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PubMed2001

[Higher lint percent and drought tolerant cotton line selected by radiation breeding].

The Gossypium hirsutum cv. Liaomian No. 9 were mutagenized by 60Co gamma ray, from which the mutant line Zhonghuzhi PI 935 (be called "PI 935" for short) was bred by family selection method. The PI 935 not only has some good traits (growing period, drought tolerance, lint color and fiber quality) similar to the original cultivar, but also has higher lint outturn and lint yield than that of the Liaomian No. 9. The PI 935 has been identified and regional tested in nine places times for four years in the southern Xinjiang Weiwuer autonomous region. It was shown that the PI 935 had the higher lint outtrn for the average 47.3% was ten-point percentage more than that of the check cultivars (Junmian No. 1 or Xinluzhong No. 5), the similar lint yield by and large and the growing period by five days later than that of the checks. The PI 935 was collected in the National Bank of Crop Germplasm (unified No. ZM 114274 and named "Zhonghuzhi PI 935").

Cobalt Radioisotopes↗
PubMed2002

[Specific molecular markers of the rust resistance gene M4 in flax].

Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is an important fiber and oil-producing crop. Flax rust, caused by Melampsora lini Ehrenb. Lev., occurs worldwide and can cause severe losses in seed yield and fiber quality. In order to identify molecular markers linked to the flax rust resistant gene M4, RAPD analysis of NM4, a near-isogenic line containing the M4 gene, and the recurrent parent Bison was carried out with 540 decamer primers. The primer OPA18 could stably amplify a specific fragment, OPA18(432), in the NM4 line. The OPA18(432) marker was testified to be closely linked to the M4 gene with a genetic distance of 2.1 cM through the analysis of the F2 mapping population derived from a cross of Bison x NM4. Based on the sequence of OPA18(432), the specific PCR primers were designed, and a SCAR marker for the M4 gene was produced. Amplification of different resistant materials proved that the maker is specific for the M4 gene. This marker has been used successfully in marker-assisted selection in the flax breeding program.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2003

[Study of collagen and elastic fibers of connective tissue in patients with and without primary inguinal hernia].

BACKGROUND: There are few studies looking for collagen matrix defects in patients with inguinal bernia. AIM: To study the skin connective tissue in patients with and without inguinal bernia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Skin from the surgical wound was obtained from 23 patients with and 23 patients without inguinal bernia. The samples were processed for conventional light microscopy. Collagen fibers were stained with Van Giesson and elastic fibers with Weigert stain. RESULTS: Patients without hernia had compact collagen tracts homogeneously distributed towards the deep dermis. In contrast, patients with hernia had zones in the dermis with thinner and disaggregated collagen tracts. Connective tissue had a lax aspect in these patients. Collagen fiber density was 52% lower in patients with hernia, compared to subjects without hernia. No differences in elastic fiber density or distribution was observed between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with inguinal bernia have alterations in skin collagen fiber quality and density.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Impact of spontaneous exercise on performance, meat quality, and muscle fiber characteristics of growing/finishing pigs.

