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PubMed1979

A search for causes of polymorphism in Clithon oualaniensis (Lesson) (Gastropoda; Prosobranchia).

Western Clithon from India and Ceylon differs from eastern Clithon from the Malay Peninsula and Hong Kong as regards shell pattern and coloration (Grüneberg 1976, 1978). The western form lives in regions with high surface salinity whereas the eastern form lives in regions with low surface salinity. This situation may either reflect a causal relation, or it may be the result of a coincidence. The evidence presented in this paper speaks against a causal relation and suggests that other factors with a similar geographical distribution may be at work.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Building biofilms for saline hydrogenotrophic denitrification from contrasting origins: Convergent acclimation, divergent performance.

Hydrogenotrophic denitrification is promising for deep nitrogen removal from saline, low-C/N wastewaters, but rapid establishment of stable biofilms at high salinity remains challenging. Here, two saline-adapted inocula from two representative, functionally contrasting habitats-a functionally-diversified inoculum from mangrove sediment and a functionally-focused inoculum from seabed sediment-were acclimated in parallel H2-based membrane biofilm reactors at constant 3.5% salinity. The Diverse-derived biofilm required 80 d to reach steady state and achieved only partial denitrification with 61.1% nitrate removal and considerable nitrite accumulation. In contrast, the Focus-derived biofilm rapidly established complete denitrification within ∼40 d, which was maintained for >50 d, with effluent NOx- below 1 mg-N·L-1 and 98.7% nitrate removal. Microbiome analyses showed that identical operation promoted convergence in community structure and enriched similar community-level functional potentials. However, genome-resolved analysis revealed distinct source-dependent functional organization among dominant microbial populations. Complete denitrifiers co-encoding denitrifying, hydrogenotrophic, and autotrophic functions were preferentially enriched in the Focus-derived biofilm, whereas these functions remained partitioned among different dominant populations in the Diverse-derived biofilm, coinciding with less complete denitrification. These findings indicate that saline hydrogenotrophic denitrification performance depends not only on which functions are enriched at the community level, but also on how key functions become organized among microbial populations, providing a previously overlooked criterion for inoculum selection in saline biological nitrogen control.

Complete denitrification↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A comparison of six procedures for compatibility testing.

Six procedures for compatibility testing were compared, using red blood cells sensitized in normal saline, albumin or low-ionic strength saline (LISS) combined with either broad spectrum or anti-IgG antiglobulin testing (AGT). Despite shortened incubation times, tests employing LISS were as sensitive as those with albumin and broad spectrum AGT and more sensitive than the other four combinations. No false positive results were found. LISS technique with broad spectrum AGT appears to be suitable and superior for routine antibody detection and compatibility tests.

Blood Grouping and Crossmatching↗

PubMed1978

Osmotic fragility of leukaemic and normal lymphocytes.

The osmotic fragility of cord blood lymphocytes (CBLs), normal adult lymphocytes (NALs) and leukaemic cells was studied using hypotonic saline. Leukaemic cells were more resistant to hypotonic treatment than cord blood or adult lymphocytes. At low hypotonic saline concentrations (less than 0.2% NaCl), almost all of the NALs and CBLs were lysed after thirty minutes at 4 degrees C, whilst a large proportion of chronic lymphatic leukaemia cells remained intact. This phenomenon could conceivably be used to separate tumour cells from normal lymphoid cells.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

Activation of two types of fibres in rat extraocular muscles.

1. The contractile responses of the inferior rectus, one of the extraocular muscles of the rat, to a depolarization induced by an elevation of the potassium concentration in the external medium ([K]O) have been studied 'in vitro'. 2. The elevation of [K]O to 20 and 30 mM-K produced contractures that consisted of a sustained or tonic tension. When [K]O was increased to 50 mM or more a well-defined transient or phasic tension appeared before the tonic response. The increment of [K]O above 50 mM enhanced the phasic component and depressed the tonic tension. The maximal tonic tension, usually evoked by 50 mM-K, is about 50% of the tetanic tension, shows a gradual decline with time and lasts for hours. Control experiments performed in diaphragm showed that this muscle only responds with phasic tensions. 3. The difference in the repriming of the phasic and tonic responses when tensions were induced with salines containing low or normal [Cl] suggests that the muscle fibres responsible for the tonic tension are poorly permeable to Cl-. 4. The amplitude of the tonic tension was reduced by Ca deprivation and by an elevation of [Ca] in the saline to 10 mM. 5. It is concluded that in rat extraocular muscles, an increase in [K]O activates two types of muscle fibres: singly and multiply innervated. These appear to be functionally equivalent to the twitch and slow fibres of amphibian and avian muscle and would give rise to the phasic and tonic components of the contracture, respectively.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Effect of ionic and non-ionic contrast media on morphology of human erythrocytes.

