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PubMed2025

Coupling of spectroscopy and nitrogen-oxygen isotopes unveils the mechanisms of dissolved organic matter and nitrate pollution in lakes within the agro-pastoral transition zone.

Lakes in arid and semi-arid regions are subjected to severe ecological stress, such as organic pollution, eutrophication, and salinization, due to climate change and human activities. This study investigates Chagannur Lake, a typical arid-region lake that is representative and ecologically sensitive in Northern China's agro-pastoral ecotone, to uncover its pollution characteristics and mechanisms. We employed fluorescence spectroscopy and stable isotope analysis to trace dissolved organic matter (DOM) and nitrate sources. The DOM composition was dominated by microbial metabolic byproducts and protein-like substances, suggesting that microbial processes are key to organic matter transformation. Source apportionment revealed that pollutants primarily originated from livestock and poultry manure (37.6 %), agricultural fertilizers (35.6 %), and soil erosion (24.7 %), with agricultural fertilizers contributing most significantly in the Gogstai River (63.3 %). A structural equation model (SEM) coupling spectral and mass spectrometric data revealed that microbial transformation significantly impairs the lake's self-purification capacity, thereby promoting pollutant accumulation (path coefficient = 0.91,*p < 0.05). Moreover, microbial processes link endogenous and exogenous pollution, a mechanism effectively traced by isotopic and fluorescence indices (path coefficient = 0.55, ⁎⁎p < 0.01). These findings enhance the understanding of pollution sources and transformation mechanisms in arid-region lakes and offer foundational theoretical support for policymakers engaged in pollution control strategies.

Lakes↗

PubMed2026

Comparing the Effects of Push and Hold Isometric Training on Strength and Musculotendinous Adaptations: A Within-Subject Randomized Controlled Trial.

Lum, D, Oranchuk, DJ, Chen, SE, and Kong, PW. Comparing the effects of push and hold isometric training on strength and musculotendinous adaptations: A within-subject randomized controlled trial. J Strength Cond Res 40(9): 1050-1058, 2026-Despite recent interest in delineating pushing (PIMA) and holding (HIMA) isometric muscle actions, training-induced adaptations have not been examined. As such, we compared the strength and morphological adaptations between PIMA and HIMA training. Twenty limbs across 10 adults (5 men, 5 women, age: 31.4 ± 6.5 years) were randomly assigned to PIMA or HIMA conditions and underwent 12 training sessions over 6 weeks. PIMA required subjects to exert force against a fixed lever while the HIMA limb maintained a set joint angle while resisting an isotonic lever. During each contraction, subjects had to exert force at 70% of maximal voluntary contraction for 20 seconds at an 80° knee angle, for 4-6 repetitions. Subjects completed isometric, concentric, and eccentric knee extension assessments for both limbs before and after the intervention. Pre- and postintervention ultrasound scans were performed to determine quadriceps muscle architecture and patellar tendon thickness. Increased isometric torque was found following both conditions (p < 0.05, g = 0.30-0.36), while concentric (p < 0.05, g = 0.31) and eccentric (p < 0.01, g = 0.50) torque only increased following PIMA. Both conditions increased muscle thickness (p < 0.05, g = 0.27-0.88) and vastus lateralis fascicle length (p < 0.05, g = 0.20-0.31). Only HIMA increased patellar tendon thickness (p < 0.05, g = 0.12). The increase in total quadriceps (p < 0.05, g = 0.46) and especially rectus femoris (p < 0.05, g = 1.44) thickness was greater in HIMA. The results suggest that PIMA may be more effective at improving strength, while HIMA may be superior for inducing morphological adaptations. Larger sample sizes and more ecologically valid training programs are warranted to further elucidate potential differences between different isometric types.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Viral surveillance beyond detection: JMTV and the need for ensemble approaches in emerging virus discovery.