The objective of this experiment was to determine if increased space and exercise for finisher pigs (0.90 vs 9.45 m2/pig) affects performance, meat quality, or muscle fiber characteristics. Newsham barrows (n = 32, 4 pens/treatment) were placed in one of two space allocations: control space allowance (CONT) or in a long pen with increased space allowance (10x). Pigs were weighed every 28 d and feed intake/pen was calculated. Pigs were filmed for behavioral analysis on d 70 and 100 using video recorders to determine walking distances over a 24-h period. After a 5-h transport and 2-h rest period, pigs (approximately 115 kg) were slaughtered on the same day at a commercial facility. Muscle samples were obtained from the longissimus lumborum (LL) and semimembranosus (SM) muscles within 1 h postmortem for muscle fiber typing. Backfat thickness and pH decline were measured on the left side of each carcass. After 24-h chilling, a boneless loin was collected from each pig and stored at 2 degrees C until analyzed. On d 14 postmortem, loins were cut at the 10th rib for color evaluations, and chops were cut for Warner-Bratzler shear (WBS) force and sensory analysis. Histochemical staining methods were used for the detection of type I, IIA, and IIB/X muscle fiber types. There were no significant differences (P > 0.10) in live weight, ADG, ADFI, or G:F ratio of the two experimental groups evaluated. Pigs finished in 10x pens walked a greater (P < 0.01) distance over a 24-h period than pigs finished in the CONT pens. Pigs finished in the lOx pens were fatter (P < 0.05) at the last lumbar vertebra than pigs finished in the CONT pens, but no significant differences were found in loineye area, loin color, marbling scores, WBS, sensory panel scores, retail display measures, or muscle fiber type percentages. Expanded space allowance to increase exercise resulted in no improvements in pig performance, pork loin measures, or muscle characteristics.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diet quality, added sugar, and dietary fiber intakes in American preschoolers.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine the relationship between meeting the intake recommendations for added sugar (AS) and dietary fiber and overall diet quality in American preschoolers from different ethnic backgrounds. METHODS: Data from a nationally representative sample of preschoolers participating in the Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII) 1994-1996, and 1998 (n=5,437) were categorized into 3 groups: (1) meeting the recommendation for AS intake (< or = 10% of energy) and dietary fiber (14 g and 20 g in 2- to 3-year-olds and 4- to 5-year-olds, respectively; n=236); (2) meeting only 1 recommendation (n=1,502); and (3) meeting neither (n=3,699). Dietary AS and dietary fiber sources were ascertained. Mean energy intake, nutrient intake, and food group density were established within each category, and student's t test was employed to determine significant differences. Nutrient and food group density was also examined stratified by 4 distinct ethnic groups. RESULTS: Children meeting both recommendations had better diet quality but also higher energy intakes than children meeting only 1 or neither recommendation. CONCLUSION: Most American preschoolers do not meet the dietary intake recommendations for AS and dietary fiber. Health professionals should work together to increase dietary fiber density and reduction of added sugar in the diets of preschoolers to improve diet quality and oral health.

Black People↗
PubMed2004

Within-litter variation in muscle fiber characteristics, pig performance, and meat quality traits.

The objective of this study was to examine the intralitter variation in postnatal growth performance, meat quality, and muscle fiber characteristics when littermates were categorized by carcass weight. Thirty-nine litters were weaned at 4 wk of age and had free access to feed from 2 wk of age until slaughter. They were slaughtered by litter at an average BW of 104 +/- 14 kg, and six pigs per litter were selected for analysis: the heaviest- (HW), middle- (MW), and lightest-weight (LW) pig of each sex. Categorizing littermates in LW, MW, and HW pigs at the same age reflected the differences in postnatal growth rate within a litter; thus ADG, muscle mass, and muscle deposition rate differed across pig weight groups (P < 0.001). Also, the total DNA content was different among pig weight groups (P < 0.001) and reflected differences in muscle growth rate. The difference in muscle growth rate between LW and MW pigs could be explained by a larger (P < 0.05) mean fiber area (MFA) in MW pigs, whereas the number of muscle fibers was similar. Growth rate differences between MW and HW pigs could in part be explained by a higher number (P < 0.01) of equal-sized muscle fibers in HW pigs. The difference in MFA was due to a higher estimated DNA and RNA content per muscle fiber in MW and HW compared with LW pigs (P < 0.05). Pigment content was higher in MW and HW compared with LW pigs (P < 0.01), but no other measured meat quality traits were significantly different across pig weight groups. These results indicate that both the number and the growth rate of muscle fibers contribute to intralitter variation in postnatal growth performance.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1999

[Evaluation of cookies enriched with corn germ and soy fiber].

The objective of this study was to evaluate four cookie formulations which wheat flour was partially substituted by free-fat corn germ flour and/or soy fiber. Baking quality, protein, fat, ash, dietary fiber, hardness, color, Protein Efficiency Ratio PER and Apparent Digestibility in vivo were determined. A trained panel evaluated color, hardness and fracturability of cookies. Dietary fiber of cookies varied from 8.2 to 24.9% and protein from 11.3 to 12.7%. The source and amount of dietary fiber modified physical, sensory, and nutritional properties of cookies. Cookies formulated with 20% corn germ flour gave the highest PER, Digestibility Aparente in vivo, and acceptance by consumers. This study demonstrated the potential use of free-fat corn germ and soy fiber as functional ingredients.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Precision and accuracy of asbestos fiber counting by phase contrast microscopy.

