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PubMed2005

Drinking motives, alcohol expectancies, self-efficacy, and drinking patterns.

The current study focused on the associations between drinking motives, alcohol expectancies, self-efficacy, and drinking behavior in a representative sample of 553 Dutch adolescents and adults. Data were gathered by means of self-report questionnaires and a 14-days drinking diary. A model was postulated in which negative expectancies and self-efficacy were directly associated with drinking, and in which drinking motives mediated the associations between positive expectancies, and drinking. The findings of multivariate analyses showed that drinking motives were related to general indicators of drinking and to drinking levels in specific situations. Furthermore, self-efficacy was moderately related to all drinking variables. Negative expectancies were related to general drinking variables but hardly to drinking in specific situations. Positive expectancies were hardly related to drinking in multivariate analyses and therefore mediation models could not be tested. No systematic moderator effects were apparent for age and gender on the associations between drinking motives, alcohol expectancies, self-efficacy, and drinking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Changing society, changing drinking: solitary drinking as a non-pathological behaviour.

This study describes solitary drinking as it appears in a general population. The data are derived from a telephone survey carried out in April 1993 on a representative sample of 2015 adult drinkers from the Montréal metropolitan area. Thirty-one percent of the respondents (n = 633) reported drinking without being in the company of other people. First, solitary drinking is described according to drinking contexts and drinking patterns. Secondly, a comparison of solitary drinkers with those who did not report this behaviour is presented according to socio-demographic characteristics, social representations of drinking and overall drinking patterns. Finally, a logistic regression analysis is performed to identify the main characteristics of the drinkers associated with solitary drinking. The results show that solitary drinking occurs mainly at home, at the end of the day, to accompany a meal, to mark a transition between work and leisure or to accompany a rest time. The quantity involved in solitary drinking is generally moderate. The results also show that solitary drinking is associated with gender, living alone, employment status, tension-reduction and harmful representations of drinking. However, the main predictor of solitary drinking is overall drinking frequency, indicating the constituent place of alcohol in solitary drinkers' life-style.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Adolescent drinking behavior: an observational study of the influence of situational factors on adolescent drinking rates.

Adolescent drinking behavior was observed on weekend nights (9 PM until midnight) in three youth bars, three youth centers and two discos located in the most southern part of the Netherlands. Drinking rates, individual characteristics, drinking group variables and aspects of the overall drinking situation were recorded. Boys and girls appeared to differ in the variables of influence on their drinking rates. Boys were observed to drink at a higher rate on evenings with loud music, when they participated in large, all-male groups and when their (estimated) age was less than 20. Together these variables explain 24% of the variance in boys' drinking rates. Girls drank less fast when they participated in a group not buying rounds and in a drinking group of constant composition. Although analysis showed that girls' drinking rates did not vary significantly with aspects of the overall situation and individual variables, still 14% of the total variance here could be explained by the drinking group variables. These results are to some extent consistent with findings from other observational studies on drinking behavior. Most of these studies showed males in large groups to drink at the highest rates. However, only a few observational studies were aimed exclusively at young people's drinking behavior and those studies did not include aspects of the overall drinking situation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Drinking and problem drinking in US women. Patterns and recent trends.

General population surveys suggest that the percentage of US women who drink declined slightly during the 1980s. Comparisons of 1981 and 1991 national surveys using the same drinking measures show that fewer women drank heavily in 1991, and women drinkers drank less frequently and had fewer episodes of heavy drinking, although younger drinkers reported more frequent intoxication. Longitudinal analyses of 5-year changes in drinking behavior indicate that movement both into and out of problem drinking is greatest among women aged 21 to 34. Subgroups of women with elevated rates of heavy drinking and/or adverse drinking consequences include younger women; women lacking social roles or occupying unwanted social statuses; women in nontraditional jobs; cohabiting women; and ethnic minority women experiencing rapid acculturation. Risks of heavy and/or problem drinking are also greater among women with a heavy-drinking husband or partner; depression; sexual dysfunction; or violent victimization in childhood or adulthood. Future research should focus on (1) the causes and consequences of recent declines in women's drinking; (2) antecedents and consequences of specific patterns of multiple substance use in women; (3) social and relational contexts of women's drinking, including occupational influences, drinking behavior of significant others, sexual dysfunction, and relationship violence; (4) longitudinal predictors of both problem drinking onset and "spontaneous" remission of women's alcohol problems; and (5) childhood sexual abuse as a potentially powerful risk factor for later alcohol abuse in women.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1993

Drinking contexts and drinking problems among black and white women.

