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At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

A comparison of techniques for measuring intelligibility of dysarthric speech.

Eight techniques for quantifying intelligibility of dysarthric speech were compared. Eight dysarthric speakers who represented a wide range of severity were recorded producing single words and sentences. Thirty-two college students performed the following intelligibility quantification tasks: percentage estimates, rating scale estimates, work and sentence transcriptions, word and sentence completions, and word and sentence multiple-choice tasks. Intelligibility scores for transcriptions were compared to estimates and to other objective tasks with the following results: (1) all measurement techniques, except word completion, rank ordered speakers similarly to transcriptions, (2) mean estimates of intelligibility closely parallel transcription scores, but dispersion of listener estimates was large, and (3) objective tasks form a hierarchy with speakers receiving lowest scores on transcriptions, intermediate scores on completions, and highest scores on multiple-choice tasks. Mean scores for words and sentences were similar. Implications of results for clinical management of dysarthria are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Brain tumors in children and adolescents--III. Effects of radiation and hormone status on intelligence and on working, associative and serial-order memory.

The effects on intelligence and memory of two post-surgical conditions (radiation treatment, hormone deficiency and supplementation) were explored in 46 children and adolescents with tumors in a variety of brain sites. Verbal intelligence, but not non-verbal intelligence, varied positively with age at radiation treatment. Memory for word meanings was unrelated to either radiation history or to hormone status. Severe deficits in serial position memory occurred with impaired hormone function and an older age at tumor onset. Severe deficits in working memory were associated with a history of radiation and a principal tumor site that involved thalamic/epithalamic brain regions. Radiation treatment and hormone status affect later cognitive function in children and adolescents with brain tumors. Although the greater vulnerability of the verbal intelligence of the younger radiated child and the serial order memory of the child with later tumor onset and hormone disturbances remain to be explained, and although the form of the relationship between radiation and tumor site is not fully understood, the data highlight the need to consider the cognitive consequences of pediatric brain tumors according to a set of markers that include maturational rate, hormone status, radiation history, and principal site of the tumor.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

The effects of hydrocephalus on intelligence, visual perception and school attainment.

A group of 59 children with spina bifida, and a group of matched controls, were given detailed psychological and educational tests at five and seven years. The scores of the control group were similar to the national figures. The scores of the children with spina bifida only (without hydrocephalus) were closest to normal, but still below average. Those with spontaneously arrested hydrocephalus were in the backward range of abilities, and those with shunt-treated hydrocephalus had scores which generally were incompatible with normal levels of intelligence and attainment. Abnormal visuo-perceptual functioning closely correlated with defects in intelligence. The results of the school-attainment tests paralleled the distribution of intelligence but many of the children were found to be functioning below expectation for both age and measured intelligence.

Attention↗
PubMed1976

Length of male and female friendship and perceived intelligence in self and friend.

The Self-Rating Scale of Intelligence (SRSI) and the Otis intelligence test were administered to -20 pairs each of same-sex long-acquaintance males and females and 12 pairs each of same-sex short-acquaintance males and females. The SRSI provided subjects with the opportunity to make intelligence attributions to self, friend, and ideal friend and to provide the expected rating of self by the friend and people-in-general. Significant positive correlations were obtained from relating the within-person perceptions, while nonsignificant correlations were obtained from the relation of perceptions and objectively measured intelligence between friends. Self-concept support from the friend and from people-in-general were the more significant relationships identified across groups.

Female↗
PubMed1992

Spectral feature enhancement for people with sensorineural hearing impairment: effects on speech intelligibility and quality.

People with sensorineural hearing loss often have difficulty understanding speech in background noise at speech-to-noise ratios (0 to +6 dB) for which normally hearing people have little difficulty. Spectral analysis of speech in noise at these ratios typically shows that the major spectral prominences in the speech (formants) are well represented, but the spectral valleys between the formants are filled with noise. Hearing impaired people have a reduced ability to pick out the spectral prominences, and are more affected by the noise filling in the valleys, partly because of their reduced frequency selectivity. This paper describes a 16-channel bandpass filter bank, implemented in analog electronics, that attempts to enhance spectral features of speech in noise to improve intelligibility for the hearing impaired. Each channel generates an 'activity function' that is proportional to the magnitude of the signal envelope in that channel, averaged over a short period of time. A positively weighted activity function from the nth channel is combined with negatively weighted functions from channels n-2, n-1, n+1, and n+2, giving a correction signal used to control the gain of the bandpass signal in the nth channel. Recombining the bandpass signals results in an enhancement of spectral features of the speech in noise. Two different experiments are described here, one using the activity function as described, and the other using a non-linear transform of the activity function. In both experiments, several different weighting patterns were used in calculating the correction signal. The intelligibility of speech in noise processed by the system was measured for subjects with moderate sensorineural hearing loss. In both experiments, no improvement in intelligibility was found. However, subjective ratings of the stimuli used in Experiment 2 indicated that some subjects judged the processed stimuli to have both higher quality and higher intelligibility than unprocessed stimuli.

