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PubMed1983

[Development of methodical principles and approval of new forms of contact with school children (ages 12-13 years) in carrying out preventive measures (results of a pilot study)].

The results of the screening and 1-year follow-up of pupils from two Moscow schools of general education (Moscow secondary schools) are presented. The program on preventive measures was conducted by using the playing forms of contact and influence, at one of the above schools (experimental school). Most of the adolescents of the experimental school (mean 80%) participated in the preventive measures. By the completion of the program the number of the participants increased up to 94%. A reliably significant increase in the education level on the problems about the adverse effects of smoking and beneficial effects of regular nutrition in adolescents of the experimental school was observed. The analysis of the results of the screening and follow-up of schoolchildren aged 12-13 years enables us to conclude that it is necessary to work out new criteria for the assessment of preventive measures among adolescents.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

The use of preventive measures among healthy women who carry a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess women's knowledge about tamoxifen, to examine the frequency of tamoxifen usage and other preventive measures in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers, and to document women's concerns about taking tamoxifen for chemoprevention. METHODS: One hundred and twenty five women with known BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation and with no prior diagnosis of breast or ovarian cancer were identified through the records of two large cancer genetics clinics. These women had been counseled about their cancer risk and various preventive options were discussed. At a time from two to 110 months following disclosure session, a questionnaire was sent by mail. Women were asked about their current and past use of tamoxifen, their knowledge of risks and benefits, their desire for additional information, and their experience with other preventive measures. RESULTS: Eighty-one of 125 eligible women returned the questionnaire (64.8%). Ten women (12.3%) had used tamoxifen and eight women had used raloxifene (9.9%). Twenty-two women (27.2%) had undergone prophylactic mastectomy and 54 women (66.7%) had had an oophorectomy. Twelve women (14.8%) did not recall discussing tamoxifen. Thirty-five women (58.3%) said that their doctors had not provided them with sufficient information about tamoxifen to consider its use. Fear of side-effects was the most common reason for not taking tamoxifen. CONCLUSION: Although tamoxifen appears to be effective in preventing breast cancer in women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation, few women now take the drug compared to those who choose other preventive measures including surgery. Health care providers should provide accurate information about the risks and benefits of tamoxifen to allow women to make informed decisions.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of prevention measures on incidence of human listeriosis, France, 1987-1997.

To assess the impact of preventive measures by the food industry, we analyzed food monitoring data as well as trends in the incidence of listeriosis estimated through three independent sources: the National Reference Center of Listeriosis; a laboratory-based active surveillance network; and two consecutive nationwide surveys of public hospital laboratories. From 1987 to 1997, the incidence of listeriosis decreased by an estimated 68%. A substantial reduction in the proportion of Listeria monocytogenes-contaminated products was observed at the retail level. The temporal relationship between prevention measures by the food industry, reduction in L. monocytogenes-contaminated foodstuffs, and reduction in listeriosis incidence suggests a causal relationship and indicates that a substantial part of the reduction in illness is related to prevention efforts.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Evaluation of caries preventive measures.

This article describes the aims, methods and baseline results of a project evaluating preventive measures within a selected high-risk group. In 1995 a cohort of 3373 12-year-olds was examined with regard to caries. A high-risk group was identified and randomly divided in four different groups, receiving different preventive programs. The whole study group will be examined every other year until the adolescents are 18 years old. The high-risk group will be examined every year and given the four different preventive measures until the adolescents are 18 years of age. A questionnaire will be answered by the adolescents every other year, in order to learn more about the links between demographic data, social background, lifestyle and health behaviour. Analysis of baseline results showed that the social distribution of the study group is comparable to that of the background population as well as to the distribution in rural and urban areas. The mean DMFT was 1.5, which is in accordance with the national figure. The 28 dentists who collect the data and perform the caries diagnostics were calibrated and the mean inter- and intra-reproducibility was 0.78 and 0.82, respectively. In conclusion, it seems that the study group is representative of 12-year-olds in Sweden; thus, inferences drawn from the results of the project may be valid for adolescents in Sweden as a whole.

