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PubMed1979

The migration of myogenic cells from the somites into the leg region of avian embryos. An ultrastructural study.

The migration of myogenic stem cells into the leg anlagen of chick embryos between stages 16--20 of Hamburger and Hamilton was examined. SEM and TEM studies reveal that cell migration starts at stage 16 from the just-formed somites 26-28. The migrating myogenic cells are elongated and oriented in a medio-lateral direction. The leading ends branch into filopodia which contact a fibrillar network. At first, single cells migrate; later on the cells leaving the ventro-lateral edge of the dermatome migrate in strands and have specialized contacts between them. After reaction with ruthenium red and concanavalin A the migrating cells show a thick surface coat to which ruthenium red-positive particles are attached. The surface coat may be important in the interactions among the migrating cells as well as between the cells and the substrate. The migration of myogenic stem cells was found to take place in a matrix of collagenous fibrils and ruthenium red-positive particles, probably containing glycosaminoglycans. At the onset of migration the fibrillar network exhibits a preferred medio-lateral orientation. Therefore, it may be concluded that this alignment of the fibrils influences the direction of cell migration.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Alveolar macrophage migration. Influence of lung lining material and acute lung insult.

Migration of alveolar macrophages collected by lavage from normal rhesus monkeys was tested in an under agarose migration system. Lung lining material and serum albumin obtained from normal rhesus monkeys enhanced the random migration of alveolar macrophages. A chemotactic effect for alveolar macrophages was demonstrated in response to lung lining material. Gel filtration of lung lining material using Sephadex G-200 indicated the presence of 4 distinct fractions. Fraction IV, which had a molecular weight of less than 5,000 daltons, had the greatest ability to enhance alveolar macrophage migration. Macrophages obtained from lungs of rhesus monkeys after they breathed an oxidant gas (ozone) for 7 days demonstrated decreases in both the number of cells randomly migrating and the distance they migrated. The addition of normal lung lining material to macrophages exposed to ozone enhanced their random mobility but did not restore migration values to control values. Ozonized lung lining material or rhesus monkey serum did not significantly alter alveolar macrophage migration from that of control lung lining material or serum. These data indicate that components of the acellular lining material of the lung can produce directional migration of alveolar macrophages and may serve to direct the central flow and clearance of macrophages from alveolar regions. Intraluminal alveolar macrophage accumulation during lung insult with ozone appeared to be related more to migration inhibition of resident cells than to recruitment of additional cells by chemotaxis.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of cranial neural crest migration in chick embryos.

This study describes migrating cranial neural crest cells and the microenvironment through which they migrate in chick embryos. Just prior to and during cell migration, an extensive fibrillar meshwork is observed, particularly on the outer surface of the neural tube and the inner surface of the ectoderm. This meshwork in general had a random orientation. This suggested to us that the meshwork does not provide a directive vector for cell migration but rather a substratum to promote or enhance crest cell filopodial attachment as the cells migrate. Much remains to be done in characterizing the composition of this meshwork. Based on other studies in which a smiliar meshwork has been observed, it is not unreasonable to consider it to be partly collagenous. Another major component in the relatively cell-free space through which avian crest cells migrate is hyaluronic acid. The migrating crest cells are characteristically bipolar and are generally oriented in the direction of migration, although little is known about the actual mechanism of motility. Alterations in the migrating cell or in the environment through which it migrates may interfere with normal craniofacial morphogenesis, as discussed elsewhere in this volume by Johnston and Sulik.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Different concentrations of chemotactic factors can produce attraction or migration inhibition of leukocytes.

Parallel tests were conducted utilizing, the capillary tube migration test and the Boyden chamber assay, in order to determine whether the decrease in leukocyte chemotaxis that occurs if overoptimal cytotaxin concentrations are applied is due to migration inhibition. Overoptimal doses of casein produced decreased chemotactic response and migration inhibition for both rabbit macrophages and neutrophils. However, guinea pig neutrophils exhibited no decrease in chemotaxis despite high casein doses. Overoptimal doses of acid-denatured anaphylatoxin produced a decreased chemotactic response and migration inhibition of neutrophils. In both assays, this agent showed no effect upon macrophages. It is concluded that a chemotactic signal at different concentrations can elicit unidirectional migration or migration inhibition. Accordingly, chemotactic leukocyte attraction could be antagonistically regulated not only by serum-derived and lymphocyte-derived migration inhibitory factors but also by high doses of the chemotactic factor itself. Thus, the Boyden chamber technique can measure both chemotactic migration and migration inhibition phenomena.