The effects of solutions of the ionic contrast media diatrizoate, iocarmate and metrizoate and the non-ionic metrizamide on red cell morphology were compared by interference contrast optics in vitro. All the media produced changes, in solutions both isotonic and hypertonic to blood. The changes increased with increasing volume ratio (contrast medium/blood). At low volume ratio the cells were transformed into crenated cells (echinocytes) in ionic solutions both hypertonic and isotonic to blood. At high volume ratio the hypertonic ionic media caused the red cells to become shrunken (desiccocytes), corresponding to the shrinkage caused by hypertonic saline. The low osmotic non-ionic metrizamide never produced desiccocytes but echinocytes also in high volume ratio. In solutions isotonic with blood metrizoate and metrizamide transformed more cells into echinocytes than the diatrizoate and iocarmate solutions.

Contrast Media↗

PubMed1978

The effect of calcium and magnesium on the spontaneous release of transmitter at insect motor nerve terminals.

1. The effect of the extracellular calcium and magnesium concentrations and calcium ionophore, X-537A, on the frequency of miniature excitatory post-synaptic potentials (MEPSPs) was studied in cockroach leg muscle fibres. 2. The frequency of MEPSPs increased as the calcium concentration was increased from 0.1 to 10 mM. In the presence of 10 mM magnesium, however, raising the calcium concentration from 0.1 to 1 mM slightly depressed the frequency. In saline containing elevated potassium (20.8 mM), increasing the calcium concentration produced a much higher frequency than that in the normal potassium saline (10.8 mM) in the absence of magnesium. Raising the extracellular potassium concentration was without effect unless the bathing solution contained calcium. 3. The frequency of the miniature potentials was reduced as the magnesium concentration was raised from 0 to 10 mM, depending on the presence of calcium ions. On the contrary, a slightly increased frequency was observed in the low calcium saline as the magnesium concentration was raised from 1 to 10 mM. The reciprocal relationship between calcium and magnesium and the time course of the effect suggest that both ions act at the same surface sites in the presynaptic membrane. 4. X-537A elicited a transient increase in frequency followed by a fall of the frequency to a very low rate. Further application of the ionophore was without effect. The effect of X-537A on the spontaneous release of transmitter at the insect neuromuscular junction was comparable with that on the spontaneous acetylcholine release in vertebrate neuromuscular junctions.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Role of dialysis in the treatment of severe hypercalcemia: report of two cases successfully treated with hemodialysis and review of the literature.

The role of dialysis in the treatment of patients with severe hypercalcemia is uncertain. The fourteen previously reported cases of hypercalcemia treated with either peritoneal or hemodialysis have been reviewed. Two additional patients treated with hemodialysis are described in this report. Because the use of large volumes of intravenous fluids was contraindicated, each of the patients received a low calcium bath (0-1 mEq calcium per liter) hemodialysis for three and a half hours. After dialysis, the serum calcium fell to normal in both and remained normal thereafter with treatment of the underlying disease (multiple myeloma in one and vitamin D intoxication in the other). Hemodialysis can clear up to 682 mg of calcium per hour as compared to 124 mg per hour for peritoneal dialysis and 82 mg per hour with forced saline diuresis. Low calcium bath hemodialysis is indicated when the presence of renal and/or cardiac failure prevents the administration of large volumes of intravenous fluids to hypercalcemic patients.

Aged↗

PubMed1979

The intra-nucleolar localization of amplified rDNA in Xenopus laevis oocytes.

A fluorescent Feulgen-stain was adapted in order to demonstrate DNA-containing structures inside the amplified nucleoli of Xenopus laevis. At all stages of oogenesis this method reveals granules or complex structures of DNA in each nucleolus. The micronucleoli which do not stain with this method and which do not reveal an internal structure in low molarity saline, unlike real nucleoli are considered as nucleolus-like bodies. The DNA-containing structures in the nucleoli can be composed of one or several granules, or they can be arranged in a linear, reticulated or circular form, independant of any correlation with the stage of oogenesis.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Inhibition of intestinal iron absorption by laundry starch.