Electronics↗
PubMed1992

A short form of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence for use in Iran.

Data from the standardization of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence in Shiraz, Iran (193 girls, 203 boys 4 to 6.5 yr. old) were used to develop a short form. Four subtests (Vocabulary, Arithmetic, Picture Completion, and Block Design) were selected on the basis of their high correlations with Full Scale IQs. The validity coefficients were high and significant. The standard errors for the short form were 4.0 to 6.0 points. The short form classified correctly about 73% of the subjects by category of intelligence but tended to underestimate the IQs of subjects of high intelligence and to overestimate the IQs of subjects with low intelligence. Further work is required.

Child↗
PubMed1992

[Diagnosis of dysarthria with the "Munich Intelligibility Profile"--construction of the procedure and its use].

No German-based methods for reliable assessment of the intelligibility of dysarthric speech have yet been described. The techniques usually applied in clinical diagnostics take no account of the various factors influencing the understanding of spoken language. They also fail to differentiate between individual patterns of impaired intelligibility. The intelligibility profile presented here controls for the most relevant influencing factors and allows us to discern therapeutically relevant patterns of disturbed intelligibility. The principles of its construction and some applications are presented.

Cerebellar Diseases↗
PubMed1978

Learning theory, intelligence, and mental development.

The current state of experimental research on mental retardation was considered from a historical perspective. The early position that defined intelligence as the ability to learn was presented. Subsequent refinements were traced as intelligence was related first to stages and, subsequently, to subprocesses of learning. Research on learning in retarded persons, which mainly dates from the late 1950s, took little account of this history. The methodological errors that flawed much modern mental retardation research were made explicit. Attempts to isolate the roles of MA and of intelligence were reviewed. It was shown that with growing understanding sophisticated designs emerged. Kappauf's three-dimensional model relating performance to IQ and CA was discussed and some models of retardation presented. Research on the development of intelligence was related to these models and to the design of intervention strategies.

Child↗
PubMed2026

Beyond antigen matching: compatibility intelligence theory for transfusion as an emergent biological system.

BACKGROUND: Despite major advances in serologic testing, extended phenotyping, and blood group genomics, clinically similar transfusion exposures may result in markedly different immune and clinical outcomes. Existing compatibility strategies do not fully explain this biological variability. OBJECTIVES: To examine transfusion compatibility as an emergent donor-recipient biological state and propose a systems-level conceptual framework that integrates established biological determinants into a testable model for future precision transfusion medicine. METHODS: This narrative review critically synthesizes current evidence from blood group genomics, recipient immunobiology, inflammation, disease-specific biology, transfusion medicine, and computational prediction. The proposed framework distinguishes Compatibility Intelligence Theory (CIT) as a biological interpretation from Precision Transfusion Intelligence (PTI) as its potential clinician-supervised translational application. RESULTS: The review argues that transfusion compatibility is shaped by interactions among donor genetics, recipient immune biology, inflammatory physiology, disease context, transfusion history, and longitudinal adaptation rather than by antigen matching alone. CIT provides an organizational framework for integrating these determinants, whereas PTI describes a possible clinician-supervised translation. To address current feasibility, the revised framework separates variables into routinely measurable, contextually available but incompletely standardized, and research-stage domains, and proposes a staged strategy for deriving rather than assuming their quantitative weights. Any clinical implementation would require comparative validation against current serologic, phenotypic, and genotype-based practice. CONCLUSIONS: Compatibility Intelligence Theory offers a testable systems-level framework for understanding transfusion compatibility without replacing established transfusion practices. The framework is not presented as a ready-to-use score: currently measurable variables can be organized for structured risk review, whereas inflammatory, immunogenetic, and multi-omic inputs require prospective standardization and validation. If future studies demonstrate incremental predictive and patient-centered benefit, CIT-informed PTI could support an adaptive, evidence-based extension of current precision transfusion practice.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

AI-driven CRISPR screening: optimizing gene editing through automation and intelligent decision support.

