1) dry weight. Mosquitofish collected from the San Luis Drain contained 332 mg Se kg(-1), and those collected from the ponds ranged from 339 to 380 mg kg(-1). Livers of water birds had Se concentrations ranging from 19.9 to 127 mg kg(-1). The high concentrations of Se accumulation in the food chain of the wetland strongly suggest that Se bioaccumulation was the cause of death and deformity of embryos of the waterfowl nesting at the wetland habitat. In June 1986, the Kesterson Reservoir was closed to drain-water inputs, and the wetland was transformed to an upland grassland. New remedial plans were proposed. These new plans involved soil, water, and vegetation management to dissipate Se by bioaccumulation and volatilization through soil microorganisms and plants. The investigations of the potential transfer of Se from farm land into the crop and vegetables in the Central Valley indicated that plant tissue Se concentrations generally fall in a nonseleniferous category, except that the highest Se concentration of cotton was at a threshold where toxicity in animals could occur at a relatively low frequency. At the Kesterson upland grassland habitat, average total Se concentrations ranged from 500 to 8000 microg kg(-1) and water-extractable Se ranged from 10 to 700 microg kg(-1) in the top 15 cm of soil and varied greatly, by a factor greater than 100, among soil samples. Uptake of Se by the plants was profoundly affected by the soil available Se concentration, soil moisture, pH, soil salinity, soil sulfate concentration, soil reoxidation condition, kind of plant species, and soil-management practices. The rate of soil Se dissipation at the Kesterson grassland system was from 1% (low methylation rate) to 5% (high methylation rate) Se inventory per year and it will take from 46 to 230 years to bring the soil Se down to a normal level, 4 mg Se kg(-1) soil. However, the Kesterson upland grassland habitat had Se bioaccumulation values less than 10% of those of the previous wetland. The potential food-chain contamination at the existing Kesterson grassland is much less problematic. No negative impact on wildlife has been reported for the upland habitat. Plants may contribute to the Se reoxidation process and be able to reduce the movement of Se in the soil. At the Kesterson grassland, the distribution of soil Se is extremely uneven; high levels of soil Se concentrated only in isolated spots. Therefore, leaching of soil Se is not at an area level. It is unlikely that problems of transport of Se from the Kesterson soil to the adjacent uncontaminated environment by leaching can occur.
Agriculture↗
Differential effects of four abiotic factors on the germination of salt marsh annuals.
Interspecific differences in responsiveness to temperature, photoperiod, soil salinity, and soil moisture confirm the hypothesis that abiotic factors differentially affect the germination of salt marsh plants. In growth chamber experiments, four of eight annual species responded to small differences in temperature or photoperiod. Increasing soil salinity decreased the final proportion of seeds germinating and slowed germination for each of the seven species tested. Higher soil moisture increased the proportion germinating of five species and germination speed of all seven species. Salinity and moisture interacted to affect the proportion germinating of five species and germination speed of all seven species. Although the abiotic factor with the largest effect on germination varied among species, more species responded to, and the magnitudes of the responses were larger for, soil salinity than for the other abiotic factors. These germination tests partially explained interspecific differences in the timing of germination in the field. Patterns of Hutchinsia procumbens, Lythrum hyssopifolium, Parapholis incurva, and possibly Lasthenia glabrata ssp. coulteri germination in response to a nonseasonal rainfall could be explained by their response to salinity, temperature, or photoperiod. Fine-scale differences in the timing of establishment within the typical germination window and spatial distributions along salinity and moisture gradients were not explained.
Journal Article↗
[Effects of salinity stress on poplars seedling growth and soil enzyme activity].
A pot culture experiment with two clones of poplars (P1 and P2) showed that soil salinity had a definite inhibitory effect on the establishment and growth of seedlings. The survival rate, seedling height and weight, and root weight were all declined with increasing soil salinity. When the salinity was 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6% and 0.8%, the shoot growth of P1 and P2 decreased by 23.24%, 48.56%, 70.76% and 83.33%, and 71.77%, 83.25%, 86.28% and 91.39%, respectively, in comparing with the control. Regressive analyses showed that soil salinity had a linear relationship with chlorophyll content, and a binomial relationship with leaf proline content. The activities of soil beta-glucosidase and L-asparaginase were decreased with increasing soil salinity. When the salinity was 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6% and 0.8%, the beta-glucosidase activity in P1 and P2 soils decreased by 10.96%, 20.07%, 30.96% and 37.44%, and 11.21%, 18.94%, 34.89% and 41.31%, respectively. The salinity tolerance of P1 was better than that of P2.
