Sugarcane, chicken and radish sprouts: a sampling of country food safety experiences.
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Animals↗
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Results for “safety sampling”
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[New routines for samples transport increase patient safety].
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Ergonomics↗
Trial appears to confirm safety of chorionic villus sampling procedure.
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Adult↗
Health locus of control and safety restraint attitudes in a sample of motor vehicle accident victims.
A study was undertaken to determine the health locus of control beliefs and the health promotion and safety restraint use attitudes of a sample of previously injured motor vehicle occupants. Health locus of control was not found to be related to more favorable attitudes toward safety restraint use and restraint use legislation.
Accidents↗
Use of personal sampling devices during inspection--Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Final rule.
This document amends 29 CFR 1903.7 to expressly authorize compliance officers to use personal sampling devices and to attach such devices to employees during the conduct of workplace inspections. This amendment is necessitated by conflicting judicial decisions as to whether the present regulation provides sufficient authorization for OSHA to use personal sampling devices.
Accident Prevention↗
[2000 Chinese total dietary study--the dietary arsenic intakes].
OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety of dietary arsenic intakes in different areas in China. METHODS: Using the total dietary study method, the analytical samples were obtained in different areas by food consumption survey, food aggregation, food sampling and preparation. The levels of dietary total and inorganic arsenic were determined by the hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry and atomic fluorospectrophotometry. The dietary total and inorganic arsenic intakes in different areas were obtained by timing the food consumption data and the arsenic content in different dietary samples. The safety of dietary arsenic was evaluated in Chinese four regions and average adults by using the dietary inorganic arsenic PTWI recommended by WHO. RESULTS: The results indicate that the dietary arsenic intake is safety in different regions. Only a few samples in some areas exceed tolerance limits of China national standard. Dietary total and inorganic arsenic (of PTWI) intakes in four different regions (north1, north2, south1, south2 and average adults) were 0.220 mg and 0.094 mg (69.3%), 0.254 mg and 0.098 mg (72.2%), 0.296 mg and 0.048 mg (35.6%), 0.335 mg and 0.077 mg (57.3%), 0.276 mg and 0.079 mg (58.6%) respectively. Mainly sources of dietary arsenic intake were cereals, vegetables and beverage and water. CONCLUSION: It is the first time that the dietary total arsenic and inorganic arsenic intakes of the adult were investigated in Chinese total diet study. The result shows that the total and inorganic arsenic intakes in Chinese people are safe.
Adult↗
Effect of prucalopride, a new enterokinetic agent, on gastrointestinal transit and anorectal function in healthy volunteers.
BACKGROUND: Prucalopride (PR) is a novel 5-HT4 agonist enterokinetic compound. AIM: To evaluate its effect on bowel function, gut transit and anorectal function in healthy volunteers using a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. METHODS: Twenty-four healthy volunteers (12 men, 12 women, mean age 25 years, range 20-53 years) were randomly assigned to 1 mg/placebo or 2 mg/placebo (PL). The trial consisted of five consecutive 1 week periods: no drug treatment, PR treatment or PL, washout, PL or PR, no treatment. Subjects maintained a diary of bowel function during the entire study period. Total intestinal transit time (TITT), mean colonic transit time (MCTT) and anorectal function (anal manometry, rectal sensitivity and rectal compliance) were assessed at the end of both treatment periods. Electrocardiography and blood sampling were performed for safety analysis; blood sampling was also used to check compliance. RESULTS: No subjects withdrew from the study. Treatment with PR 2 mg showed a statistically significant increase in mean number of weekly stools (11.5 vs. 7.1 compared to PL, P = 0.04) and in the percentage of loose/watery stools (48 vs. 12% compared to PL, P = 0.005). Within 1 week, stool frequency and consistency returned to baseline values when treatment was stopped. MCTT was shortened significantly with both doses, i.e. from 35 h on PL to 25 h on PR 1 mg (P = 0.01) and from 43 h on PL to 22 h on PR 2 mg (P = 0.02). Anorectal function was unaffected by PR. Transient and moderate headache occurred in nine subjects during PR treatment and in six subjects during PL treatment. CONCLUSION: Prucalopride is well tolerated by healthy subjects and has a marked and consistent effect on stool frequency and consistency, and on colonic transit. In the present study prucalopride did not affect visceral sensitivity or sphincter function. It holds promise for patients with slow transit constipation.
Adult↗
Evaluating sample medications in primary care: a practice-based research network study.
