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PubMed2004

Which solvent for olfactory testing?

The physical properties of any carrier can deteriorate over time and thus alter the results in any olfactory test. The aim of this study was to evaluate clinically potential solvents as a clean odourless carrier for olfactory testing. Sweet almond oil, pure coconut oil, pure peach kernel oil, dipropylene glycol, monopropylene glycol, mineral oil and silicone oil were studied. The experimentation was conducted in two parts. First, an olfactory device was used to conduct air through the solvents on a weekly basis using a cohort of six volunteers to assess the perceived odour of each solvent at weekly intervals. Secondly a cross-reference test was performed using small bottled solutions of phenylethyl-alcohol and 1-butanol in 10-fold dilutions to compare any perceived difference in concentrations over a period of 8 weeks. We concluded that mineral oil is the most suitable carrier for the purpose of olfactory testing, possessing many desirable characteristics of an olfactory solvent, and that silicone oil may provide a suitable alternative for odorants with which it is miscible.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

A manufacturer's perspective on selected palm-based products.

An overview from the perspective of one manufacturer is provided on products that utilise either palm oil or palm kernel oil. The manufacturer is Macphie of Glenbervie while the products are of a wide-ranging nature for use in bakery, food service and food-manufacturing. Much of the discussion concerns cream alternatives on the grounds that this product-category places great demand on the type of fat needed and, to Macphie of Glenbervie, is responsible for most of the oil from oil palm used. However, other products are also touched on. The overview considers key product attributes the function that fat has within these products, together with research requirements and future opportunity.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1993

Childhood convulsions: a hospital survey on traditional remedies.

A study of one hundred and thirty five children with convulsions admitted in the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Nigeria over a 15-month period, October 1986 to December 1987 showed that 65 (48%) of the children received some traditional remedy at home prior to presentation in hospital. Crude oil and palm kernel oil either singly or in combination were the most commonly administered remedies. The central nervous system was more affected by remedies containing crude oil than others (P < 0.05). Administration of cow's urine to convulsing children, reported from other parts of Nigeria, was not observed in the present study and would appear to be uncommon in this part of the country.

Central Nervous System Diseases↗
PubMed2002

Arabinoxylan-lipids-based edible films and coatings. 2. Influence of sucroester nature on the emulsion structure and film properties.

This work is a contribution to better knowledge of the influence of the structure of films on their functional properties obtained from emulsions based on arabinoxylans, hydrogenated palm kernel oil (HPKO), and emulsifiers. The sucroesters (emulsifiers) have a great effect on the stabilization of the emulsified film structure containing arabinoxylans and hydrogenated palm kernel oil. They improve the moisture barrier properties. Several sucroesters having different esterification degrees were tested. Both lipophilic (90% of di and tri-ester) and hydrophilic (70% of mono-ester) sucrose esters can ensure the stability of the emulsion used to form the film, especially during preparation and drying. These emulsifiers confer good moisture barrier properties to emulsified films.

Absorption↗
PubMed2002

Arabinoxylan-lipid-based edible films and coatings. 3. Influence of drying temperature on film structure and functional properties.

This work is a contribution to better knowledge of the influence of the structure of films obtained from emulsions based on arabinoxylans, hydrogenated palm kernel oil, and emulsifiers on their functional properties. The sucrose esters (emulsifiers) have a great effect on the stabilization of the emulsified film structure containing arabinoxylans and hydrogenated palm kernel oil. The structure and stability of the emulsion during drying strongly affect barrier and mechanical properties of films. The higher are creaming and coalescence phenomena in films, the lower is the water vapor permeability. Emulsion destabilization is favored by high drying temperature and tends to give films having a "bilayer-like" structure, which tends to improve the functional properties of arabinoxylans-based edible films.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed1995

Effects of feeding lipids of different fatty acid compositions upon rat lymphocyte proliferation.

Weanling Wistar rats were fed for 8 weeks on a low fat (3% by weight) diet (LF) or on diets containing 15% by weight hydrogenated coconut oil (coconut oil), cocoa butter, cashew kernel oil (cashew oil), canola oil or soya bean oil (soya oil). Each of the high fat diets resulted in inhibition of spleen lymphocyte proliferation in response to concanavalin A (Con A), a T-cell mitogen. Feeding the soya oil diet caused more than 95% inhibition of proliferation, compared with feeding the LF diet. Amongst the high fat diets, feeding the cashew, canola or soya oil diets resulted in inhibition of proliferation compared with feeding the coconut oil diet while feeding the soya oil diet resulted in inhibition of proliferation compared with feeding the cocoa butter or canola oil diets. Proliferation of lymphocytes in response to Con A was also investigated using whole blood culture. Once again, feeding the soya oil diet resulted in a dramatic decrease in proliferation (80%) compared with feeding the LF diet. Feeding the soya oil diet also inhibited proliferation compared with feeding the coconut oil, cocoa butter or cashew oil diets. Feeding the canola oil diet resulted in inhibition of proliferation compared with feeding the LF or cocoa butter diets.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Influence of palm olein on protein utilisation in the growing rat.

