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PubMed1988

Neurodevelopmental readiness for adolescence: studies of an assessment instrument for 9- to 14-year-old children.

The Pediatric Examination of Educational Readiness at Middle Childhood (PEERAMID) is a neurodevelopmental examination for 9- to 14-year-old children. The examination was designed largely for use by developmental-behavioral pediatricians as a way of assessing certain critical developmental functions, including attention, memory, language, and motor coordination in children with school problems. Preliminary field testing of the PEERAMID was carried out in one community, and subsequently a revised version was standardized on randomly selected subjects from three communities near Boston, Massachusetts, and on groups of children from those towns said to be having significant problems at school. Additionally, the examination was used for the evaluation of 106 consecutive patients referred to the School Function Program at The Children's Hospital in Boston. Statistically significant performance differences discriminated between children with normal academic performance and those with school problems in the community as well as in the referral setting. It was discovered that children with school problems tended to have clusters of dysfunction, whereas normally achieving youngsters more often harbored no developmental dysfunctions or perhaps one or two areas of difficulty. It is believed that the PEERAMID can be a useful instrument in serving as part of a pediatric contribution to a multidisciplinary assessment in children in this age group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Preadolescent peer status, aggression, and school adjustment as predictors of externalizing problems in adolescence.

The comparative effectiveness of preadolescent aggressive behavior, peer rejection, and school functioning were evaluated in the prediction of adolescent delinquency and school maladjustment. Fifth-grade children (n = 112, 69% white, 53% male, M = 11 years old) were followed forward for 7 years until the end of high school. Rejected children were more likely to have a nonspecific negative outcome and more types of negative outcomes than average, popular, or neglected children, particularly among the white students. However, in regression models containing sex, race, aggression, frequent school absences, low grades, and rejection, the only significant predictor of juvenile delinquency or of a nonspecific negative outcome was aggression toward peers. Both aggression and frequent school absences were significant predictors of early school withdrawal. Analyses for the white children in the sample revealed that both rejection and aggression best predicted to the nonspecific negative outcome, whereas aggression alone best predicted to school dropout and to having one or more police contacts. Implications for future longitudinal outcome research and for risk-group identification in racially heterogeneous samples are discussed.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1988

Chronic musculoskeletal pain and functional status in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: an empirical model.

An empirical model is proposed and tested on variables hypothesized to influence functional status in 23 children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis experiencing chronic musculoskeletal pain. Child psychological adjustment, family psychosocial environment, chronic musculoskeletal pain, and disease activity were entered into multiple regression analyses to statistically predict 4 functional status criterion variables: activities of daily living (ADL), activities involvement, school functioning, and social functioning. Predictor variable relationships were found for all 4 functional status criterion variables, suggesting initial support for this empirical model of functional status in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis experiencing chronic musculoskeletal pain.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2026

Symptom assessment and health-related quality of life in children with lower urinary tract dysfunction: A retrospective cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: Lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) significantly impacts children's health-related quality of life (HRQoL), but key determinants of this impairment remain incompletely understood within a patient-centered framework. METHODS: This retrospective cross-sectional study enrolled 272 children with LUTD. Clinical symptoms were assessed using the Dysfunctional Voiding Scoring System (DVSS) and the Overactive Bladder Symptom Score (OABSS), and HRQoL via the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL&#x2122;) 4.0 Generic Core Scales. RESULTS: The mean total PedsQL score was 83.66 &#xb1; 16.07, with the School Functioning domain being the most impaired (73.75 &#xb1; 20.94). Univariate analysis identified older age (&#x2265;11 years), daytime urinary leakage, overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms, and abnormal DVSS scores as factors associated with reduced HRQoL (all P < 0.05); multivariate regression further confirmed only older age and abnormal DVSS were independent influencing factors (both P < 0.001). A significant negative correlation existed between the total DVSS score and the total PedsQL score (r = -0.390, P < 0.01), indicating that greater symptom severity predicts poorer overall HRQoL. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that in children with LUTD, the severity of voiding dysfunction (quantified by DVSS) is inversely correlated with HRQoL. Voiding dysfunction impairs multiple domains of daily functioning, including physical well-being, emotional adjustment, social interaction, and school performance. Shifting from a symptom-focused to a patient-centered care model and integrating routine HRQoL assessment into standard clinical management can optimize clinical practice for pediatric LUTD.

Humans↗
PubMed1989

Renal function in Sudanese school children with Schistosoma mansoni infection.