This study explored whether black and white women differ in how often they drink in particular types of social settings and if drinking in different contexts independently predicts alcohol-related problems. The analysis was based on the interview responses of 635 black and 663 white women drinkers who represent sub-samples from a nationwide survey of 5221 respondents conducted in 1984. The findings revealed that white women are more likely to attend restaurants, bars and parties away from home than black women and that a larger proportion of their alcohol consumption occurs in these settings than among black women. Factor analysis was used to develop scales on the the frequency of drinking in different social contexts. The results confirmed a three-dimensional factor structure that distinguished between drinking at home; drinking in social settings such as bars, restaurants and parties; and drinking in outdoor public areas like streetcorners and parks. A simultaneous equations path analysis was used to model the relationships among drinking contexts, the frequency of heavier drinking, drinking problems, race and other social characteristics. The major findings of the resulting models were that drinking contexts independently predict drinking problems and that race is not directly associated with drinking contexts or alcohol-related problems. However racial differences do exert significant indirect effects on social settings and drinking problems through differences in socio-economic status and normative attitudes. The conclusion emphasizes the complexity of the interrelationships of ethnic and social characteristics that underlie visible racial differences in the social patterns and situational contexts of alcohol use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Adolescent drinking level and adult binge drinking in a national birth cohort.

AIMS: To assess (i) continuities in binge drinking across adulthood and (ii) the association between adolescent drinking level and adult binge drinking. DESIGN: Population-based prospective birth cohort. SETTING: England, Scotland and Wales. PARTICIPANTS: All births during one week in March 1958 (n = 8520 in analysis). MEASUREMENTS: Alcohol consumption reported at 16, 23, 33 and 42 years. Binge drinkers were identified by dividing number of units of alcohol consumed in the last week by usual drinking frequency, with limits of >/=10 units/occasion for men and >/=7 for women. FINDINGS: Four in five cohort members drank alcohol at least twice a month. Prevalences of binge drinking at 23, 33 and 42 years among men were 37%, 28% and 31% and among women 18%, 13% and 14%. Most binge drinkers in adulthood changed drinking status during this period. Nevertheless, binge drinking at age 23 increased the odds of binge drinking at 42 years: odds ratio (OR) 2.10 (95% CI 1.85, 2.39) for men; OR 1.56 (95% CI 1.29,1.89) for women. Women who rarely or never drank aged 16 were less likely than light drinkers (0-2 units/week) to binge drink as adults, OR at 23 years 0.65 (95% CI 0.55, 0.77). Men who were heavier drinkers (>/=7 units/week) at 16 years were more likely than light drinkers to binge drink throughout adulthood; at 42 years, OR 1.64 (95% CI 1.33, 2.08). CONCLUSIONS: Binge drinking is common in British men and women throughout adulthood with continuities between the 20s and 40s. Adolescent drinking has a modest although important association with adult binge drinking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Drinking patterns and problems and drinking in the event: an analysis of injury by cause among casualty patients.

The association of alcohol and injury might be expected to vary by the specific cause of injury, but few studies have examined such associations across all causes of injury coming from the same population, largely because of the lack of a sufficient number of cases. This study examines the association of drinking patterns and problems and drinking-in-the-injury-event for six mutually exclusive causes of injury (falls, penetrating trauma, motor vehicle accidents, fires, violence, and other causes) in a merged sample of 3109 patients from four emergency room/trauma center studies that used identical study methodology. The predictive value of drinking and demographic variables are examined separately for each cause of injury, and variables predictive of reporting drinking before the event, feeling drunk at the time of injury, and attributing a causal association of drinking and the injury. Injuries sustained from violence and falls had the greatest association with drinking variables, with those with positive breathalyzer readings, and those who reported drinking before injury, frequent heavy drinking, and frequent drunkenness overrepresented in these two causes. Those who reported a larger number of drinks consumed before injury and those who reported feeling drunk at the time were also overrepresented among those with injuries related to violence and falls. A larger proportion than expected of those who attributed a causal association of drinking with the event sustained injuries related to violence, whereas a smaller proportion sustained injuries from falls. Demographic characteristics were more predictive than drinking characteristics of each cause of injury, whereas drinking characteristics, particularly positive breathalyzer readings, were more predictive of drinking before specific causes of injury. These data provide information that may be useful in developing brief interventions for the prevention of alcohol-related injuries in the emergency room or trauma center setting.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Environmental predictors of drinking and drinking-related problems in young adults.