BACKGROUND: CRISPR-based genetic screening has become a central methodology in functional genomics, enabling systematic interrogation of gene function, genetic interactions and context-dependent vulnerabilities at scale. However, the rapid expansion of screening modalities-including multi-condition designs, combinatorial perturbations, in vivo applications and single-cell readouts-has exposed fundamental limitations of heuristic-driven experimental design and post hoc statistical analysis. MAIN BODY: This Review synthesizes how artificial intelligence is reshaping CRISPR screening by introducing predictive, adaptive and system-level intelligence across the experimental lifecycle. We organize recent advances into two tightly coupled modules. First, machine learning and deep learning (ML/DL) methods optimize experimental design by learning context-dependent perturbation behavior, anticipating confounding effects and enabling iterative, information-efficient screening strategies. Second, large language model-agent (LLM-agent) systems complement these advances by externalizing scientific reasoning, integrating biological knowledge at scale and coordinating analysis and decision-making in human-in-the-loop workflows. CONCLUSIONS: Together, ML/DL and LLM-agent approaches reframe CRISPR screening from a static analytical pipeline into an intelligent experimental system, with important implications for robustness, scalability and biological discovery.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of human middle ear muscle contractions on speech intelligibility.

The present study assessed the relationship between the acoustic reflex and speech intelligibility. Monosyllabic words mixed with noise were presented at -6, -3.0 and +3 dB signal-to-noise ratios. The word lists were presented with a 2000-Hz tone in the contralateral ear at a level 15 dB above or 20 dB below the acoustic reflex threshold to evaluate intelligibility differences with the acoustic reflex contracted and relaxed. The results indicated that a significant decrement in speech intelligibility differences with the acoustic reflex contracted and relaxed. The results indicated that a significant decrement in speech intelligibility occurred with the reflex contracted at signal-to-noise ratios of -3, and 0 dB. Slight but not significant decrements were seen at -6 and +3 dB signal-to-noise ratios. These results are discussed along with possible reasons for the lack of agreement with previous research.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The use of artificial neural networks to estimate speech intelligibility from acoustic variables: a preliminary analysis.

Previous research has used regression analysis to attempt to predict the intelligibility of hearing-impaired speakers from acoustic speech parameters. Improvement of prediction may be achieved by the use of computerized artificial neural networks to process mathematically the acoustic input variables as part of the intelligibility process. A preliminary scheme for estimating speech intelligibility from acoustic parameters using a neural network is outlined and preliminary data illustrate its use.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Cortical evoked potential, personality, and intelligence.

The averaged cortical evoked potential (CEP) was measured from 296 male subjects in two studies and was correlated with scores on intelligence and personality tests. For both studies, auditory stimuli were used with bipolar electrode placement to the Cz and T3 scalp positions. In the first study, with 84 subjects, stimulus intensity was 95 dB (all dB readings re 20 muN/m2). Intelligence was measured with the Mill Hill Vocabulary Scale and personality with H. J. Eysenck's PEN questionnaire. The second study, with 212 subjects, used additional stimuli at 75 dB and 55 dB. Intelligence was measured with the Ravens Progressive Matrices. State anxiety and other state measures at the time of testing were also taken. Neither study found any relation between the CEP and IQ or personality. However, more bored subjects showed larger CEP amplitudes. The results are discussed in terms of Ertl's neural efficiency hypothesis and Eysenck's arousal theory of personality.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1975

The effects of chronological age on the relationship of intelligence and academic achievement with extraversion and neuroticism.

This study examines the possibility that the relationships of intelligence and academic achievement with both extraversion and neuroticism may vary with chronological age. A sample of 741 students in the 15-19 age group worked through a battery of four tests, two of which were tests of intelligence and two tests of achievement in chemistry. The nature of the relationships between performance on these tests and measures of extraversion, neuroticism and chronological age were then expressed as multiple regression equations. The results whoed a consistently different pattern of significant relationships for both extraversion and neuroticism with the achievement tests on the one hand and with the intelligence tests on the other. Only the performance on the two achievement tests depended upon an interaction between extraversion and chronological age. There were no such interactions involving neuroticism and chronological age.

Achievement↗
PubMed1976

Relationship between childhood infections and measured intelligence.