Renal function was investigated in 218 school children with Schistosoma mansoni infection in the Providence of Gezira in central Sudan and in 65 Sudanese and 65 German age-matched controls. Serum creatinine was normal in all children. A pathological urinary protein-creatinine ratio was found in 3% of S. mansoni-infected children and in 5% of Sudanese controls but in none of the European children. Characterization of pathological proteinuria using albumin nephelometry, alpha-1 microglobulin immunodiffusion and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in these children showed glomerular, tubular or mixed glomerulotubular patterns. One, 4 and 6 months following treatment of schistosomiasis with praziquantel, stools were re-examined; 57% of patients were cured, 16% were found to be reinfected and 27% had persistent egg excretion. Six months after therapy, pathological urinary protein-creatinine ratios were encountered in 3% of S. mansoni patients and in none of the 34 reinvestigated controls. Proteinuria was similar in patients with persistent S. mansoni egg excretion and in children cured of schistosomiasis infection. It is concluded that there was no evidence for S. mansoni associated glomerulonephritis in this group of Sudanese children. The high rate of pathological proteinuria in S. mansoni-infected and non-infected Sudanese children may be due to other causes.

Child↗
PubMed1992

Psychosocial issues in hemophilia before and after the HIV crisis: a review of current research.

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has had a fundamental impact on quality of life, delivery of care, and directions of research efforts for the hemophilia community. Studies of psychosocial issues in hemophilia before and after the HIV crisis are reviewed. Before this crisis, research addressed personality factors and coping, family functioning, impact of psychological factors on bleeding, effects of home treatment, and school functioning. After HIV problems surfaced, research focused on psychosocial impact of the epidemic, HIV knowledge assessments, and HIV transmission prevention efforts. HIV-positive children with hemophilia have not received sufficient attention. Future directions for research are suggested.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1989

[Changes in sanitary conditions at elementary schools in Poland 1985-1988].

In the years 1985 and 1988 using a scoring system the health conditions were evaluated in a representative sample of 448 elementary schools in Poland for determining the changes occurring in them during that time. The evaluation included the environment, school building, school functioning and education organization. The study demonstrated unsatisfactory health conditions, especially in village schools, due mainly to poor lighting of schools, poor equipment with furniture, toilet facilities, conditions of feeding, and recreational facilities. During three years this situation was slightly improved, but is still far from satisfactory.

Child↗
PubMed1975

Photochemical air pollution: its effects on respiratory function of elementary school children.

The effects of photochemical air pollution on respiratory function of Tokyo elementary school children were investigated. Nine types of environmental factors were continuously recorded. Seven categories of respiratory function tests were performed on 20 normal 11-year-old children once a week from June to December 1972, as a general rule. The correlation coefficients between respiratory function measurements and each of the environmental factors were calculated. The maximum expiratory flow rate (V max) showed high correlation with the largest number of environmental factors. Among environmental factors, temperature highly affected various respiratory function tests. The O3 was significantly associated with airway resistance (Raw) or specific airway conductance (Gaw/Vtg), NO or NO2 with V max, and temperature with Raw, Gaw/Vtg, and V max. Two subjects among all subjects were considered as the reactors to the environmental factors.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1988

Similarities and differences in correlates of alcohol consumption and problem behaviors among male and female adolescents.

This study examined similarities and differences in correlates of alcohol consumption and problem behaviors among a random household sample of male and female adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17. Several similarities emerged between the two gender groups which were consistent with previous research, including a pattern of convergence among the variables of alcohol consumption, times drunk in the last year, and delinquent behavior; the salience of the peer context in alcohol-related behavior; and high associations between reasons, or motives, for drinking and alcohol consumption and problem behaviors. With respect to reasons for drinking, excitement-seeking, or pleasurable, reasons were highly related to outcome variables. Gender differences were reported for relationships between two indices of affective functioning, namely distress symptoms and escapist, tension-reducing reasons for drinking, and outcome variables related to delinquent behavior, school functioning, and aspects of self-concept. These differences are discussed with respect to possible differential socialization experiences among males and females.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

University of Rochester Child and Family Study: risk research in progress.

The University of Rochester Child and Family Study (URCAFS) is a risk research program concerned with cross-sectional and developmental relationships among three areas: parental psychopathology and health, family system functioning and dysfunctioning, and child psychopathology and health. The preliminary findings indicate that both parental psychopathology and family variables predict significantly to independent measures of school functioning of index sons during their childhood and early adolescence. Although the offspring have not yet reached the age of major risk for schizophrenia, 52 percent of the families have one or more offspring either in psychiatric treatment or for whom treatment had been recommended.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Perceptual-motor functioning in children with phenylketonuria.

Children with treated phenylketonuria (PKU) have been described as being at high risk for perceptual-motor dysfunction. In this study, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) and the Bender Gestalt test were administered to 19 school age children with treated PKU and of average intelligence who have been off diet from five months to six years four months. Perceptual-motor performance was evaluated, and school functioning was rated by classroom teachers. Substantial impairment of perceptual-motor functioning as measured by the Bender Gestalt test and lower WISC performance IQs than verbal IQs were observed in children of average intelligence. Quality of dietary control was found to be associated with performance on the Bender Gestalt test. These findings suggest the possibility of a specific deficit that could seriously interfere with academic progress, but which is not signalled by obvious impairment of overall intellectual functioning.