BACKGROUND: No reports have objectively evaluated safety of samples in primary care practices. A study was conducted to determine adherence to the Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) recommendations for safe distribution of medication samples to minimize medication errors. METHODS: In 2004, 17 urban and rural primary care practices participated in a two-phase observational study: (1) a site visit to collect inventory data and perform assessment of medication sample dispensing procedures and (2) a survey questionnaire for providers and patients upon sample medication provision. RESULTS: No practices were compliant with all seven ISMP recommendations. Twelve of 17 practices had policies for sample medication dispensing, and 7 had policies for labeling. Sample medication use was evaluated for 585 office visits and 27 patient surveys. Fifty-eight sample medications were dispensed during 55 of 585 patient visits. Common reasons for using sample medications included availability and need for a short-term trial for a chronic medication. Verbal communication only was provided most of the time for patient education regarding appropriate sample medication use and side effects. DISCUSSION: Primary care practices in this research network did not follow safe and appropriate sample medication dispensing procedures as outlined by ISMP. Both labeling and patient instructions were inadequate and may increase the risk for medication errors.
Colorado↗
[Chinese total diet study in 2000--the dietary mercuric intakes].
OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety of dietary mercuric intakes in different areas in China. METHODS: Using the Chinese total dietary study method, the analytical samples were obtained in different areas by food consumption survey, food aggregation, food sampling and preparation. The levels of dietary total mercury were determined by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry. The dietary total mercuric intakes in different areas were obtained by timing the food consumption data and the mercuric content in different dietary samples. The safety of dietary mercury was evaluated in Chinese four regions and average adults by using the dietary mercuric PTWI recommended by WHO. RESULTS: The results indicate that the dietary mercuric intakes are safe in different regions. Only a few samples in some areas exceed tolerance limits of China national standard. Dietary total mercuric intakes (of PTWI) in four different regions adults and mean were 8.86 microg (19.7%), 4.69 microg (10.4%), 7.01 microg (15.6%), 6.88 microg (15.3%), 6.86 microg (15.2%), respectively. Mainly sources of dietary mercuric intake were cereals, vegetables and sea foods. CONCLUSION: The result shows that the total mercuric intakes in Chinese people are safe.
Adult↗
Child care work. Organizational culture and health and safety.
A nonrandom sample of child care workers was surveyed to assess whether child care work represented an "at risk" health and safety culture and to measure the organizational dimensions contributing to the health and safety culture. The child care workers in Houston, Texas, were surveyed by mail, using an instrument developed by the research team. The sample population represented 34 child care centers (n = 240 respondents). The analysis yielded five factors related to determinants of health and safety culture. The participants had a favorable perception of the five health and safety determinants. The participants also reported high levels of injury and illness in their environments, suggesting a less than favorable situation. A culture, work, and health model was useful in examining the relationship between health and safety and organizational culture.
Absenteeism↗
Trifluoroacetic anhydride-catalyzed nitration of toluene as an approach to the specific analysis of nitrate by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
The nitration of aromatic compounds by electrophilic substitution is often utilized in analyses of nitrate concentrations in physiological samples by gas chromatographic methods. Problems associated with the use of concentrated sulfuric acid, which is normally used to catalyze this reaction, led us to investigate an alternative method. We describe here a facile GC/MS assay for nitrate in plasma or urine samples which takes advantage of the ability of trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA) to catalyze the nitration of aromatics. Toluene, utilized as both reaction solvent and electrophile, was shown to react with nitrate in the presence of TFAA to quantitatively produce the three nitrotoluene isomers (ratio o-:m:p-, approx 57:3:40). Following the incorporation of 15N-labeled nitrate as internal standard, nitrotoluene was quantified using GC/MS by analysis of the selected the ion pairs m/z 120 and 121 (M+ -OH) for the o-isomer or m/z 137 and 138 (molecular ion, M+) for the p-isomer. The limit of detection for nitrate after TFAA-catalyzed conversion to nitrotoluene was less than 100 fmol on column (s/n; 40:1). The TFAA-based GC/MS assay was compared with that utilizing the usual catalyst, concentrated sulfuric acid. With the exception of samples containing nitroarginine analogues, good correlation was found for urine or plasma samples analyzed using either a standard sulfuric acid-catalyzed method or the TFAA-catalyzed procedure. Nitroarginine analogues, which can be present in samples following their use as nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, did not decompose under the conditions of the TFAA-catalyzed assay and, hence, do not give rise to significant interference with nitrate analysis in this procedure. In contrast, catalytic sulfuric acid caused nitroarginine analogues to decompose (essentially quantitatively) and cause spuriously high nitrate levels in samples. The use of TFAA as a catalyst for the nitration of toluene enables a facile and sensitive GC/MS analysis for nitrate which offers improved safety and sample integrity.