The pathogenesis of iron deficiency anemia associated with amylophagia is usually attributed to dietary iron lack. However, large quantities of starch may inhibit intestinal iron absorption. Accordingly, studies were carried out to determine the effect of laundry starch on the intestinal absorption of inorganic and hemoglobin iron. In vitro, laundry starch bound 19 to 80% of the available 59FeSO4 and 34 to 68% of the available 59Fe-hemoglobin. Binding of both forms of iron was pH-dependent, with maximal binding at pH 7.0. In vivo, laundry starch significantly inhibited mucosal uptake of 59FeSO4 from isolated duodenal loops. In nonanemic rats, administration of laundry starch (100 mg) 1 hr before a 100-mug dose of 59FeSO4 significantly decreased the absorption of 59FeSO4, as compared to saline or low iron chow controls (6.2 +/- 2.0 versus 14.9 +/- 2.1 and -1.8 +/- 1.7, respectively, P less than 0.001). In anemic rats the absorption of either a 100-mug dose of 59FeSO4 or a 500-mug dose of 59Fe-hemoglobin was also significantly decreased by prior administration of laundry starch. The data obtained indicated that laundry starch (1) binds appreciable quantities of inorganic and hemoglobin iron in vitro; (2) inhibits the mucosal uptake or inorganic iron by isolated intestinal loops; (3) inhibits the intestinal absorption of inorganic iron in normal nonanemic rats, and (4) blunts the compensatory increase in inorganic and organic iron absorption in anemic rats.

Anemia, Hypochromic↗

PubMed1979

[Treatment of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion with demethylchlortetracycline (author's transl)].

A patient with a syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion secondary to an undifferentiated bronchogenic carcinoma with distant metastases was treated with demethylchlortetracycline. Up until recently, treatment of this syndrome was based on water restriction and when the plasma sodium concentration became extremely low, hypertonic saline solution administration. Recently it has been demonstrated that the antibiotic demethylchlortetracycline inhibits the action of the antidiuretic hormone on the renal tubules. The drug has been used successfully in five patients with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. The administration of 900 mg of demethylchlortetracycline per day for 7 days in our patient produced an increase of free water clearance, diuresis, plasma sodium concentration, and plasma osmolarity. Urinary excretion of sodium and urinary osmolarity declined. Furthermore, the neurological symptoms attributed to hyponatremia improved markedly. The patient lost 6 kg during treatment, probably because of negative water balance induced by demethylchlortetracycline. Even though the administration of demethylchlortetracycline did not produce significant decreases in the glomerular filtration rate or renal blood flow in our patient, it is advisable to control the renal function in individuals treated with this drug since it may on occasion determine renal insufficiency.

Carcinoma, Bronchogenic↗

PubMed1977

[The effect of hypoxia on the branchial vascular system of the perfused trout head].

Measurements of inflow (VE) and arterial (Vsa) and venous (VSv) outflow in trout perfused head preparations show significant decreases of VE and VSa during low PO2 saline perfusion (20 torr). Comparable results are gained during adenosine perfusion (1.10(-8) to (1.10(-6) M). Theophylline (10(-4) M) inhibits both hypoxia and adenosine effects.

Adenosine↗

PubMed1976

Regulation of some functions of granulocytes by zinc of the prostatic fluid and prostate tissue.

Oxygen consumption, phagocytosis, and activity of hexosomonophosphate shunt (HMS) of dog and human polystyrene latex-activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes were inhibited by normal and infected human prostatic fluid (PF) and prostate extract; resting cells were not affected. Granulocytes incubated in 7 per cent PF increased five times their zinc content. Inorganic zinc added to synthetic medium which contained activated granulocytes also inhibited O2 consumption and phagocytosis of yeast particles in a concentration-dependent manner; resting cells were not affected. Incubation of PF with CaNa2 ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) abolished the inhibitory effect of PF; extensive dialysis of PF against this chelating agent reduced the inhibition by half. After the PF was dialyzed against saline, the low molecular weight dialysate retained inhibitory effects. Extracts from dog liver, spleen, and human saliva were not inhibitory. Polyamines, which next to zinc are also present in PF in high concentrations, had no effect on granulocytes, O2 consumption, and HMS activity. Human as well as dog PF were inhibitory to human or dog granulocytes, respectively. Besides granulocytes, rat peritoneal macrophages were inhibited by PF as well. It is concluded that PF and extract from prostate inhibit various functions of phagocytes mainly because of high concentration of zinc. The existence of other, large molecular weight, heat-resistant substances in PF which contribute to zinc effect cannot be ruled out.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Dual roles of static magnetic field on enhancing sulfamethoxazole biodegradation and preventing antibiotic resistance genes transfer in halotolerant fungal-bacterial sludge treating saline aquaculture wastewater.