The recent report by T. Murillo, L. E. Enrique Chaves-González, S. Temmam, S. Bermúdez, et al. (Microbiol Spectr 14:e04078-25, 2026, https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.04078-25) expands the known geographic and ecological range of Jingmen tick virus (JMTV) by detecting the virus in Amblyomma mixtum ticks collected from horses in Costa Rica. This is an important finding because A. mixtum can feed on wildlife, domestic animals, and humans, creating a possible interface for virus movement across various hosts. The study also places the Costa Rican virus in a wider phylogenetic context, linking it to JMTV diversity reported from other regions. However, the detection of viral RNA in ticks should not be interpreted as proof of local disease, human infection, or active transmission, especially in the absence of supporting results. Instead, it reflects an important signal for careful viral surveillance. Here, I discuss how JMTV illustrates the need for ensemble approaches that combine field sampling, phylogeny, segment-level genome analysis, serology, experimental validation, and data-driven virus discovery tools.

emerging viruses↗

PubMed2026

Electron shuttles facilitate methane-dependent arsenate reduction in paddy soils.

Methane-dependent arsenate reduction (M-AsR) occurs widely in paddy soils and can substantially enhance arsenic mobilization, posing potential ecological risks. However, the role of electron shuttles in this process remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the influence of anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) on M-AsR in paddy soils. Fourteen-day incubation showed that 1 mmol/L AQDS facilitated 50.88 % of arsenate reduction and 31.31 % of methane oxidation. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that AQDS significantly increased the abundance of functional genes associated with arsenate reduction (arrA, arsC) and anaerobic methane oxidation (mcrA) (P < 0.05). Microbial community analysis revealed that AQDS addition enriched Cloacibacterium, Sphingorhabdus, and Methylocystis, while decreasing the relative abundance of Methylobacter and Methylomonas. These findings indicate that electron shuttles facilitate M-AsR by modulating functional microbial populations, providing valuable insights into arsenic biogeochemistry and the coupled cycling of methane and arsenic in paddy soils.

Methane↗

PubMed2026

A review on the environmental distribution, toxic effects, bioaccumulation characteristics and risk assessment of short-chain chlorinated paraffins.

Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are synthetic chemicals, widely used as flame retardants and plasticizers. As emerging contaminants, short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) have attracted tremendous attention due to their persistence, chronic toxicity, long-range transport potential and bioaccumulation potential. This review synthesizes global data on SCCPs' environmental occurrence, toxicological impacts, and bioaccumulation characteristics. SCCPs are ubiquitously detected in various environmental media, including water, sediment, air, soil, and biota. Ecotoxicological studies reveal that SCCPs have lethality, carcinogenicity, growth and developmental toxicities, organs toxicities and endocrine-disrupting effects across species, which pose risks to ecological systems and human health. In addition, the bioaccumulation effects of SCCPs in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems were analyzed, and proposed the key factors affecting the bioaccumulation of SCCPs. Finally, the risk assessment of SCCPs contamination in the surface water and the soil was carried out, and all soil and most water bodies were found to be low risk. The present study could provide scientific basis and reference for environmental management of CPs products.

Paraffin↗

PubMed2026

PGPR inoculation and growth enhancement of crops cultivated in hydroponic systems.

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are ubiquitous rhizosphere microorganisms that promote plant health through various mechanisms. Although the study of PGPR inoculants in soil has been done for ages, their application in hydroponic systems has received relatively limited attention. This review identifies PGPR inoculants that are commonly used in hydroponics, methods of application, and their effects on plant growth and nutrient use efficiency. Literature shows that PGPR inoculants improve plant performance in controlled hydroponic systems through the production of growth-stimulating substances, nitrogen fixation, and improved nutrient acquisition. However, the plant growth responses are highly variable depending on the composition of nutrient solutions, environmental factors, crop and microbe species, and the type of hydroponic system. The review identifies various challenges of PGPR inoculation in hydroponic systems and future research directions to address the current gaps. Generally, the productivity of hydroponic systems can be enhanced through advanced inoculation strategies and the development of suitable carrier materials to improve inoculant survival, viability, and functions. Emphasis should also be placed on designing system-specific microbial consortia and Synthetic communities that are tailored to the unique ecological conditions of hydroponic systems.

Hydroponics↗

PubMed2026

Proteomics in environmental pollution research: Advances, challenges, and future directions.