Cariostatic Agents↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Use of malaria prevention measures by North American and European travelers to East Africa.

BACKGROUND: The use of preventive measures, including effective chemoprophylaxis, is essential for protection against malaria among travelers. However, data have shown that travelers and medical advisors are confused by the lack of uniform recommendations and numerous prophylactic regimens of varying effectiveness that are used. METHODS: To assess the use and type of preventive measures against malaria, we conducted a cross-sectional study in 1997 among travelers departing from the Nairobi and Mombasa airports in Kenya with European destinations. RESULTS: Seventy-five percent of the travelers studied were residents of Europe and 25% were residents of North America; all stayed less than 1 year, and visited malarious areas. Most travelers, 97.1%, were aware of the risk and 91.3% sought pretravel medical advice. Although 95.4% used chemoprophylaxis and/or antimosquito measures, only 61.7% used both regular chemoprophylaxis and two or more antimosquito measures. Compliance with chemoprophylaxis was lowest amongst those who used a drug with a daily, as opposed to, a weekly dosing schedule, stayed more than 1 month, attributed an adverse health event to the chemoprophylaxis, and were less than 40 years of age. Among US travelers, 94.6% of those taking chemoprophylaxis were taking an effective regimen, that is, mefloquine or doxycycline. Only 1.9% used a suboptimal drug regimen, such as chloroquine/proguanil. Among European travelers, 69% used mefloquine or doxycycline, and 25% used chloroquine/proguanil. Notably, 45.3% of travelers from the UK used chloroquine/proguanil. Adverse events were noted by 19.7% of mefloquine users and 16.4% of travelers taking chloroquine/proguanil. Neuropsychologic adverse events were reported by 7.8% of users of mefloquine and 1.9% of those taking chloroquine/proguanil. The adverse events, however, had a lesser impact on compliance than frequent dosing schedule. CONCLUSIONS: Health information should be targeted to travelers who are likely to use suboptimal chemoprophylaxis or may be noncompliant with prophylaxis. Uniform recommendations for effective chemoprophylaxis with simple dosing schedules are necessary to reduce rates of malaria among travelers to Africa.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

Immediate and prolonged effect of individual preventive measures in caries and gingivitis susceptible children.

A longitudinal study on the effect of an individualized preventive program was carried out on 10-11 year old children with higher caries and/or gingivitis prevalence than the average. The program was based on bimonthly professional toothcleaning as well as hygiene and dietary instructions. After an introductory period of 3 months the frequency of visits was individualized according to the gingival condition of the children (every 2nd to 4th week). For one group this program was supplemented by instruction in dental flossing for proximal tooth cleaning on a daily basis. The effects of the preventive measures were evaluated after an experimental 2 year period. Two years after withdrawal of the preventive measures, the longitudinal effects were recorded. In all 627 children were examined and of these 87 children were selected for the study on gingival and cariological indications. It was possible to follow 74 children throughout the 4 year period. After 2 years the number of new caries lesions was significantly reduced in the test groups as compared to the controls. The caries increment in the test group was 1.7 new surfaces per individual and in the control 4.5. The corresponding figures at the follow-up examination was 8.5 and 5.9 respectively. Thus any prolonged effect of the preventive program could not be confirmed. An improved cariological status was also recorded among the children selected on gingival indications. The increment was 0.8 in the test and 3.8 in the control group during the experimental period. The corresponding figures at the supervisory control was 1.8 and 4.6 new surfaces respectively indicating a prolonged effect among these children. The interpretation of the results from the "flossing" group was not clear-cut, since the flossing was performed unsupervised. However, no new decayed tooth surfaces were recorded in those children who had claimed that they had used floss at least every second day. The gingival situation improved in all test groups and was visible even in the follow-up study.

Child↗

PubMed1986

[Evaluation of preventive measures against occupational health hazards].