Anaphylatoxins↗
PubMed1977

[Leucocyte migration inhibition test in diabetes mellitus (author's transl)].

The leucocyte migration inhibition test (LMT) using the agarose plate method introduced by Clausen is simple and highly reproducible. Using human pancreas extract and beef insulin as antigen, LMT was performed on ten patients with insulin dependent diabetes, twenty patients with insulin independent diabetes, and twelve healthy controls. The migration index was expressed as a percentage of migration calculated from the following formula. Migration index (MI) = average areas of migration in test suspension/average areas of migration in control suspension. Using human pancreas extract, the mean migration index for the insulin dependent diabetics (87.6 +/- 11.1) was significantly lower than in the normal subjects (99.3 +/- 6.3) (p less than 0.05). Using beef insulin as antigen for the insulin dependent diabetics and insulin independent diabetics, the mean migration indices (+/- SD) were 95.8 +/- 14.9 and 98.7 +/- 12.3 respectively. The corresponding values for the control group were 98.9 +/- 7.8. Cellular hypersensitivity to human pancreas extract was shown in the leucocyte migration inhibition test with insulin dependent diabetics, but a negative result was obtained with beef insulin.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Inhibition of leukocyte migration by the agarose plate technique. Application to antigen from Candida albicans and Fusobacterium nucleatum.

Leukocyte migration inhibition by antigen from Candida albicans and Fusobacterium nucleatum was studied in man by means of the direct leukocyte migration agarose technique (LMAT). Antigens were prepared by prolonged ultrasonication and were added to the leukocyte cultures in the original as well as in the concentrated solutions. Significant inhibition of migration with a 10-fold concentrated solution of candida antigen was demonstrated in subjects showing apositive intracutaneous reaction to candida. With the fusobacterial antigen, inhibition of migration or stimulation of migration were demonstrated in subjects with slight peridontal inflammation. A 5-fold increase in the concentration of fusobacterial antigen resulted in increased stimulation of migration or inhibition of migration. Preincubation of the leukocytes with puromycin abolished both inhibition and stimulation of migration by candidal or fusobacterial antigen. The study confirms that it is important to study dose-related effects when applying the LMAT to test cell-mediated immunity. The study is in support of stimulation of migration being an immunologic reaction.

Antigens, Fungal↗
PubMed1979

The effect of hyperoxia on migration of alveolar macrophages in vitro.

There is in vitro evidence to support the notion that directed migration (chemotaxis) is involved in the recruitment of alveolar macrophages in vivo. Because O2 is widely used in the treatment of pulmonary diseases, we examined the effect of hyperoxia on migration of guinea pig alveolar macrophages in vitro. Migration was measured in blind-well chambers incubated in either room air or hyperoxia. N-formyl-methionyl-phenylalanine was used to stimulate random migration and to produce directed migration. Migration was quantified by counting the number of mononuclear cells per oil immersion field that had migrated completely through a polycarbonate filter with 5-micrometer pores. The average PO2 in the cell suspensions incubated in room air was 100 mm Hg. In the hyperoxic environments, the average PO2 at 1 h was 260 mm Hg, whereas at 2 and 3 h, it was 410 and 425 mm Hg, respectively. In 6 separate experiments, there was no significant difference between the mean response to N-formyl-methionyl phenylalanine in hyperoxia and in room air after 1 h of incubation. After 2 and 3h of incubation, however, the response in hyperoxia was significantly (P less than 0.002) lower than that in room air. The decreased response in hyperoxia did not appear to result from loss of viability of responding cells, diminished adherence of cells to the filters, loss of activity of N-formyl-methionyl phenylalanine exposed to high PO2, or failure of the cells to exhibit directed migration. Instead, it appeared that hyperoxia decreased the response of alveolar macrophages primarily by impairing random migration.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Factors which influence blood platelet migration.