Acetic Anhydrides↗
Troponin I, laboratory issues, and clinical outcomes in a district general hospital: crossover study with "traditional" markers of myocardial infarction in a total of 1990 patients.
AIMS: Review of the clinical outcomes and practical issues of replacing traditional cardiac enzymes with troponin I (cTnI) in a district general hospital. METHODS: Crossover study of three sequential three month stages during which serial cardiac enzymes were replaced with a single cTnI measurement available at three set times within 24 hours for the duration of the second three month stage. The study was carried out in a 630 bed district general hospital with 1990 admissions of suspected cardiac ischaemia over the study period as a whole. Account was taken of seasonal factors. RESULTS: The introduction of troponin was associated with 8.5% more patients with non-ischaemic heart disease (IHD) being discharged on the day after admission, saving approximately 107 bed days each year. Approximately 50% more patients were diagnosed with myocardial infarction during the cTnI stage. There was no increase in readmission within one month or early death with cTnI. Approximately 3% false positive and 1.5% false negative cTnI results were recorded. All false positive cTnI results were coding errors or attributable to known assay interference effects. All false negatives were potentially explained by sample timing factors. The lack of standardisation in troponin assay services impacts clinically. CONCLUSION: Younger patients without IHD were discharged earlier during the cTnI stage in apparent safety. Blood sample timing needs to be verified when cTnI is used as an adjunct to early discharge. There were no unexplained false positives or negatives. Standardisation related issues arose.
Aged↗
A selective procedure for DNA extraction from apoptotic cells applicable for gel electrophoresis and flow cytometry.
In cells undergoing apoptosis (programmed cell death), a fraction of nuclear DNA is fragmented to the size equivalent of DNA in mono- or oligonucleosomes. When such DNA is analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis it generates the characteristic "ladder" pattern of discontinuous DNA fragments. Such a pattern of DNA degradation generally serves as a marker of the apoptotic mode of cell death. We developed a simple, rapid, and selective procedure for extraction of the degraded, low-molecular-weight DNA from apoptotic cells. The cells are prefixed in 70% ethanol, DNA is extracted with 0.2 M phosphate-citrate buffer at pH 7.8, and the extract is sequentially treated with RNase A and proteinase K and then subjected to electrophoresis. The ladder pattern was detected from DNA extracted from 1-2 x 10(6) HL-60 cells, of which as few as 8% were apoptotic, by flow cytometric criteria, as well as from blood and bone marrow samples from leukemic patients undergoing chemotherapy. The method is rapid and uses nontoxic reagents (no phenol, chloroform, etc.). This approach permits the analysis of DNA extracted from the very same cell population that is subjected to measurements by flow cytometry to estimate DNA ploidy, the cell cycle distribution of nonapoptotic cells, the percentage of apoptotic cells, or other parameters. Furthermore, the cells may be stored in 70% ethanol for at least several weeks before analysis without any significant DNA degradation. Treatment with ethanol also inactivates several pathogens, thereby increasing the safety of sample handling. The method is applicable to clinical samples, which can be fixed in ethanol and then stored and/or safety transported prior to analysis.
Apoptosis↗
Presentation of the directive 81/852/EEC (92/18) safety testing.
The aim of the directive is to define tests to be done by a manufacturer which are capable of providing as precise information as possible about the properties of the biological products concerning safety. These tests have to be done in the target species and the dose used should be that quantity of the product recommended for use and containing the maximum titre of potency. The samples for safety testing should be taken from a batch produced according to the manufacturing process. The vaccine is tested in normal conditions at the recommended dose and by each recommended route of administration to animals of each species and category it is intended to vaccinate. Objective criteria have to be recorded to measure possible adverse general and local effects. But tests in abnormal conditions of use may be necessary, such as administration of an overdose or repeated administration of one dose. Effects on reproductive function and progeny have to be studied as well as investigations which may be required in some cases to evaluate a possible adverse effect on the immunological function of the vaccinated animal. Special requirements seem to be appropriate for live vaccines: to evaluate the spread of the vaccinal strain from vaccinated to unvaccinated animals including, if necessary, wild species; to determine whether the vaccinal strain can disseminate in the vaccinated organism; to check for the absence of reversion to virulence of live stains especially for conventional vaccines. Field studies can therefore provide complementary information about safety.
Animal Diseases↗
A numerical study of radiofrequency deposition in a spherical phantom using surface coils.