A new method was developed to prepare permanent asbestos slides with relocatable fields of view by imprinting these fields directly on the cleared wedges of filters containing asbestos fibers. The image quality of the fibers is comparable with that of the fibers prepared by the acetone/triacetin and the dimethyl formamide/Euparal method. The slides are suitable for evaluating the intercounter precision and accuracy of fiber counts by phase contrast microscopy. Seventeen chrysotile and 16 amosite slides, prepared from American Industrial Hygiene Association/National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Proficiency Analytical Testing program samples, were evaluated by 58 analysts of 38 government and private laboratories in Canada. By asking the analysts to examine the same fields of view of the slides, the present study found that when examined at 400x, an average of 59.2 fiber counting errors were made for every 100 chrysotile fibers reported and 24.4 errors for 100 amosite fibers reported. The chrysotile fibers were underestimated by 25.0%, but there was no bias in counting amosite fibers. Remedial steps have been proposed to control the major source of errors, which is the subjective ability of the analyst to observe and size fibers. The slides may also be used to harmonize various phase contrast optical microscopy methods and proficiency testing programs.

Asbestos, Amosite↗
PubMed1987

Effect of hay substitution on intake and digestibility of forage rape (brassica napus) fed to lambs.

Intake and digestibility trials were conducted with sheep to evaluate the effect of adding various levels of a typical fibrous grass forage (neutral detergent fiber, NDF = 68%) to a high quality, low fiber (NDF = 22%) brassica forage. Four forage rape:orchardgrass hay diets (0, 40, 70, 100% rape content on a dry matter basis) were fed to groups of six Polled-Dorset crossbred growing wether lambs (39.6 kg) individually housed in metabolism crates. After a 7-d ad libitum intake period, a 7-d digestibility trial was conducted at 90% of the observed ad libitum intake level. Digestible dry matter intake (DDMI) per unit metabolic body weight increased as rape in the diet was increased from 0 to 70%, with increases in both dry matter intake and dry matter digestibility (DMD). However, DDMI was similar for lambs fed the 70 and 100% rape diets, with DMI decreasing to the same relative extent as DMD increased. Digestibility of the cell wall fraction of the two intermediate diets (40% rape and 70% rape) was lower than predicted from component forage digestibilities. This observation suggests the existence of an associative effect similar to that often reported when forage and concentrates are fed in various ratios. Forage brassicas appear to be utilized in the ruminant in a manner more typically resembling a concentrate than a forage.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1999

[Heat treatment and dietary fiber effect on protein quality of artichoke and its sub-product].

Blanched (95 degrees C, 5 min), autoclaved (100 degrees C, 5 min) artichoke hearts and their by-product (external leaves and distal portion of stem) were analysed for amino acid composition, "in-vitro" protein digestibility (DIVP), and dietary fiber. Amino acid score of the three samples was in a good agreement with FAO/WHO recommendations including sulphur amino acids. Dietary fiber content was high in all samples, decreasing in autoclaved artichokes that might be relate with the improvement of DIVP. By-product was consider a potential food source because it showed a good amino acid profile and the highest levels of DIVP (76.4%), but fibrouness was also too high (51.6%).

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1990

Dose-response relationships between porcine somatotropin, muscle composition, muscle fiber characteristics and pork quality.