In view of our preliminary findings that refined palm oil (RPOL) enhanced protein utilisation, and because of the growing importance of palm oil in human diets, two separate studies were conducted. The first study aimed to investigate the effect of the palm oil source and fraction on protein utilisation, as determined by net protein utilization (NPU) in growing rats. The second study aimed to investigate the influence of the dietary concentration of one particular palm oil fraction, refined palm olein (RPO) on net protein utilisation. The fat source of each of the semi-purified diets was as follows: crude palm oil (CPO), refined palm kernel oil (RKO), refined palm olein (RPO), refined palm stearin (RPS), and refined palm oil (RPOL). A sixth control group was offered an identical diet but with olive oil (OO, control) as the fat source. Both the oil source (P < 0.01) and the oil level (P < 0.05) influenced NPU in rats. NPU values were generally higher for rats given the RPO-containing diets, particularly at the 20% dietary level (P < 0.01) compared to the diets containing ground nut oil (GNO). The results of these two experiments indicate that RPO influences protein metabolism specifically at a concentration of at least 20% in the diet. This may suggest that RPO is superior to GNO as a source of fat for the rehabilitation of malnourished children. Human trials notably during the rehabilitation of malnourished children may therefore be the next step in this line of research.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2001

Studies of the inheritance of seed qualities and the exploitation of F2 heterosis in low gossypol strains in upland cotton.

Twenty cross combinations were made with 4 recessive glandless lines (gl2gl2 gl3gl3) used as females and 5 dominant glandless lines (Gl2eGl2e Gl3Gl3) used as male parents to estimate the genetic variance components of kernel oil and protein content of seeds, oil and protein index, and kernel index using a genetic model for parents, F2 and F3. The results showed that all the analyzed traits were mainly controlled by additive effects. Oil content was controlled mainly by maternal additive effect, and other traits by direct additive effect. The average heterosis of F2 over mid-parent based on population mean was -1.99% to 1.11% for all these traits. It suggests that little inbreeding depression exists for F2 and F3 seeds. There were 75% and 60% of the F2 and the F3 combinations in which open-pollinated seeds contained gossypol levels lower than 0.4 gkg-1. This result indicated that it is possible to screen and select high yielding F2 hybrids with a gossypol content lower than the regulated criterion and without lowering seed quality.

Genotype↗
PubMed1997

Dietary fat saturation effects on low-density-lipoprotein concentrations and metabolism in various animal models.

Saturated vegetable oils (coconut, palm, and palm kernel oil) and fats (butter and lard) are hypercholesterolemic relative to monounsaturated and polyunsaturated vegetable oils. The increase in plasma low-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations associated with consumption of saturated vegetable oils and fats is largely explained by a decrease in hepatic LDL receptor activity and an increase in the LDL-C production rate. Hepatic LDL receptor activity may be regulated by the messenger RNA concentration of the LDL receptor. The decrease in hepatic LDL receptor activity with saturated fat feeding is associated with decreased hepatic sterol O-acyltransferase activity and, therefore, a reduced inert pool of cholesteryl ester. A putative regulatory pool of cholesterol is increased with saturated fat feeding and suppresses LDL receptor activity, possibly through hepatic messenger RNA regulation. For most studies, an independent effect of a vegetable oil or fat could not be ascertained because there was no neutral control and at least two of the test oils or fats were varied. Animal data for the effects of individual fatty acids on plasma LDL-C concentrations and metabolism are sparse. The evidence suggests that caproic acid (6:0), caprylic acid (8:0), and capric acid (10:0) are neutral with respect to their LDL-C-raising properties and their ability to modulate LDL metabolism. Lauric acid (12:0), myristic acid (14:0), and palmitic acid (16:0) are approximately equivalent in their LDL-C-raising potential by reducing hepatic LDL receptor activity and increasing the LDL-C production rate, apparently via modulation of sterol O-acyltransferase activity. Stearic acid (18:0) appears to be neutral in its LDL-C-raising potential and how it affects LDL metabolism.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Regulation of plasma lipoprotein levels by dietary triglycerides enriched with different fatty acids.