Asparaginase↗
High salt and high pH tolerance of new isolated Rhizobium etli strains from Egyptian soils.
Saline and alkaline soils are major problems contributing to the low productivity of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in arid and semi-arid regions such as Egypt. Therefore our study was directed toward selecting strains more tolerant to these environmental stresses. Among seven Rhizobium etli strains isolated from Egyptian soils, we found a high degree of diversity. Strains EBRI 21 and EBRI 26 are highly tolerant to a salt concentration up to 4% NaCl. A positive correlation was found between the salt tolerance and the adaptation to alkaline pH (9). Strains EBRI 2 and EBRI 26 were adapted to elevated temperatures (42 degrees C). The minimum level of low pH for the majority of Rhizobium etli strains from Egypt was pH 4.7 while the Colombian strain Rhizobium tropici CIAT 899 survived well at pH 4. At 0.4% NaCl, the symbiotic efficiency of the salt-tolerant strain EBRI 26 was superior in cultivar Giza 6 compared with the salt-sensitive strain EBRI 2 (18.2 compared with 13.9 nM: C2H4 h(-1) mg(-1) nodule fresh weight). In the bean cultivar Saxa, nitrogen fixation was much more affected by high salt concentration (0.4% NaCl) than in the cultivar Giza 6 with both strains (3.9 and 3.8 nM: C2H4 h(-1) mg(-1) nodule fresh weight, respectively). In general, stress of alkalinity had a less detrimental effect on nodulation and N2 fixation than stress of salinity.
Adaptation, Physiological↗
Salinity and citriculture.
Soil salinity significantly limits citrus production in many areas worldwide. Although data on fruit yields in response to salinity are limited, they indicate that grapefruit, lemons, and oranges are among the most sensitive of all agricultural crops. Fruit yields decrease about 13% for each 1.0 dS m(-1) increase in electrical conductivity of the saturated-soil extract (EC(e)) once soil salinity exceeds a threshold EC(e) of 1.4 dS m(-1). Accumulation of excess Cl(-) and Na(+) can cause specific ion toxicities, but this problem can be minimized by selecting rootstocks that restrict the uptake of these ions. During the past two decades, numerous papers describing the agronomic and physiological responses of citrus to salinity have been published. This paper reviews these research reports and discusses differences in the response of citrus species to salt stress, the role of different rootstocks, the causes of salt injury, and the interactions of other environmental conditions or stresses with salinity.
Journal Article↗
Characterization of a halotolerant-psychroloterant bacterium from dry valley Antarctic soil.
The saline soils of the ice free dry valleys of Victoria Land, Antarctica may provide the closest analog on Earth to Martian conditions. We have initiated a study aimed at examining microbial adaptations to the harsh environment of these dry valley soils. In this report we describe the characterization of one bacterium, strain A4a, isolated from Taylor Valley soil. Strain A4a was an obligately aerobic, orange-pigmented, Gram-positive coccus that grew over wide ranges of both temperature (0 degrees C-40 degrees C) and sodium chloride concentration (0-2.0M). The optimal temperature for growth at all NaCl concentrations was 25 degrees C. Phospholipid composition and guanine plus cytosine content of the DNA of the isolate indicate a close relation to the genus Planococcus.
Adaptation, Physiological↗
Can the nitrogenous composition of xylem sap be used to assess salinity stress in Casuarina glauca?
It is predicted that dryland salinity will affect up to 17 Mha of the Australian landscape by 2050, and therefore, monitoring the health of tree plantings and remnant native vegetation in saline areas is increasingly important. Casuarina glauca Sieber ex Spreng. has considerable salinity tolerance and is commonly planted in areas with a shallow, saline water table. To evaluate the potential of using the nitrogenous composition of xylem sap to assess salinity stress in C. glauca, the responses of trees grown with various soil salinities in a greenhouse were compared with those of trees growing in field plots with different water table depths and groundwater salinities. In the greenhouse, increasing soil salinity led to increased allocation of nitrogen (N) to proline and arginine in both stem and root xylem sap, with coincident decreases in citrulline and asparagine. Although the field plots were ranked as increasingly saline-based on ground water salinity and depth-only the allocation of N to citrulline differed significantly between the field plots. Within each plot, temporal variation in the composition of the xylem sap was related to rainfall, rainfall infiltration and soil salinity. Periods of low rainfall and infiltration and higher soil salinity corresponded with increased allocation of N to proline and arginine in the xylem sap. The allocation of N to citrulline and asparagine increased following rainfall events where rain was calculated to have infiltrated sufficiently to decrease soil salinity. The relationship between nitrogenous composition of the xylem sap of C. glauca and soil salinity indicates that the analysis of xylem sap is an effective method for assessing changes in salinity stress in trees at a particular site over time. However, the composition of the xylem sap proved less useful as a comparative index of salinity stress in trees growing at different sites.