The epidemiological methods which can be used to assess preventive measures against occupational health hazards are those used in the evaluation of public health interventions in general, with specific constraints. These constraints are mainly linked to the ethical aspects of intervention concerning occupational health hazards, to the long latency period of occupation related diseases, and to the complexity of the preventive actions. They probably explain in part why evaluative studies of preventive actions against occupational health hazards remain rare, and the methods used often inappropriate. Nonetheless, assessment of the efficacy of preventive measures at the workplace is necessary, and adequate methods do exist.

Epidemiologic Methods↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Preventive measures in the tanning industry].

The paper presents the results of a survey of preventive measures in the tanning industry ten years after the introduction of the National Health Service in Italy. The aims and procedures of the Occupational Health Service programmes of the Local Health Units in northern, central and southern Italy are described. A marked difference was observed between the southern and central-northern regions as regards size and quality of the occupational health services and the number of programmed activities aimed at risk assessment and preventive measures.

Humans↗

PubMed2005

[Implementation of second prevention measures on chronic diseases in Chinese, 2002].

OBJECTIVE: To describe the implementation of secondary prevention measures (blood pressure measure, test of blood lipid, and screening test for breast cancer and cervix uteri) on chronic diseases in different populations. METHODS: The indicators on proportion of receiving blood pressure measurement, tests on blood lipid, screening of breast cancer and cervix uteri in research samples, as well as awareness of the risk of hypertension and hyper lipid were calculated based on results from 1BRFS questionnaire by weight on age structures from 2000 census. RESULTS: 22% and 5% of people under research understood the risk of hypertension and hyper lipid on their health. In addition, proportion of receiving these screening tests in sample populations were low. Secondly, the main target population including females over 50 years old but the proportion of screening breast cancer among those females over 50 years old was lower than that in females over 25 years old. Besides educational, occupational and geographic factors, the types of medical insurance for people also were important factors affecting the proportion of receiving screening tests. CONCLUSION: Screening tests were important second prevention measures for reducing severity of the diseases. Except blood pressure tests among people over 35 years old, proportions of receiving other screening tests were very low. There were significant differences of receiving these screening tests in people by education occupation, geographic areas and types of medical insurance. In addition, the policy of screening was not clear on target orientation. It is necessary for developing guideline of screening to guide the screening programs.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The provision of secondary cardiac prevention measures in a hospital cardiac clinic population and the relationship to psychological variables.

BACKGROUND: Implementing preventive measures in patients with established heart disease is one of the most effective health promotion activities, but there is little research on the relationship between cognition and secondary preventive behaviour. AIM: To determine the provision of secondary cardiac prevention measures among patients with established heart disease attending a cardiac outpatient clinic. METHODS: The study was conducted in an outpatient department over a 14-week period in 1999. Management of risk markers was noted from the medical records and lifestyle and psychological variables were self-reported. RESULTS: Of 294 patients with heart disease, 41% were available for study. Fourteen per cent were current smokers, one-quarter of males and one-third of females had a body mass index (BMI) greater that 30. Almost 90% attend their GP bimonthly, 67% had a normal systolic and 88.3% a normal diastolic pressure, 34% had normal cholesterol levels and 75% were on aspirin. Lifestyle variables were significantly affected by patient cardiac knowledge, sense of control over their heart disease and perceptions of their illness. CONCLUSIONS: These results highlight the potential health gain available to patients with established heart disease. The results also suggest that psychological factors may play a role in patients' health behaviours.

Coronary Disease↗

PubMed2005

[Evaluation of the knowledge of preventive measures for the diabetic foot in patients of Rio Branco, Acre].

The diabetic foot is one of the main complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) of high socio-economic impact, characterized by foot lesions resulting from neuropathy, ischemia and infection. To verify the knowledge of preventive measures for the diabetic foot in a public health institution in Rio Branco, Acre, between August 2002 and February 2003 patients with type 2 DM (n= 109 patients, 71.6% female) were evaluated regarding their clinical-epidemiological history, demographic attitudes towards DM control and preventive care of the feet, before and after attending an informative educational program. There was a significant improvement of knowledge of preventive measures for the diabetic foot after the program (p< 0.0001), as well as for the attitudes towards DM control (p< 0.0001). We conclude that the population sample evaluated is unaware of preventive measures for the diabetic foot and of attitudes related to glycemic control. The utilization of educational programs, easily implemented in health centers, might reduce the rates of lower extremity amputation in patients with DM.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

N-acetylcysteine and other preventive measures for contrast-induced nephropathy in the intensive care unit.