Environmental proteomics has emerged as a powerful approach for elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying pollutant-induced biological effects. Although this field has developed rapidly, the systematic review of recent proteomics applications in environmental pollution research remains limited. This review explored the emerging roles of toxicoproteomics in biomarker discovery and mechanistic elucidation, as well as ecotoxicoproteomics in ecological risk assessment and bioremediation strategies. Here, we review the field, highlighting recent trends such as the integration of proteomics with genomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics to provide a comprehensive view of biological responses to environmental stressors. We further discuss the growing application of artificial intelligence in improving proteomics data interpretation and accelerating biomarker discovery. In addition, recent technological advances in environmental proteomics are highlighted, including next-generation tissue microarray proteomics, nanoscale proteomics, single-cell proteomics, and spatial proteomics. Despite its potential, proteomics faces challenges, such as high operational costs, computational complexity in analysis, and technical limitations in low-abundance protein detection. We propose that the convergence of proteomics with artificial intelligence and multi-omics approaches offers promising solutions to these challenges, enhancing the practical application of proteomics in environmental monitoring and risk assessment.

Proteomics↗

PubMed2026

Evolutionary diversification of invertase paralogs couples carbon metabolism and sexual reproduction in fission yeasts.

Dynamic patterns of gene gain and loss play a major role in the diversification of eukaryotes, reflecting adaptation to a broad range of ecological contexts. Reconstructing the evolutionary history of genes provides a powerful framework for understanding how functional innovation shapes life-history traits. Here we report a comprehensive analysis of gene gain and loss across the fission yeast clade, whose evolutionary trajectory remains elusive. Reductive evolution of metabolic genes is a major contributor to species diversification, as observed in other fungal taxa. Notably, we uncovered an evolutionary scenario in which an ancestral gene duplication was followed by lineage-specific loss of one or the other paralog, except in S. pombe, which retained both. We demonstrate that these paralogs encode catalytically-active invertases, named Inv1 and Inv2, with distinct enzymatic properties, localization, regulation, and physiological roles. Inv1 is a secreted enzyme subject to glucose catabolite repression and is the sole invertase required for sucrose assimilation, resembling canonical yeast invertases. In contrast, Inv2 is intracellular, constitutively expressed, and required for inducing sexual differentiation in response to nutrient availability. Overall, these findings reveal an unexpected role for carbon metabolism in modulating the haploid-diploid cycle of fission yeasts, suggesting that diversification of core metabolic functions may contribute to adaptation to environments with distinct sugar compositions.

Evolution↗

PubMed2025

Depth-dependent multi-kingdom microbial interactions and biogeochemical cycling genes in eutrophic shallow lake sediments.

Microorganisms are pivotal to lake ecosystem biogeochemical cycles, yet existing research often focuses on single microbial kingdoms or surface sediments, neglecting multi-kingdom interactions and depth-resolved dynamics. To address these gaps, we used metagenomic sequencing to characterize microbial communities and their functional associations across overlying water and 0-45 cm sediments in four shallow lakes of the middle Yangtze River basin, China. Despite increasing bacterial and fungal diversity with depth, the 0-9 cm surface sediments exhibited the strongest multi-kingdom network connectivity and the greatest microbial stability. Functional genes exhibited clear depth-dependent patterns: nitrogen cycling genes, including those involved in dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium, were most enriched in the upper 0-9 cm of sediment; methane cycling genes were positively correlated with depth; phosphorus cycling genes and some sulfur cycling genes, such as assimilatory sulphate reduction, declined with depth. Sediment microbial assembly was dominated by deterministic processes, in which the vertical distribution of functional genes was primarily dictated by heavy metals and conventional environmental indicators. These findings highlight depth-specific multi-kingdom microbial interactions and their associations with biogeochemical cycling, advancing lacustrine microbial ecology understanding and providing references for lake conservation under environmental change.

Lakes↗

PubMed2026

How to assess different types of abstract concepts in brain disorders: A systematic review.