Arginine↗
Crop and irrigation management strategies for saline-sodic soils and waters aimed at environmentally sustainable agriculture.
Irrigation has long played a key role in feeding the expanding world population and is expected to play a still greater role in the future. As supplies of good-quality irrigation water are expected to decrease in several regions due to increased municipal-industrial-agricultural competition, available freshwater supplies need to be used more efficiently. In addition, reliance on the use and reuse of saline and/or sodic drainage waters, generated by irrigated agriculture, seems inevitable for irrigation. The same applies to salt-affected soils, which occupy more than 20% of the irrigated lands, and warrant attention for efficient, inexpensive and environmentally acceptable management. Technologically and from a management perspective, a couple of strategies have shown the potential to improve crop production under irrigated agriculture while minimizing the adverse environmental impacts. The first strategy, vegetative bioremediation--a plant-assisted reclamation approach--relies on growing appropriate plant species that can tolerate ambient soil salinity and sodicity levels during reclamation of salt-affected soils. A variety of plant species of agricultural significance have been found to be effective in sustainable reclamation of calcareous and moderately sodic and saline-sodic soils. The second strategy fosters dedicating soils to crop production systems where saline and/or sodic waters predominate and their disposal options are limited. Production systems based on salt-tolerant plant species using drainage waters may be sustainable with the potential of transforming such waters from an environmental burden into an economic asset. Such a strategy would encourage the disposal of drainage waters within the irrigated regions where they are generated rather than exporting these waters to other regions via discharge into main irrigation canals, local streams, or rivers. Being economically and environmentally sustainable, these strategies could be the key to future agricultural and economic growth and social wealth in regions where salt-affected soils exist and/or where saline-sodic drainage waters are generated.
Agriculture↗
How to alleviate degradation of mangroves?
This work has experimentally proved that hyper salinity, a major cause for degradation of coastal mangrove habitats, can be alleviated by flushing of hyper saline soil with tidal water and/or with rainwater. Over a period of three years after digging the creeks to flush hyper saline soil with tidal water, an appreciable reduction in soil salinity and a moderate increase in colonization of mangroves are observed. Soil analysis showed a significant reduction in salinity after 2 months of storage of rainwater with a significant and concomitant increase of heterotrophic bacterial counts and nutrients. This study raises the possibility of converting degrading mangrove habitats to luxuriant ones through man-made efforts.
Amino Acids↗
Description of two novel Marinobacter species isolated from saline-alkali soil: Marinobacter alkalisoli sp. nov. and Marinobacter shunpengi sp. nov.
Four Gram-staining negative, non-motile, rod-shape bacteria, named strains GN3S48T, HN1S83, LN3S78T, and M1N3S26, were isolated from the bulk saline soils, in Baotou, China. Among them, strains GN3S48T and HN1S83 could degrade 100 mg l-1n-hexadecane as sole carbon and energy source for their growth. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the four strains always formed two distinct clades: Strain LN3S78T clustered with strain M1N3S26, and strain GN3S48T clustered with strain HN1S83. Nonetheless, all four strains tightly clustered and shared the highest 16S rRNA gene similarities with Marinobacter species. Specifically, clade of strains LN3S78T and M1N3S26 cluster with Marinobacter lipolyticus CGMCC 1.7282T, while clade of strains GN3S48T and HN1S83 clustered with Marinobacter zhanjiangensis CCTCC AB 208029T. The ANIb and AAI values between strains GN3S48T and HN1S83 were 96.4% and 94.6%, respectively, while those between strains LN3S78T and M1N3S26 were 99.3% and 99.1%, respectively. All ANI and AAI values between the four strains and their closest relatives were below the 95.0% species delineation threshold. The predominant respiratory quinone of the four strains was Q-9. Based on this polyphasic result, the two clades should be identified as two novel species within the genus Marinobacter. Thus, Marinobacter alkalisoli sp. nov. (type strain GN3S48T = CGMCC 1.62232T = KCTC 8701T = JCM 37359 T) and Marinobacter shunpengi sp. nov. (type strain LN3S78T = CGMCC 1.62233T = KCTC 8702T = JCM 37360T) are proposed. The metagenomic analysis revealed that the two new species are globally distributed in high-salt habitats. In addition, comparative genomic analysis confirmed that alkane-degrading genes are ubiquitous in Marinobacter strains.