To address low biological treatment efficiency in saline antibiotic wastewater and antibiotic resistance gene (ARGs) transmission risk, a static magnetic field (SMF) was applied to a salt-tolerant fungal-bacterial consortium to enhance sulfamethoxazole (SMX) biodegradation; additionally, associated ARGs transmission risks were assessed. Results demonstrated that 40 mT was the optimal SMF intensity, under which the SMX degradation efficiency achieved a relative improvement of 62.8% compared to the control. At the mechanistic level, SMF alleviated oxidative stress by stimulating extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) secretion and upregulating antioxidant defenses, thereby reducing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Furthermore, SMF significantly suppressed the absolute abundance of mobile genetic elements (MGEs), effectively restricting the horizontal gene transfer of ARGs. SMF application is an effective strategy for improving SMX removal and reducing ARGs transfer, providing new insights for developing advanced saline aquaculture wastewater biological treatment technologies.

Sulfamethoxazole↗

PubMed2026

The overlooked conservation values of saline lakes.

Saline lakes are hypersensitive to changes in their water balance and therefore show amplified responses to climatic and land-use changes in their catchment. Despite often dramatic ecological impacts, saline lakes rank low on policy agendas as they are assumed to support few ecosystem services and low levels of biodiversity. Here, we challenge this view and evaluate ecosystem services and threatened species in 85 saline lakes distributed across the globe. We show that saline lakes support, additionally to threatened aquatic biota, a diverse range of red-listed terrestrial species that contribute together with a large beta diversity to their conservation value. Further, our results highlight that saline lakes provide a number of culturally and economically important ecosystem services but several of them are 'hidden' and difficult to quantify. We conclude our analysis with best-practice recommendations for sustainable management of saline lakes. Their local adaptation and implementation will be key for safeguarding biodiversity and ecosystem services of these valuable and highly sensitive ecosystems.

Lakes↗

PubMed1979

The influence of ionic strength, albumin and incubation time on the sensitivity of the indirect Coombs' test.

The sensitivity of the indirect Coombs' test was investigated using saline, albumin, or low ionic strength (LIS) in the incubation phase and an incubation time varying from 5 to 120 min. Titration of 41 antibodies showed that LIS always resulted in a higher or almost the same mean scores as the other solutions after the same incubation time. The maximum mean score was always higher with LIS than with saline and was reached after a shorter period of incubation, only 20--40 min even with the weakest antibodies. With LIS, a longer incubation time than 40 min resulted in a sudden decrease in mean score. The maximum mean score using saline or albumin was reached after 40--60 min incubation. The same mean score was obtained after only 15--20 min, when LIS was used. Albumin gave only slightly higher mean scores than saline.

Antibodies↗

PubMed1976

The effect of the ionophore A23187 on the ultrastructure and electrophysiological properties of frog skeletal muscle.

The divalent cation ionophore A23187 has three major effects on the thin cutaneous pectoris muscle of frog: (1) The membrane potential is depolarized, an action that is found only when the [Ca2+] of the bathing saline is very low.(2) It causes an increase in resting tension and the development of contraction. This action is produced at both normal and low values of [Ca2+]o and is, therefore, independent of Ca2+ entry and of changes in Em. The ionophore is believed to act primarily by releasing Ca2+ from intracellular stores. (3) It causes major ultrastructural damage to the muscle filaments. It is believed that this damage is the result of the action of A23187 on the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the elevation of [Ca2+]i and we suggest that the action of thisionophore may serve as a useful model for the study of certain myopathies.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Some effects of light on the viability of rhodopsin-containing halobacteria.

Under starvation conditions, rhodopsin-containing halobacteria show a light-accelerated death under aerobic conditions. This is attributed to photooxidative processes. Under anaerobic conditions, halobacteria die rapidly in the dark, and light prevents death. Since it has been shown by others that lightdriven ATP synthesis can occur under anaerobic conditions, it is postulated that rhodopsin-mediated photophosphorylation is of survival value for this organism in the brines in which it lives, especially because the solubility of oxygen is low in highly saline waters and anaerobic conditions can often develop.

Aerobiosis↗