Achievement↗
PubMed1989

The effects of fatigue, distractibility, and absenteeism on school achievement in children with rheumatic diseases.

Children with chronic health impairments have a variety of psychosocial, physical, and medical complications affecting daily life. This study investigated the relationship between the effects of a rheumatic disease (RD) and school functioning. Factors investigated were fatigue, distractibility, and absenteeism. In addition, disease severity and mobility were assessed. Forty-six children with RD and their parents participated in the study. Results indicated that inattention and distractibility were highly related to school achievement. A minimal relationship between fatigue and absenteeism and school performance was noted. In addition, ratings of mobility used by physicians were unrelated to success on math and reading achievement testing.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1987

Outcome predictors in acute schizophrenia. Prospective significance of background and clinical dimensions.

In a prospective 2-year follow-up of 37 young acute schizophrenics, we examined the predictive significance and relative contribution of historical, genealogical, course, and clinical dimensions. Patients were evaluated multidimensionally at index admission and after 21 to 33 months, at which time 19 cooperated in follow-up involving clinical, functional, psychometric, and objective outcome measures. Multiple regression analysis found that combinations of 3 to 4 index variables significantly predicted 13 of 14 outcome measures, yielding multiple R values between .63 and .93 (X = .78). In total, a set of eight parameters contributed in explaining the outcome variance. The strongest overall predictor of favorable outcome was baseline negative syndrome. Other significant predictors were good premorbid school functioning, favorable prior disposition, sudden onset of illness, nonparanoid subdiagnosis, family history of alcoholism, psychomotor retardation, and depression. Accordingly, a patient's premorbid adjustment, course of illness, and presenting clinical profile provided nonoverlapping sources of outcome prediction. Of these three dimensions, it was proposed that the prognostic significance of the clinical profile may be phase specific, carrying different implications when assessed in the acute vs. chronic stage of illness.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1976

The use of teacher checklists to identify children at risk for later behavioral and emotional problems.

Measures of child behavior based on teacher checklists have been shown to be reliable and valid indicators of a child's current school functioning. Such measures, however, are not very accurate predictors of behavior in other settings, or of the development of future behavior problems; they should not be used to label a child as "high risk." The primary care physician could help the teacher decide which children to refer for more thorough evaluation by providing the teacher with information on the child's development and neurologic status, home behavior, and family situation. Follow-up studies suggest that many behavioral disturbances seen in pre-school settings are transient situational disturbances that could be adequately managed through use of behavior modification techniques or simply through the passage of time.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1990

Self-concept, motivation, and competence among preschoolers from maltreating and comparison families.

Maltreated children are at risk for impaired cognitive and school functioning. In this study, the role that home environment, self-concept, and mastery motivation play in this relation was investigated. Thirty-six preschool children and their mothers, representing three family backgrounds (12 low-income maltreating, 12 low-income comparison, 12 middle-income comparison), were assessed in a preschool/home study. Children from maltreating families scored lower than their peers on several measures of cognitive and physical competence and on ratings of motivation. At the same time, these children significantly overrated their physical competence, and self-ratings of competence and acceptance tended to be higher (and less realistic) than those of their low-income peers. An overall difference in developmental quality of the home environment of maltreating families was largely accounted for by socioeconomic status (SES), but the tendency of these homes to be less clean and safe remained significant even after SES was controlled. Various aspects of the home environment were associated with superior task performance, but not with motivation or self-perceptions. Whereas the general home environment may affect competence, relationship factors implicated in maltreatment may be more important in shaping self-concept and motivation.

Achievement↗
PubMed1987

Maternal affective disorders, illness, and stress: risk for children's psychopathology.

Stressful circumstances that covary with maternal affective disorder may account for some of the risk to children for psychological dysfunction. Children (ages 8-16) of mothers with unipolar or bipolar disorders were compared with children of mothers who had chronic medical illness and children of normal mothers. Comparisons included Kiddie-SADS (Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia) diagnoses and evaluations of behavior problems, school functioning, and social competence. Compared to the other groups, children of mothers with affective disorder (especially unipolar) had high rates of diagnosis. With the effects of chronic stress statistically controlled, psychosocial outcome variables showed fewer differences between groups but indicated particular impairment for children of unipolar mothers.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Goodness of fit in the home: its relationship to school behavior and achievement in children with learning disabilities.

This study examined whether a "goodness of fit" theoretical model, applied to families with and without children with learning disabilities, would be valuable in understanding the children's performance in school. A home interview was conducted with 63 families with a child with learning disabilities and 53 families with a comparable child without learning disabilities. The mothers were asked to rate how their own child fit into the family's expectations for children. It was found that, for both groups of families, children who were rated as a "poor fit" in the home demonstrated less positive behavior in the classroom and poorer achievement over the elementary school years. There was some evidence that poor fit in the home was even more negatively related to outcomes for children with learning disabilities. Discussion is centered on the importance of this theoretical model for understanding the importance of the home on successful school function.

Achievement↗