The increase in diagnostic imaging procedures that require infusion of intravenous radiographic contrast has led to a parallel increase in the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN). Since CIN accounts for a significant increase of hospital-acquired renal failure, length of stay and mortality, several additive strategies to prevent CIN are presently advocated, including N-acetylcysteine (NAC), sodium bicarbonate, theophylline or fenoldopam, and peri-procedural hemofiltration/hemodialysis. As only one (non-randomized) study has been performed in the intensive care setting, at present it is hard to give firm recommendations on preventive measures for CIN in intensive care patients. Indeed, future studies are needed to determine the true role of the above-mentioned preventive measures in critically ill patients at risk for CIN. Since NAC has only few side-effects, we presently advise NAC as an additive preventive measure in the intensive care setting. Theophylline or sodium bicarbonate hydration are viable options, either in conjunction NAC or as alternatives.

Acetylcysteine↗

PubMed1987

Evaluation of efficacy of preventive measures under hypokinesia.

It has been demonstrated that hypokinesia (diminished muscular activity) induces changes in organs and systems of organism, including the neuromuscular system. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of physical exercise (PE) and combination thereof with other preventive measures under 100 days of hypokinesia (HK) on 24 healthy men aged 19-23 years. They were divided into four groups. The 1st group of men was subjected to PE, the 2nd and 3rd groups were submitted to combined PE with other preventive measures and the 4th group was kept under pure HK, that is, without the use of any agents, and served as control. To simulate the hypokinetic effect, all men were kept under a rigorous bed-rest regime. Excitability and lability of the neuromuscular system (NMS) were examined by electrostimulation (ES). The excitation threshold was determined during the pre-experimental period (BGP) and under HK. Excitability and lability of the NMS in all groups of men demonstrated marked differences between them. In the control group, excitability and lability diminished significantly on the 8th day of HK. In the other three groups the changes were unreliable, with the exception of the reduction in maximum rythm of excitation which was manifested on the 8th day of HK. Among preventive measures used, PE was the most effective one. It was concluded that PE may be singled out as the most reliable measure in counteracting neuromuscular system disorders under diminished muscular activity conditions.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Simple, sensible preventive measures for managed care settings.

The best preventive care consists of a combination of office-based services: patient education, life style counseling, clinical vigilance through routine check ups, and the administration of timely screening. In a healthcare environment of tightened resources, tighter schedules, and increased patient demand for your time, it is nevertheless possible to offer substantive preventive care for older patients in an efficient and cost effective manner. Interventions for cardiovascular disease include weight loss, a low-fat diet, vitamin E, and folic acid. Screening is recommended for breast, cervical, and colon cancer, but prostate cancer screening is controversial. The value of mammograms in women over age 50 is well-established. Preventive measures for osteoporosis include calcium and vitamin D, estrogen replacement, and weight-bearing exercise.

Aged↗

PubMed1989

[Pulmonary embolism--preventive measures with special reference to the cava filter].

Preventive measures for pulmonary embolism are prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis and prevention of recurrence. This secondary prevention is mainly based on heparin therapy, but in the event of contraindications, complications or failure of this treatment, as well as in certain special situations, implantation of a vena caval filter is indicated. Indications and methods for inferior vena cava interruption are presented on the basis of a literature review and compared with personal experience of 24 patients. This demonstrates that the newer types of caval filters are easily implanted, disturb blood flow of the inferior vena cava only to a very small degree and are effective in preventing recurrence. Hence earlier reservations about the use of these devices are no longer justified.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Bench-to-bedside review: preventive measures for contrast-induced nephropathy in critically ill patients.