Saturated vegetable oils (coconut, palm, and palm kernel oil) containing predominantly saturated fatty acids, lauric (12:0) or myristic (14:0 and palmitic (16:0), raise plasma total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in animals and humans, presumably by decreasing LDL receptor activity and/or increasing LDL-C production rate. Although stearic acid (18:0) is chemically a saturated fatty acid, both human and animal studies suggest it is biologically neutral (neither raising nor lowering) blood cholesterol levels. Although earlier studies indicated that medium chain fatty acids (8:0-10:0) were also thought to be neutral, more recent studies in animals and humans suggest otherwise. Unsaturated vegetable oils such as corn, soybean, olive, and canola oil, by virtue of their predominant levels of either linoleic acid (18:2) or oleic acid (18:1), are hypocholesterolemic, probably as a result of their ability to upregulate LDL receptor activity and/or decrease LDL-C production rate. Whether trans fatty acids such as trans oleate (t18:1), in hydrogenated products such as margarine, are hypercholesterolemic remains controversial. Studies in humans suggest that their cholesterol-raising potential falls between the native nonhydrogenated vegetable oil and the more saturated dairy products such as butter. Assessment of the magnitude of the cholesterolemic response of trans 18:1 is difficult because in most diet studies its addition is often at the expense of cholesterol-lowering unsaturated fatty acids, making an independent evaluation almost impossible.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Genome-Wide Identification and Bioinformatics Analysis of the FAD Gene Family in Walnut (Juglans regia L.).

Fatty acid desaturase (FAD) is a core catalytic enzyme in plants for the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, profoundly affecting plant growth, development, and adaptability to various environmental stresses. The walnut (Juglans regia L.) is an important woody oil tree species, and its kernel is rich in unsaturated fatty acids. Systematic identification of the walnut FAD gene family and analysis of its function are of great significance for revealing the molecular mechanisms underlying unsaturated fatty acid metabolism in the walnut. Based on walnut whole-genome data, this study used homology alignment and hidden Markov model search methods to identify the JrFAD gene family members. Subsequently, a variety of bioinformatics tools were used to systematically analyze their structural characteristics, evolutionary expansion mechanism, expression regulation, and function. A total of 21 JrFAD gene family members were identified and classified into five subfamilies. The family genes were unevenly distributed on nine chromosomes. WGD/segmental duplication was the main expansion method, and the duplicated gene pairs experienced strong purification selection. The family gene promoter sequence is rich in regulatory elements that respond to light, plant hormones, and various stresses. The expression pattern analysis showed that JrFAD3.1 and JrFAD2.3 showed high expression specifically during the rapid accumulation of walnut kernel oil. This study clarified the composition and evolutionary characteristics of the FAD gene family in the walnut, which provides useful information for in-depth analyses of its functional mechanism in the regulation of lipid metabolism, and also identified potential candidate gene resources for the genetic improvement of walnut varieties with high amounts of unsaturated fatty acids.

Juglans↗
PubMed1990

Liver cholesterol concentrations in rats fed diets containing various fats of plant origin.

Plasma and liver cholesterol concentrations were measured in rats fed high-cholesterol (1%, w/w), semipurified diets containing various fats of plant origin. Palm oil produced significantly higher plasma cholesterol concentrations than soybean oil, rapeseed oil, coconut fat and palm kernel oil. The content of liver cholesterol in rats fed rapeseed oil was significantly higher than in rats fed the other fats except for soybean oil. When comparing the fatty acid compositions of the fats used, this study suggests that oleic acid induces higher liver cholesterol concentrations than linoleic acid.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Saturated fatty acids in vegetable oils. Council on Scientific Affairs.

Concern has been expressed about the "atherogenicity" of coconut and/or palm oil in food products. Saturated fatty acids are found primarily in animal products and in "tropical oils" (coconut, palm, and palm kernel oils). Composition of the total diet over an extended period determines nutritional status and contribution to health. Specific foods and/or food ingredients need to be evaluated within the context of a person's total dietary pattern over time. Persons attempting to limit saturated fatty acid intake should be aware of the high content of saturated fatty acids in tropical oils. The American Medical Association is on record as supporting fatty acid labeling when cholesterol content is declared and cholesterol labeling when fatty acid content is declared. The American Medical Association has supported, and continues to support, voluntary efforts to increase public awareness of the composition and nutritional value of foods.

American Medical Association↗
PubMed1998

Regulation of very low density lipoprotein apo B metabolism by dietary fat saturation and chain length in the guinea pig.