Migration of human blood platelets in vitro was investigated by a modification of the capillary-tube migration chamber technique used to study the migration inhibition factor of macrophages. Platelets were packed in capillary tubes and incubated in autologous platelet-free plasma (PFP). The extent of migration was quantified by planimetry (measurement of the area of platelet migration visible by stereomicroscopy). Among the various anticoagulants employed, sodium citrate was most suitable for studying platelet migration. Optimal migration occured at 22 degrees to 37 degrees C and pH 7.2 to 7.4. Migration was inhibited by metabolic inhibitors such as iodoacetic acid, sodium fluoride, and 2,4-dinitrophenol, and inhibition was proportional to the dose of the agent added to the incubation medium. Mobility was also inhibited by cytochalasin B, which disrupts cellular microfilaments, at 1 microgram/ml PFP, but not by colchicine, a microtubule inhibitor, even at 40 microgram/ml of PFP. Light and electron microscopy showed that this inhibition was not ascribable to platelet clumping. These observations suggest that platelet mobility is an active process. The possible significance of platelet migration in hemostasis is discussed.

Anticoagulants↗
PubMed1976

Studies on delayed hypersensitivity pleural exudates in guinea-pigs. II. The interrelationship of monocytic and lymphocytic cells with respect to migration activity.

The in vitro migration activity of monocytic cells and the effect of lymphocytes in the delayed hypersensitivity (DH) reaction induced by intrapleural injection of PPD into FCA-sensitized guinea-pigs was investigated. The in vitro migration of exudate mononuclear cells was lower than that of comparable blood cells, and continued to decrease as the reaction progressed. An inverse relaationship was observed between the migration area and cell volume of mononuclear cells from both blood and exudate. Similar experiments were performed on the reversed passive Arthus (RPA) reaction in the pleural cavity of guinea-pigs. For 6-h exudate, the mononuclear cell migration exceeded that for blood mononuclear cells. However, the migration of mononuclear cells from 18-h exudates was markedly reduced. As with DH, an inverse relationship between the migration area and cell volume was observed with the mononuclear cells of RPA exudates. Following the addition of antigen, the migration of DH exudate mononuclear cells was inhibited whereas the exudate mononuclear cells of the RPA reaction remained unaffected. For DH, the inhibition of migration induced by antigen appeared to be related to the non-adherent cells of 6-h exudates, and both the adherent and non-adherent cells of 18-h exudates.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Migration inhibition of T lymphocytes from human peripheral blood by specific antigen and lymphokines.

The inhibition of migration of human peripheral blood cells in the presence of PPD was studied. It was found that migration inhibition of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MN) from Mantoux-positive donors was far greater than the migration inhibition of peripheral blood leucocytes (PBL). Moreover, MN cells and T lymphocytes showed larger and more uniform areas of migration. In contrast, the migration of B lymphocytes and monocytes was poor. Further analysis using purified subpopulations of MN cells showed that PPD inhibited the migration of T lymphocytes but not of B lymphocytes and monocytes. Corresponding to these findings, lymphokine-containing supernatants also inhibited the migration of purified T cells from Matoux-negative donors. It was concluded that the T lymphocyte was the predominant cell in the MN cell population, which migrated, and was subject to inhibition by PPD or lymphokines. These results imply that the movement of human T lymphocytes may be influenced by soluble factors from antigen-activated sensitized cells.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Migration of Baroda medical graduates, 1949--72.

1. The migration of doctors from Medical College, Baroda, is studied in detail. 2. From 1949 to 1972, 584 doctors migrated to other countries and only twenty-nine doctors have returned so far. The incidence of migration is to the extent of 39-75%. 3. Among those who migrated 77-7% have gone to U.S.A. and 11-7% have gone to the U.K. 4. Ninety-four women graduates out of 241 passed prior to 1971 are abroad.. 5. The majority migrate for better and more comfortable living conditions. A small number migrate for better research facilities and encouragement. Those who are denied the opportunity of a post-graduate training also migrate. 6. Migration of doctors, though universal, is disturbingly high in India and a major cause of concern to the government and the educationist.