The dose-dependent effects of porcine somatotropin (pST) on cellular aspects of skeletal muscle growth, muscle composition and measures of pork quality were investigated in growing barrows and gilts. Eighty crossbred pigs weighing 46 kg were assigned randomly to receive daily subcutaneous injections of 0, 30, 60, 120 or 200 micrograms pST/kg BW until they weighed 100 kg. Semitendinosus muscle weights were increased with pST dose (linear, P less than .001) by 21%. Percentage of type I and type II muscle fibers was not changed with pST, but cross-sectional area of type I and type II fibers was increased in parallel with muscle weight. Percentage of moisture increased (P less than .01) and percentage of lipid decreased (P less than .01) as pST dose increased. The pH of the longissimus 24 h postmortem increased (P less than .01) .1 to .2 units with increasing pST dose, but subjective evaluation for color, firmness and wateriness of the longissimus indicated no discernible treatment effect. Gardner color difference meter "Rd" and "A" values decreased (P less than .01) with a pST dose of 60 micrograms/kg or more, signifying a slightly darker and less red color, respectively, of the longissimus muscle. Weight loss of loin chops 2.54 cm thick cooked to 71 degrees C (20.3% to 23.7%) and shear force of cores 1.27 cm in diameter (2.89 to 3.76 kg) were not related to pST treatment or dose.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Chemical composition of abaca (Musa textilis) leaf fibers used for manufacturing of high quality paper pulps.

The chemical composition of leaf fibers of abaca (Musa textilis), which are commonly used for high-quality paper pulp production, was thoroughly studied. The results revealed that the lignin content was 13.2% of the total fiber. The analysis of abaca fibers by pyrolysis coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) released predominantly compounds arising from lignin and p-hydroxycinnamic acids, with high amounts of 4-vinylphenol. The latter compound was demonstrated to arise from p-coumaric acid by pyrolysis of abaca fibers in the presence of tetramethylammonium hydroxide, which released high amounts of p-coumaric acid (as the methyl derivative). Products from p-hydroxyphenyl (H), guaiacyl (G), and syringyl (S) propanoid units, with a predominance of the latter (H:G:S molar ratio of 1.5:1:4.9), were also released after Py-GC/MS of abaca fibers. Sinapyl and coniferyl acetates, which are thought to be lignin monomer precursors, were also found in abaca. The extractives content of the abaca fiber (0.4%) was low, and the most predominant compounds were free sterols (24% of total extract) and fatty acids (24% of total extract). Additionally, significant amounts of steroid ketones (10%), triglycerides (6%), omega-hydroxyfatty acids (6%), monoglycerides (4%), fatty alcohols (4%), and a series of p-hydroxycinnamyl (p-coumaric and ferulic acids) esterified with long chain alcohols and omega-hydroxyfatty acids were also found, together with minor amounts of steroid hydrocarbons, diglycerides, alpha-hydroxyfatty acids, sterol esters, and sterol glycosides.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry↗
PubMed2006

Improving the quality of the quartz fiber postcore bond using sodium ethoxide etching and combined silane/adhesive coupling.

The influence of different silane/dentin adhesives on the microtensile bond strengths of a hybrid composite to sodium ethoxide-etched quartz fiber posts was investigated. A prehydrolyzed silane was applied without an adhesive and compared to two-component systems in which hydrolysis of the silane occurred after mixing with the acidic monomer present in the dentin adhesives. Nanoleakage along post/core interfaces was examined after silver nitrate tracer penetration using scanning electron microscopy. Higher interfacial strengths and more uniform adaptation between the etched fiber post surface and the composite core were recorded after post treatment with silane/adhesive couplings. The combination of silane with two-step self-etch adhesives improves the chemical retention of composites around etched fiber posts with minimal nanoleakage. Although the one-step self-etching adhesive/silane combination enhances post adhesion, the extensive nanoleakage provides channels for rapid water sorption that may expedite hydrolytic degradation of the post/core interface.

Composite Resins↗
PubMed2006

Properties of high-quality long natural cellulose fibers from rice straw.

This paper reports the structure and properties of novel long natural cellulose fibers obtained from rice straw. Rice straw fibers have 64% cellulose with 63% crystalline cellulose, strength of 3.5 g/denier (450 MPa), elongation of 2.2%, and modulus of 200 g/denier (26 GPa), similar to that of linen fibers. The rice straw fibers reported here have better properties than any other natural cellulose fiber obtained from an agricultural byproduct. With a worldwide annual availability of 580 million tons, rice straw is an annually renewable, abundant, and cheap source for natural cellulose fibers. Using rice straw for high-value fibrous applications will help to add value to the rice crops, provide a sustainable resource for fibers, and also benefit the environment.