The clinical evaluation of semantic knowledge has predominantly relied on tools targeting concrete concepts, whereas abstract knowledge has historically received limited attention despite its importance in everyday communication. Only a few instruments have explored the internal subdivision of abstract knowledge, likely due to the intrinsic difficulty of defining specific types of concepts or dimensions, resulting in a fragmented and heterogeneous neuropsychological assessment framework that limits our understanding of this domain. This systematic review examined the tools used to assess various types of abstract concepts in clinical populations. A literature search has been performed on the electronic databases of PubMed and Google Scholar (last update: October 2025). A total of 17 tests is reviewed, differing in the test characteristics, i.e. ranging from automatic to controlled processes and varying in ecological validity, the type of stimuli employed, and the abstract dimensions explored. Most studies have focused on neurodegenerative patients, while comparatively few have examined other clinical conditions. The risk of bias of the reviewed studies was assessed using an ad hoc developed instrument. This review highlights the need for future research to extend investigations to additional abstract domains and clinical populations, while also identifying key challenges related to stimulus selection and the determination of the most appropriate assessment framework.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Beyond species trees: pervasive gene flow limits phylogenomic resolution in the diversification of Juniperus from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Understanding how lineages diversify despite persistent ancestral polymorphism and recurrent gene flow remains a central challenge in evolutionary biology. Juniperus distributed across the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau provide an ideal system for addressing this question because repeated geological uplift and climatic oscillations have likely promoted cycles of lineage divergence, range shifts, and secondary contact. Here, we combined approximately 1.08 million genome-wide SNPs from 164 individuals representing thirteen Juniperus lineages with phylogenomic datasets comprising 3,381 nuclear single-copy genes and nearly complete plastomes. We detected extensive phylogenomic discordance and cytonuclear incongruence across genomic datasets. Topology weighting, coalescent simulations, quartet-based tests, and analyses of gene flow and reticulation collectively support the interpretation that these patterns were shaped by the combined effects of prolonged incomplete lineage sorting and gene flow during lineage diversification. Ecological niche analyses further provide a spatial and climatic context in which environmentally similar lineages may have had greater opportunities for secondary contact during historical range shifts. Collectively, our results reveal that the evolutionary history of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Juniperus is characterized by reticulate diversification rather than strictly bifurcating evolution, and demonstrate how genome-wide discordance can provide biological insights into the evolutionary processes underlying lineage diversification.

Gene Flow↗

PubMed2026

Divergent evolutionary strategies in spider venoms: A comparative proteomic profiling of four sympatric species from Yunnan.

Spider venoms comprise complex cocktails of bioactive molecules evolved for predation and defense, representing a valuable resource for biological research and pharmaceutical discovery. In this study, we performed a systematic analysis of venom gland extracts from four common spider species indigenous to Yunnan, China: Agelena limbata, Hippasa lycosina, Lycosa grahami, and Sinopoda pengi. Using an integrated transcriptomic and proteomic targeted profiling approach, we successfully annotated 141 distinct toxins. Comparative analysis revealed significant interspecific heterogeneity, suggesting distinct evolutionary trajectories and "weapon system economics." Both A. limbata and L. grahami exhibited a "peptide-dominant" profile anchored by neurotoxic peptides and isomerases, optimized for rapid chemical paralysis. In contrast, S. pengi displayed a distinct "protein-dominant" signature enriched with high-molecular-weight enzymes and CAP superfamily proteins, likely functioning to facilitate tissue degradation and toxin diffusion. Occupying an intermediate position, H. lycosina demonstrated a hybrid composition. These findings suggest that although these species share the same geographical range, their venom systems have undergone divergent evolutionary adaptations driven by specific ecological niches and hunting strategies. This study represents the first systematic proteomic characterization of these venom components, providing a valuable reservoir of molecular candidates while highlighting the bioinformatic nuances of analyzing whole-gland homogenates.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the CREB/ATF family and its potential role in melanogenesis in the Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum).

Ruditapes philippinarum is an economically important bivalve species in China, and shell color is a trait of ecological and commercial significance. Melanin is a key determinant of shell color, and members of the CREB/ATF family have been reported to participate in melanogenesis in other organisms. In this study, members of the CREB/ATF family were systematically identified at the whole-genome level based on genomic and transcriptomic datasets, followed by analyses of their phylogenetic relationships, gene structures, and expression patterns. A total of six CREB/ATF family members were identified and classified into five subfamilies. Expression profiling and RT-qPCR validation revealed that most CREB/ATF genes were highly expressed in the mantle and displayed clear differences among shell-color phenotypes. Except for RpATF4 and RpCREBZF, most members exhibited relatively high expression levels in dark-colored shell strains, particularly in black and zebra-striped clams. Moreover, most genes showed low expression during early embryonic and larval stages but increased expression at the single-siphon spat and juvenile stages. These results suggest that the CREB/ATF family may be involved in melanin-associated shell-color regulation in R. philippinarum, providing important candidate genes and a theoretical basis for further elucidating the molecular mechanisms of shell-color formation in mollusks.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Genome-guided stage- and tissue-resolved transcriptome analysis of Serrodes campana identifies sex-biased antennal expression and candidate chemosensory-related genes.