The possibility that some of the common childhood infections lead to unrecognized impairments of neurological function was examined in 43 820 Birmingham children whose intelligence was assessed in the 11-plus examination. Mean verbal reasoning scores were lower for children who had had measles or pertussis than for those who had had neither of these diseases. However, since attack rates and measured intelligence are related inversely to social class, the lower scores of children with measles and pertussis may be due to class differences which are not eliminated completely by standardization for maternal age and birth order. Mean scores were a little higher for children who had had rubella than for those who had not, and it is suggested that this difference may be due to more frequent reporting of the disease by the more intelligent mothers.

Birth Order↗
PubMed1992

Estimation of premorbid intelligence in schizophrenia.

To determine whether the National Adult Reading Test (NART) would provide a valid estimate of premorbid intelligence in schizophrenia, two schizophrenic samples were recruited, one consisting of 35 patients resident in long-stay wards, the other of 29 patients normally resident in the community. Schizophrenic patients were individually matched for age, sex, and education with a healthy, normal subject. Both schizophrenic samples scored significantly lower on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) than their respective control groups. NART-estimated IQ did not differ significantly between the community-resident schizophrenics and their controls, suggesting that the NART provides a valid means of estimating premorbid intelligence in such a population. NART-estimated IQ was significantly lower in the long-stay sample than in their controls. Although low NART scores in this latter sample could be a valid reflection of low premorbid IQ, the alternative explanation that NART performance was impaired by onset of the disease cannot be ruled out.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

The House-Tree-Person Test as a measure of intelligence and creativity.

The House-Tree-Person test and a verbal test of mental ability, the Basic Word Vocabulary Test, were administered to 23 male and 27 female, university undergraduates and to 27 boys and 38 girls in Grades 3 to 8. The drawings were given three separate and independent scorings by judges who computed intelligence scores according to the House-Person manual; rated them impressionistically on intelligence, using a forced-distribution method; or rated them impressionistically on creativity, using the same forced-distribution method. The three House-Tree-Person measures were highly intercorrelated for all groups of subjects. All three House-Tree-Person scores also correlated positively and significantly with vocabulary test scores for female university students, as did both Impressionistically derived House-Tree-Person scores for grade-school girls. Male students' and boys' vocabulary scores were unrelated to any of the House-Tree-Person scores. Results suggest that competence in graphic expression operates independently of verbal intelligence in males but validity as a nonverbal test of mental ability and that it can be scored efficiently and reliably by using a global, impressionistic method.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

Beyond antibiotics: artificial intelligence-enabled anti-infective ecosystems for next-generation precision therapeutics against antimicrobial resistance.

The rapid global expansion of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threatens to undermine decades of progress in infectious disease management and highlights the limitations of conventional antibiotic-centered therapeutic strategies. Although emerging technologies-including antimicrobial peptides, bacteriophage therapy, CRISPR-based antimicrobials, microbiome therapeutics, anti-virulence approaches, nanotechnology-enabled drug delivery, and artificial intelligence (AI)-have individually demonstrated considerable promise, they are predominantly being developed as independent interventions rather than as coordinated components of an integrated therapeutic strategy. This Perspective proposes the Intelligent Anti-Infective Ecosystem (IAIE) as a conceptual systems-level framework that computationally integrates multimodal diagnostics, pathogen genomics, microbiome profiling, AI-assisted decision support, programmable precision therapeutics, ecological monitoring, and longitudinal clinical feedback within a continuously learning dynamically optimized workflow. Unlike existing paradigms that primarily optimize individual technologies or therapeutic decisions, IAIE emphasizes closed-loop coordination among complementary antimicrobial approaches to support precision-guided infection management while preserving microbiome integrity and mitigating resistance selection pressure. We further outline the core components, operational principles, translational challenges, and technology readiness of the major therapeutic platforms that could contribute to such an ecosystem, while distinguishing clinically established interventions from emerging experimental strategies. Importantly, IAIE should be interpreted as a prospective conceptual architecture rather than an existing clinical platform. Its proposed clinical value remains to be established through sequential computational, preclinical, and prospective clinical investigations using standardized microbiological, ecological, and patient-centered outcome measures. By framing antimicrobial innovation within an responsive systems perspective, IAIE provides a roadmap for future multidisciplinary research aimed at integrating artificial intelligence and systems microbiology to enable sustainable management of antimicrobial resistance.

Humans↗