Cellulose↗
PubMed2005

[The genetic diversity and genetic effects of Myf-6 gene in different pig breeds].

As a member of MRFs, Myf-6 gene plays an important role in the progress of myogenesis. The PCR-RFLP technique was applied in this study to analyze the distribution of Myf-6 gene in 12 different pig breeds and hybrid breeds. The genetic effects of Myf-6 gene on muscle fiber, carcass quality, carcass grading traits and meat quality traits were analyzed. The results indicated that: The polymorphisms of Myf-6/Ava I genotypes (intron1) were not abundant. Most of Chinese native pigs were AA homozygotes. B allele can be found only in foreign pig breeds and hybrid pigs originated from foreign pig breeds. Although no BB individuals were found in the experiment, the carcass lean percent of AB individuals (50.344 %) was significantly higher than that of AA individuals (45.875 %)(P<0.01), the loin eye area of AB individuals (27.097 cm2) was significantly larger than that of AA individuals (22.572 cm2)(P<0.01), and the carcass fat content of AB individuals (39.889 %) was significantly lower than that of AA individuals (44.503 %)(P<0.01). That means that the B allele can increase carcass lean percent and loin eye area, and decrease the carcass fat content, thus cause better carcass quality. No significant effects of the genotypes were found on the muscle fiber, FOM carcass grading traits and meat quality traits (P>0.05).

Alleles↗
PubMed2003

Fiber bragg gratings made with a phase mask and 800-nm femtosecond radiation.

High-quality retroreflecting fiber Bragg gratings were written in standard Ge-doped telecom fiber (Corning SMF-28) after a few minutes exposure with pulsed 800-nm, 120-fs laser radiation by use of a deep-etch silica zero-order nulled phase mask optimized for 800 nm. Induced index modulations of 1.9 x 10(-3) were achieved with peak power intensities of 1.2 x 10(13) W/cm2 without any fiber sensitization. The fiber gratings are stable and did not erase after 2 weeks at 300 degrees C. The primary mechanism of induced index change results from a structural modification to the fiber core.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Chemical characterization of lignin and lipid fractions in kenaf bast fibers used for manufacturing high-quality papers.

The chemical composition of lignin and lipids of bast fibers from kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) used for high-quality paper pulp production was studied. Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) of fibers showed a lignin with a high syringyl/guaiacyl ratio (5.4) and minor amounts of p-hydroxyphenyl units. Simultaneously, sinapyl and coniferyl acetates were also identified, indicating that this lignin is partially acetylated. p-Hydroxycinnamic acids were found in only trace amounts. The main lipids identified by GC/MS of extracts from kenaf fibers were series of long-chain n-fatty acids, waxes, n-alkanes, and n-fatty alcohols. Free and esterified sterols and triterpenols, steroid hydrocarbons, and steroid and triterpenoid ketones, as well as steryl glycosides, were also found. Finally, the fate of the main constituents of kenaf fibers in alkaline pulping was also investigated.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry↗
PubMed2006

Chemical characterization of lignin and lipid fractions in industrial hemp bast fibers used for manufacturing high-quality paper pulps.

The chemical composition of lignin and lipids of bast fibers from industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa) used for high-quality paper pulp production was studied. Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) of fibers showed a lignin with a p-hydroxyphenyl:guaiacyl:syringyl unit (H:G:S) molar proportion of 13:53:34 (S/G ratio of 0.64). p-Hydroxycinnamic acids, namely, p-coumaric and ferulic acids, were found in only trace amounts. Among the lipids, the main compounds identified by GC/MS of the hemp fibers extracts were series of n-alkanes, free and esterified sterols and triterpenols, waxes, and long-chain n-fatty acids. Other compounds such as n-aldehydes, n-fatty alcohols, steroid hydrocarbons, and steroid and triterpenoid ketones as well as steryl glycosides were also found.

Alkanes↗