Studies investigated the effects of dietary fatty acid composition and saturation on the regulation of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) apo B flux, clearance, and conversion to low density lipoprotein (LDL) in guinea pigs fed semipurified diets containing 15% (w/w) corn oil (CO), lard (LA), or palm kernel oil (PK). Plasma cholesterol levels were highest with dietary PK (3.1 +/- 1.0 mmol/L) followed by LA (2.4 +/- 0.4 mmol/L) and CO (1.6 +/- 0.4 mmol/L) intake. VLDL particles were larger (P < 0.05) in the LA (78 +/- 7 nm) and PK (69 +/- 10 nm) groups compared to animals fed CO (49 +/- 5 nm). VLDL-apo B fractional catabolic rates (FCR) were highest in guinea pigs fed the LA diet (P < 0.05) and VLDL apo B flux, estimated from VLDL 125I-apo B turnover kinetics, were higher in LA compared to PK or CO fed guinea pigs. In the case of PK consumption, the kinetic estimates of VLDL apo B flux significantly underestimated rates compared to direct VLDL apo B secretion measurements and LDL turnover analyses. These data demonstrate that differences in the composition and amount of saturated fatty acids have differential effects on VLDL apo B flux, catabolism, and conversion to LDL which, together with changes in LDL receptor-mediated catabolism, determine plasma LDL cholesterol levels in guinea pigs. The data also indicate that kinetic analysis of VLDL metabolism in PK fed animals is inaccurate possibly due to the presence of a small, nonequilibrating pool of newly synthesized VLDL which is rapidly converted to LDL.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Effects of roasting and storage on proteins and oil in peanut kernels.

Peanut kernels, untreated or soaked in salt solution, were roasted at 160 degrees C for 30 min in a hot air oven or oil roasted at 147 degrees C for 2 min and, stored at 27 degrees C and 5 degrees C up to 150 days. The heat treatments significantly decreased methionine, tryptophan and in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) and, increased the soluble proteins and acid value of kernel oil. Storage of heated peanuts caused an increase in water-soluble proteins, IVPD, acid value and saponification value and a decrease in methionine, tryptophan and iodine value. The oil roasting was found to be more detrimental to nutritional quality and storage stability of peanuts as compared to dry roasting. The storage of heated peanuts at 5 degrees C was found to be beneficial in lowering the undesirable nutritional changes in the peanut kernels.

Arachis↗
PubMed1994

Fat high in stearic acid favorably affects blood lipids and factor VII coagulant activity in comparison with fats high in palmitic acid or high in myristic and lauric acids.

The effect of fats high in individual, prevalent saturated dietary fatty acids on lipoproteins and hemostatic variables in young healthy subjects was evaluated in a randomized strictly controlled metabolic feeding study. Three experimental diets: shea butter (S; 42% stearic acid), palm oil (P; 43% palmitic palmitic acid), and palm-kernel oil with high-oleic sunflower oil (ML; 10% myristic acid, 30% lauric acid) were served to 15 men for 3 wk each, separated by washout periods. Diet S compared with diet P resulted in significant reduction in plasma cholesterol (22%) LDL cholesterol (26%), apolipoprotein B (18%), HDL cholesterol (12%), apolipoprotein A-I (13%), and a 13% lower factor VII coagulant activity (P = 0.001). Similar differences were observed between diets S and ML. In conclusion, intake of shea butter high in stearic acid favorably affects blood lipids and factor VII coagulant activity in young men, compared with fats high in saturated fatty acids with 12-16 carbons.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of dietary linoleic acid on cardiac function and prostaglandin release and on the effects of isoprenaline in the isolated rat heart.

We studied the effects of dietary linoleate on cardiac function and on the effectiveness of isoprenaline in isolated rat heart preparations. Male Wistar rats were fed either a diet rich in linoleic acid (LA) (25% of digestible energy as sunflower oil, 5% lard) or an LA-deficient diet (30% hydrogenated palm kernel oil). Control rats received a standard lab chow. Under certain experimental conditions the LA-rich diet resulted in increased contractile force, coronary flow rate, and prostaglandin (PG) release (PG-like substances and PGI2) and in a reduction in heart rate. These effects were modified by the duration of the feeding period and/or the age of the animals. In isolated perfused hearts of rats fed on a diet rich in LA for a 10-week period the inotropic effects of isoprenaline were diminished, whereas the isoprenaline-induced increase in coronary flow rate was augmented. The PG-releasing effect of isoprenaline was antagonized by the LA-rich diet. Preliminary in vivo investigations support these in vitro results. The mechanisms by which dietary LA influences cardiac function and the effectiveness of isoprenaline remain unclear.

Animal Feed↗