The electromagnetic fields induced by a surface coil in a spherical phantom, having a wide range of electrical properties, is studied using numerical methods of calculation. The specific absorption rate (SAR), radiofrequency magnetic field (B1), magnetic field energy within the phantom (EB), and the volume-averaged SAR ( ) are calculated at 10, 63, and 200 MHz. They are analyzed with respect to dielectric constant, wavelength, and skin depth effects, which become increasingly important in high field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) where safety and field homogeneity issues need further study. Particular attention is given to solutions representing neural tissue at each frequency. In general, the data at high field strengths have local maxima, with a quasi-harmonic behavior, when the following two resonant conditions are satisfied: 1) skin depth becomes comparable to, or larger than, the sample diameter Ds; and 2) Ds is near an integral multiple of the wavelength. These are also the solutions with maximum EB values and the least homogeneous B1. Samples undergoing resonance at 200 MHz are shown to have important off-axis B1 maxima (affecting field homogeneity) and large values. Some non-resonating 200-MHz phantoms, including simulations consistent with neural tissue, contain larger SAR maxima than the resonating samples, posing safety concerns in high field imaging of biologic tissue.
Computer Simulation↗
Predicting dentists' willingness to treat HIV-infected patients.
Access to oral health care is extremely important for those infected with HIV, because oral findings can lead to early detection and improved staging and management of HIV infection. In addition, oral lesions associated with HIV infection are often debilitating, but can be managed effectively with proper oral health care. There is ample evidence that dentists have, at times, resisted accepting HIV positive patients (PHIV+). The intent of the research project described below was to develop and test a model predicting dentists' willingness to treat PHIV+. Data were collected from a sample of dentists practising in New York City. The dependent variable was a scale constructed of items measuring willingness to treat PHIV+ under varying conditions. Independent variables were entered into a multiple linear regression equation in iterative attempts to arrive at a model predicting dentists' willingness to treat PHIV+, which was both parsimonious and had explanatory power. The final model included five independent variables measuring: (1) perceived safety; (2) willingness to treat homosexuals; (3) perceived ethical obligation to treat PHIV +; (4) past experience; and (5) perceived norms of colleagues. Perceived safety and perceived norms of colleagues had by far the most predictive power of all independent variables. R2 for the model = 0.58.
Attitude of Health Personnel↗
Multiple dose pharmacokinetics of paroxetine in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder or obsessive-compulsive disorder.
The current study examined the pharmacokinetics (PK), safety, and tolerability of paroxetine after repeated multiple oral dosing in children and adolescents with major depressive or obsessive-compulsive disorder. In this 6-week, open-label, repeat dose, dose-rising study, 62 patients (27 children and 35 adolescents) were treated with paroxetine 10 mg/day for the first 2 weeks of the study, 20 mg/day for the next 2 weeks, and 30 mg/day for the final 2 weeks. Pharmacokinetic sampling and safety assessments occurred at baseline and subsequently on the final treatment day of each dosing level. Between-patient variability in PK was pronounced at the 10 mg dose level, but markedly reduced at higher doses. A supra-proportional increase in plasma concentrations with increasing dose was evident in both age groups. Data for C(max) and AUC(0-24) indicated that, at each dose level, paroxetine steady-state systemic exposure was higher in children than in adolescents. The differences between age groups, however, diminished with each increasing dose, and were virtually abolished when differences in weight among different age groups were considered. Stepwise regression analysis indicated that both oral clearance and volume of distribution were highly dependent on paroxetine dose, cytochrome P4502D6 genotype, and weight (p<0.0001), but not age or sex. Paroxetine was generally safe and well tolerated in both age groups, with the most frequently observed adverse events being largely consistent with those observed in prior paroxetine studies of adult psychiatric patients. Certain gastrointestinal and behavioral activation events (aggressive reaction and nervousness) were reported more frequently in the youngest age group.
Adolescent↗
New laser standard stresses safety.
The American National Standard for the Safe Use of Lasers in Health Care Facilities is a comprehensive document that should help individual institutions establish laser safety protocols and provide guidance on laser use and training. Although it is a 61-page document, only 23 pages comprise the standard. The remainder are appendixes of a tutorial nature that add substance to the document. One appendix, "Lasers in Medicine and Surgery," presents basic characteristics and applications of medical lasers. Another, "Use of Lasers in Surgical Specialties," presents the principles of laser use in various surgical procedures. Also included are a sample laser safety checklist, a list of suggested standards of practice for the use of lasers in medicine and surgery, and guidelines for laser safety training.
Accident Prevention↗