An increasing number of diagnostic imaging procedures requires the use of intravenous radiographic contrast agents, which has led to a parallel increase in the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy. Risk factors for development of contrast-induced nephropathy include pre-existing renal dysfunction (especially diabetic nephropathy and multiple myeloma-associated nephropathy), dehydration, congestive heart failure and use of concurrent nephrotoxic medication (including aminoglycosides and amphotericin B). Because contrast-induced nephropathy accounts for a significant increase in hospital-acquired renal failure, several strategies to prevent contrast-induced nephropathy are currently advocated, including use of alternative imaging techniques (for which contrast media are not needed), use of (the lowest possible amount of) iso-osmolar or low-osmolar contrast agents (instead of high-osmolar contrast agents), hyperhydration and forced diuresis. Administration of N-acetylcysteine, theophylline, or fenoldopam, sodium bicarbonate infusion, and periprocedural haemofiltration/haemodialysis have been investigated as preventive measures in recent years. This review addresses the literature on these newer strategies. Since only one (nonrandomized) study has been performed in intensive care unit patients, at present it is difficult to draw firm conclusions about preventive measures for contrast-induced nephropathy in the critically ill. Further studies are needed to determine the true role of these preventive measures in this group of patients who are at risk for contrast-induced nephropathy. Based on the available evidence, we advise administration of N-acetylcysteine, preferentially orally, or theophylline intravenously, next to hydration with bicarbonate solutions.

Acetylcysteine↗

PubMed2004

Patient willingness to pay for preventive measures in primary care: a study of five GPs in a German community.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the willingness of patients in a usual primary care setting to pay out-of-pocket fees for their own health promotion, in correlation with risk factors and net income, and compared to patients of an educational programme. METHODS: A standardised health survey carried out in five general practices (GPs) of a small community with a special GP-based health education programme was combined with a questionnaire to explore the special attitudes of patients from a practice sample (n = 973) and from educational courses (n = 202): covering, in addition to cardiovascular risk factors, the sociodemographic factors, net income, and out-of-pocket fees that could be spent for own health promotion. RESULTS: After attending an educational programme, the patient's willingness to spend 15-40 euros/month for their own health promotion was high but there was no correlation with the income (p < 0.56), in contradiction to the patients of the practice sample who would pay more money the more they earn (p < 0.001). High levels of cardiovascular risk were associated with low education (p < 0.001), but net income and willingness to pay for preventive measures did not significantly correlate with cardiovascular risk factors. CONCLUSION: Participants of educational courses are willing to pay a rational out-of-pocket fee for preventive measures without correlation with their incomes, thus reducing the social gradient; future preventive measures should take into account that reasonable cost sharing is well accepted by well-informed patients.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Cost-effectiveness of different caries preventive measures in a high-risk population of Swedish adolescents.

OBJECTIVES: A total of 3373 12-year-olds agreed to participate in an intervention study evaluating different caries preventive measures. The study, titled 'Evaluation of caries preventive measures', was performed between 1995 and 1999 at 26 dental health clinics throughout Sweden. At the start of the study, the subjects were classified as individuals at high or low risk of developing caries. The high-risk group consisted of 1165 subjects. The children in the high-risk group were randomly assigned to one of four preventive programs. The programs represent a step-wise increase in fluoride content, contact with dental personnel and cost. The aim of the present cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) study performed from a societal perspective is to compare costs and consequences of caries preventive programs in a caries high-risk population. By 'costs' is meant both treatment costs and costs contributed by the patient and the patient's family. Costs contributed by patients and their families consist of out-of-pocket expenses, transportation costs, and time. Conclusions are that it is important to consider the perspective from which a study is carried out. Costs contributed by the patient and the patient's family have a high impact on total costs for children and younger adolescents but decrease with time as the adolescents get older. The present study shows an incremental cost-effectiveness of 2043 SEK (8.54 SEK = 1 US dollar, December 1999) per averted decayed enamel and dentine missing and filled surface (DeMFS), of which treatment costs represent 1337 SEK using the unit cost for a nurse. This means a yearly cost of approximately 334 SEK.

Adolescent↗