Serrodes campana is an erebid moth of ecological and forestry relevance; its larvae are mainly associated with the soapberry tree, Sapindus mukorossi, whereas adults exhibit fruit-piercing behavior. However, stage- and tissue-resolved transcriptomic resources for this species remain limited. Here, using a chromosome-level reference genome, we performed a genome-guided transcriptome analysis of S. campana based on 12 RNA-seq libraries representing major developmental stages and key adult tissues. Global transcriptomic analyses revealed pronounced transcriptional differentiation across developmental stages and tissue types. Tissue-enriched gene sets and functional enrichment analyses identified distinct molecular signatures associated with developmental, sensory, and pheromone-associated tissues. Comparative analysis of female and male antennae further revealed sex-biased expression of several candidate chemosensory-related genes. Among 153 curated chemosensory-related candidate genes, most odorant receptor genes showed strong antennal enrichment, whereas other major chemosensory gene families displayed broader but still tissue-preferential expression patterns. In addition, an exploratory comparison of female terminal abdominal gland tissue and male terminal abdominal coremata revealed divergent expression profiles and highlighted candidate genes potentially associated with pheromone-related physiology, reproduction, and tissue-specific signaling. Together, this study provides the first genome-guided stage- and tissue-resolved transcriptomic resource for S. campana and offers a useful foundation for future studies of chemosensory detection, sex-biased gene expression, and pheromone-associated biology in this species.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Long-term petroleum pollution alters soil microbial communities via electron transfer capacity: Evidence from a 35-year chronosequence.

Petroleum pollution poses a serious threat to soil ecosystems, especially in areas surrounding oil wells, where contamination should not be overlooked. Through a 35-year longitudinal study of soils surrounding oil wells, we demonstrate that petroleum hydrocarbons accumulate predominantly in the top 10 cm of soil, reducing the electron acceptor capacity (EAC) by 61.59 % (from 12.68 to 4.87 μmole-/gC) and decreasing the electron transfer capacity (ETC) by 43 %. Structural equation modeling identified ETC as the critical mediator of microbial community shifts, with EAC playing a pivotal role in sustaining redox processes. Notably, hydrocarbon accumulation triggered a microbial succession: The abundance of Actinomycetota (including genera Rhodococcus, Arthrobacter, and Rubrobacter) showed the most significant fluctuations within 2 years, while Pseudomonadota (genera Methylobacter, Thiobacillus, and Pseudomonas), which were dominant in uncontaminated soils, decreased markedly during this period. This transition coincided with peak microbial dysbiosis (microbial dysbiosis index in 2022 reached 31.41 times that of controls). Within two to four years following mild petroleum stress, the bacterial community established a new structural configuration, revealing a crucial window for ecological recovery. The coupling between ETC reduction and microbial succession highlights the pivotal role of electron flux in soil recovery. Our findings establish a mechanistic framework for ETC-targeted restoration strategies to enhance bioremediation in petroleum-contaminated soils.

Soil Microbiology↗

PubMed2026

Divergent trajectories of genome architecture and chromosome evolution in ferns and angiosperms.