Marinobacter↗
Bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated saline-alkaline soils of the former Lake Texcoco.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as phenanthrene, anthracene and Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) are toxic for the environment. Removing these components from soil is difficult as they are resistant to degradation and more so in soils with high pH and large salt concentrations as in soil of the former lake Texcoco, but stimulating soil micro-organisms growth by adding nutrients might accelerate soil restoration. Soil of Texcoco and an agricultural Acolman soil, which served as a control, were spiked with phenanthrene, anthracene and BaP, added with or without biosolid or inorganic fertilizer (N, P), and dynamics of PAHs, N and P were monitored in a 112-day incubation. Concentrations of phenanthrene did not change significantly in sterilized Acolman soil, but decreased 2-times in unsterilized soil and >25-times in soil amended with biosolid and NP. The concentration of phenanthrene in unsterilized soil of Texcoco was 1.3-times lower compared to the sterilized soil, 1.7-times in soil amended with NP and 2.9-times in soil amended with biosolid. In unsterilized Acolman soil, degradation of BaP was faster in soil amended with biosolid than in unamended soil and soil amended with NP. In unsterilized soil of Texcoco, degradation of BaP was similar in soil amended with biosolid and NP but faster than in the unamended soil. It was found that application of biosolid and NP increased degradation of phenanthrene, anthracene and BaP, but to a different degree in alkaline-saline soil of Texcoco compared to an agricultural Acolman soil.
Alkalies↗
Threshhold for recovery in the marsh halophyte Spartina alterniflora grown under the combined effects of salinity and soil drying.
A study quantifying the physiological threshhold at which Spartina alterniflora plants are able to tolerate the interactive effects of salinity and soil drying was conducted in a climate controlled greenhouse. The experiment consisted of two levels of salinity (3-5 ppt, L and 35-38 ppt, H) as well as four dynamic water levels: flooding (water level maintained 3-5 cm above the soil surface at high tide and 10 cm below the soil surface at low tide for entire study duration, F), 8-day drought (water level maintained at least 20 cm below the soil surface at high tide for 8 days then flooded, 8 days), 16-day drought (water level maintained at least 20 cm below the soil surface at high tide for 16 days then flooded, 16 days), and 24-day drought (water level maintained at least 20 cm below the soil surface at high tide for 24 days then flooded, 24 days). Plant gas exchange and growth responses were measured along with soil conditions of redox potential and water potential. Significant decreases were seen in plant gas exchange and growth in response to increases in salinity and soil drying. Survival was 100% for all flooded treatments while increased salinity combined with soil drying decreased survival to 86% in both low salt/24-day drought plants (LD24) and high salt/16-day drought plants (HD16). The lowest survival rate was seen in the high salt/24-day drought treatment (HD24) at 29%. Therefore, it appears that the critical time for recovery from the combined effects of increased salinity and soil drying may greatly diminish after two weeks from the onset of stress conditions. Consequently, if salinity continues to increase along the MRDP, marshes dominated by S. alterniflora may be more susceptible to short-term drought and likewise large-scale marsh browning.
Adaptation, Physiological↗
Habitat selection in a clonal plant.
Rhizomatous growth may permit the nonrandom placement of ramets into different environments, but whether clonal plants are able to use this means to exercise adaptive habitat choice is not known. Western ragweed (Ambrosia psilostachya) plants are shown to preferentially colonize nonsaline soil over saline soil patches, and clones with the strongest preference for nonsaline soil are those least able to grow when restricted to saline conditions. In clonal plant species, nonrandom associations of genotypes with specific environments may thus reflect habitat selection by plants as well as selective mortality imposed by different habitat patches.
Ecology↗