Africa↗
PubMed1975

[A simplified macrophage migration inhibition test to measure T-cell derived immunity in man].

A macrophage migration inhibition test using heterologous cells (DMMTH) is performed in an agarose-droplet technique. A suspension consisting of peritoneal exsudate cells from Guinea pig and human lymphocytes, mixed with 0,2 percent agarose is dispensed in droplets with a dispenser into culture chambers used for the leukocyte migration inhibition test. Macrophages migrate out of the gelified droplets. Migration areas can be measured by planimetry. Migration areas are exact to 8.6 percent. A significant migration inhibition, caused by migration inhibitory factors is observed after the reaction of the specific antigen with sensitized lymphocytes in the agarose droplet. The sensitivity of the test has been demonstrated in Mantoux positive persons.

Cell Migration Inhibition↗
PubMed1975

Migration inhibition of human leukocytes mixed with phytohemagglutinin-preincubated mononuclear leukocytes.

An in vitro test able to demonstrate phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced migration inhibition of human peripheral blood leukocytes was investigated. The migration inhibition was demonstrated by the agarose migration technique. Purified mononuclear leukocytes which had been incubated for 30 min with PHA, then washed and added to non-separated leukocytes induced migration inhibition of the mixed cell population. Since no PHA was added to the non-separated leukocytes, a direct PHA effect on polymorph migration was avoided. If the PHA-preincubated mononuclear leukocytes were heated at 56 degrees C for 30 min, their ability to cause migration inhibition was abolished. This suggests that the inhibition was caused by migration inhibitory factor (MIF) produced by the PHA-stimulated lymphocytes.

Cell Migration Inhibition↗
PubMed1977

Canine migration inhibitory factor: effect of Corynebacterium parvum administration.

Peripheral blood lymphocytes from dogs sensitized to streptolysin O (SLO) were assayed for migration inhibitory factor (MIF) production by the indirect MIF test, using guinea pig peritoneal exudate cells as the source of macrophages. A specific direct correlation was established between the degree of inhibition of migration and the concentration of SLO-stimulated supernatants from lymphocyte cultures (SLO-S) of untreated normal dogs. Undiluted SLO-S inhibited migration by 66.8%, whereas a dilution of 1:64 elicited a 3% inhibition. In parallel tests, purified protein derivative stimulation of lymphocytes from BCG-vaccinated dogs produced 92.6% inhibition. The effect of Corynebacterium parvum on SLO-specific MIF production was evaluated in three groups of dogs administered a single intramuscular injection of C. parvum at 5 or 50 mg/m(2) or 50 mg/m(2) in suspension with 10 mg of methylprednisolone. Inhibition of migration of macrophages exposed to a 1:4 dilution of SLO-S from dogs inoculated with C. parvum (5 mg/m(2)) was 33% greater (mean inhibition, 75%) than the same SLO-S dilution from uninoculated normal dogs (mean inhibition, 42%) (P < 0.0002). Similarly, lymphocytes from dogs administered 50 mg/m(2) caused an enhancement of migration inhibition, with a mean increase of 26% over controls (P < 0.002), whereas a dose of 50 mg/m(2) with methylprednisolone produced a 16% increase in migration inhibition (P < 0.05). The administration of C. parvum resulted in a three- to fourfold increase in the SLO-S dilution, which would reduce migration by 20% (MIF titer). This increase peaked between days 20 and 30 and lasted over 50 days post-C. parvum inoculation. These findings indicate that C. parvum specifically increases MIF production by canine lymphocytes in a linear correlation with SLO concentration and suggest its use as a stimulant of canine immunity.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Migration inhibition with various cell fractions in human colorectal cancer.