Ferns and angiosperms represent the two largest vascular plant lineages but exhibit striking genomic and ecological contrasts. We investigated whether differences in genome size, chromosome architecture, GC content, and stomatal traits reveal divergent evolutionary trajectories between these lineages. We assembled the most comprehensive dataset to date, integrating genome size, chromosome number and size, GC content, and stomatal traits for over 1100 fern species and compared it with an extensive angiosperm dataset. Ferns exhibited markedly lower variability and c. 16-fold slower rates of chromosome size evolution than angiosperms. A persistent positive relationship between genome size and chromosome number in ferns suggests limited cytological post-polyploid diploidization. While ferns generally possess larger stomata, this difference disappears after accounting for genome size, indicating that nucleotypic constraints, rather than lineage-specific physiology, dictate stomatal dimensions. Both groups share a unimodal GC-genome size relationship peaking at c. 14 Gbp. Larger fern chromosomes imply lower genome-wide recombination rates, potentially limiting genetic reshuffling and adaptive potential. Our results highlight fundamentally divergent evolutionary trajectories, likely shaped by meiotic symmetry in ferns and meiotic asymmetry, possibly centromere drive, and post-polyploid diploidization in angiosperms, defining the functional and genomic landscapes of these lineages across deep evolutionary timescales.

Genome, Plant↗

PubMed2026

Maternal transfer of nonylphenol drives oxidative, immune, and epigenetic dysregulation in zebrafish offspring.

Nonylphenol (NP), a widespread surfactant and endocrine-disrupting pollutant, poses significant ecological and public health risks globally; however, its transgenerational effects remain poorly understood. Using zebrafish (Danio rerio), we compared chronic maternal NP exposure (50 and 100 µg/L, 28 days) with acute embryonic exposure (0.22 µmol/L) during 0-3 days post-fertilization (dpf) to delineate mechanistic differences in toxicity. Maternal NP exposure produced severe developmental defects in offspring, including edema, axial curvature, impaired swim bladder inflation, reduced growth, cardiac dysfunction, and decreased viability. These phenotypes were accompanied by systemic molecular disruptions including oxidative stress, altered estrogen receptor (ER) expression, dysregulated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, and suppressed innate immune response characterized by attenuated neutrophil/macrophage density, reduced CD68 and complement protein C3 expression, diminished nitrite load, and downregulation of pro-inflammatory mediators at both transcript and protein levels. Maternal exposure further induced apoptosis and persistent epigenetic reprogramming (alterations in DNA methylation and histone-modifying enzymes), hallmarks of transgenerational toxicity. In contrast, direct embryonic NP exposure elicited morphological abnormalities without significant lethality, accompanied by induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, and MAPK activation, reflecting an augmented inflammatory response. These mechanistic contrasts reveal that maternal NP exposure is a potent driver of systemic, heritable molecular reprogramming, whereas embryonic exposure triggers acute inflammatory pathways. Together, our findings underscore the global relevance of NP as a transgenerational toxicant, advocating for its urgent inclusion in ecotoxicological risk assessments and regulatory frameworks.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Comparative analyses of olfactory receptor repertoires in Schizothorax fish based on the chromosome-level genomes: Implications for regulatory roles of dietary differentiation and ploidy variation.

The olfactory receptor (OR) genes constitute the molecular basis of fish olfaction, mediating survival behaviors and environmental adaptation while coevolving with habitat-driven evolution. Schizothorax, a cyprinid genus endemic to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, exhibits remarkable dietary divergence and ploidy variation in response to plateau environmental changes, which presumably facilitates the adaptive evolution of OR genes. However, the evolutionary patterns of OR genes associated with trophic divergence and ploidy variation in this genus remain unclear. In this study, three species were selected: the herbivorous diploid S. macropogon, the carnivorous diploid S. lantsangensis, and the herbivorous tetraploid S. curvilabiatus. S. macropogon possessed 142 OR genes (92.25% functional), primarily located on chromosomes 14 and 24, with the fewest sequence clusters. Such compact gene repertoire and highly overlapping chromosomal clusters indicated specialization for a herbivorous olfactory niche. S. lantsangensis contained 127 OR genes (93.70% functional), concentrated on chromosomes 4 and 5, with fewer sequence clusters and a scattered distribution, reflecting evolution of OR genes under carnivorous feeding habits. The herbivorous tetraploid S. curvilabiatus exhibited striking features: 316 OR genes (94.30% functional), the most subfamilies, unique ε and κ OR subfamilies, and species-specific motifs. These characteristics revealed that ploidy, rather than herbivory, dominated OR gene evolution. In conclusion, dietary differentiation and ploidy variation together drove olfactory adaptive evolution in Schizothorax, providing new insights into vertebrate OR gene ecological adaptation.

Animals↗