The unseparated leucocytes, separated mononuclear cells and granulocytes of six control subjects and nine patients with colorectal cancer have been studied by a direct cell migration inhibition technique. A migratory index was calculated from the migration in the presence and absence of a perchloric acid extract of large bowel tumours. In 10% homologous AB serum, no significant migration inhibition occurred with any of the cells from control subjects. Five of the nine cancer patients showed significant inhibition with their unseparated leucocytes, seven of seven with their mononuclear cells, and none of nine with their granulocytes. In 10% autologous serum, some controls exhibited migration inhibition with their unseparated leucocytes and their granulocyte fraction, but not with the mononuclear cell fraction. Migration inhibition was also now apparent in the granulocyte fraction of the cancer patients. It is concluded that, with a soluble tumour antigen preparation, a mononuclear cell population increases the sensitivity of the direct migration inhibition test and that autologous serum may interfere directly with the migration of granulocytes, by an action not dependent upon the release of inhibitory factors from sensitized lymphocytes. This could explain some of the inconsistencies of the assay when using an unseparated leucocyte population.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1978

[Use of 51Cr-labelled macrophages for the objective evaluation of macrophage migration inhibition].

A possibility of using 51Cr-labeld macrophages migrating from the capillaries and lysed with sodium dodecyl sulfate for objective and quantitative assessment of the results of macrophage migration inhibition (MMI) microassay was demonstrated on the basis of correlation analysis of the experimental data. Migration area and sensitivity of 51Cr-labeled macrophages to the action of the factor of migration inhibition were found not to differ from those of unlabeled macrophages. In the assessment of the absolute macrophage migration values and its reduction under the action of the factor of migration inhibition formed in the H-2 system, and also of the specificity of this reduction there was revealed a high correlation between the migration area and the value of the migrant cell label.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Demonstration of cellular immunity in chronic myeloid leukaemia using leucocyte migration inhibition assay.

Peripheral blood leucocytes from chronic myeloid leukaemia patients in remission were tested for inhibition of migration in presence of solubilized membrane antigens from leukaemic cells in 15 cases. Eight out of 9 autochthonous combinations (88-8%) and 35/49 allogenic combinations (71-4%) showed inhibition of migration. Antigens prepared from relapse leukaemic cell samples in 4 cases showed inhibition of migration of autochthonous as well as allogeneic remission leucocytes. The same batch of CML antigens inhibited migration of normal leucocytes at the level of 22-2%. The difference between inhibition of migration shown by remission leucocytes and normal leucocytes in presence of CML antigens was statistically significant. Solubilized antigens, similarly prepared from normal leucocytes, showed inhibition of migration of remission leucocytes to the extent of 15% only. The difference between the reactivity of CML remission leucocytes to normal and CML antigens was also statistically significant. No enhancement of migration of remission leucocytes was seen with CML antigens.

Antigens, Neoplasm↗
PubMed1978

Cellular immunity to encephalitogenic factor in man as measured by the macrophage migration inhibition test: the effects of serum.

Sensitivity to human encephalitogenic factor (EF) was measured in 70 cancer patients, in 34 patients with various non-malignant diseases and in 18 healthy volunteers, using the macrophage migration inhibition (MMI) test. Sensitization was demonstrated in 44/70 (63%) of the cancer patients, in 11/34 (32%) of the patients with non-malignant conditions and in one (5%) of the healthy individuals. No significant difference was seen in the frequency of demonstrable sensitivity with clinical stage of disease in cancer patients.Autologous serum from cancer patients had the ability to abrogate EF-mediated migration inhibition in 22/30 sensitized individuals. This blocking occurred with a similar frequency in all 3 clinical stages of cancer. Autologous serum from patients with non-malignant disease caused abrogation of EF-mediated migration inhibition in 4/11 sensitized individuals, whilst none of the healthy control individuals showed any significant change in the migration index in the presence of autologous serum. Homologous serum from patients with carcinoma of the breast or lung with and without autologous blocking activity and serum from a healthy individual were tested against lymphocytes from patients with various tumour types with the MMI test. Of 11 patients tested in the absence of serum, 8 (73%) showed significant migration inhibition with EF, whilst serum from patients with carcinoma of the lung or breast with autologous blocking activity abolished migration inhibition with EF in all 8 individuals with the former and in 6 with the latter, regardless of the tumour type from which the lymphocytes under test were derived. Homologous serum from both a carcinoma of the lung and breast without autologous blocking activity did not abolish migration inhibition with EF, except with the latter in one patient with a carcinoma of the lung.

Adolescent↗