We examined relationships among drinking norms, peer alcohol use, alcohol availability, drinking location, alcohol consumption, and drinking-related problems among young adult drinkers. The specific objectives of our study were to assess the relative contribution of normative and physical environmental factors to drinking and drinking consequences. Subjects were 3,095 young adults, aged eighteen to twenty years old who participated in the Communities Mobilizing for Change on Alcohol Project baseline survey. Alcohol consumption (i.e., number of drinks on the last occasion) and drinking consequences served as dependent variables. Multiple linear regression was used to identify predictors of alcohol consumption, and logistic regression was employed to identify predictors of drinking consequences. Drinking norms and peer alcohol use were positively related to alcohol consumption and to drinking consequences. Drinking in a public setting was positively related to alcohol consumption, but not to drinking-related problems. Findings suggest that policies and programs that alter the normative and physical environment surrounding drinking may reduce alcohol consumption and subsequent problems in young adults.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Social networks in drinking behaviors among Japanese: support network, drinking network, and intervening network].

PURPOSE: The national representative sample was analyzed to examine the relationship between respondents' drinking practice and the social network which was constructed of three different types of network: support network, drinking network, and intervening network. METHOD: Non-parametric statistical analysis was conducted with chi square method and ANOVA analysis, due to the risk of small samples in some basic tabulation cells. RESULTS: The main results are as follows: (1) In the support network of workplace associates, moderate drinkers enjoyed much more sociable support care than both nondrinkers and hard drinkers, which might suggest a similar effect as the French paradox. Meanwhile in the familial and kinship network, the more intervening care support was provided, the harder respondents' drinking practice. (2) The drinking network among Japanese people for both sexes is likely to be convergent upon certain types of network categories and not decentralized in various categories. This might reflect of the drinking culture of Japan, which permits people to drink everyday as a practice, especially male drinkers. Subsequently, solitary drinking is not optional for female drinkers. (3) Intervening network analysis showed that the harder the respondents' drinking practices, the more frequently their drinking behaviors were checked in almost all the categories of network. A rather complicated gender double-standard was found in the network of hard drinkers with their friends, particularly for female drinkers. Medical professionals played a similar intervening role for men as family and kinship networks but to a less degree than friends for females. CONCLUSION: The social network is considerably associated with respondents' drinking, providing both sociability for moderate drinkers and intervention for hard drinkers, depending on network categories. To minimize the risk of hard drinking and advance self-healthy drinking there should be more research development on drinking practice and the social network.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Attitudes and knowledge about drinking: relationships with drinking behavior among pregnant teenagers.

Data were collected on the drinking behavior of 415 pregnant adolescents from 1990 to 1994. The relationships between knowledge and attitudes about drinking and drinking behavior were examined. Knowledge about drinking was not related to average daily volume of alcohol before or during pregnancy. Those with specific knowledge about fetal alcohol effects drank less before pregnancy, and in the first trimester, and were also less likely to drink to intoxication. Among drinkers, general knowledge about drinking was significantly related to a decrease in drinking between pre-pregnancy and first trimester, as well as between first and third trimesters. Those with more intolerant attitudes about drinking drank less before and during pregnancy. They had fewer episodes of binge drinking, intoxication, negative consequences, and problem drinking during pregnancy. They were more likely to decrease drinking from the first to third trimesters. These relationships are relevant to developing effective education programs for the high-risk group of pregnant teenagers who drink.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

The drinking habits of residents of a rehabilitation program with a controlled drinking option: a preliminary report.

Residents of an alcoholism rehabilitation program with a controlled drinking option were asked to give daily reports on their drinking. Program staff were also asked to report evide-ce of resident drinking. A comparison of information from these two sources showed, among other things, that residents were generally reluctant to report drinking which was proscribed the the program. Such drinking as was reported varied from isolated, non-problematic, small quantity drinking, to heavy, regular and problem-producing drinking. In general, residents' drinking did not prevent them from work while in residence. The men's reluctance to report proscribed drinking is seen as largely accounted for by the system of fines for intoxication and drinking without rights. It is concluded that it would be premature to recommend the program's drinking policies to other residential programs, but future experimentation is indicated.t is concluded that it would be premature to recommend the program's drinking policies to other residential programs, but future experimentation is indicated.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1999

Drinking perceptions and drinking behaviors among urban black adolescents.

PURPOSE: To improve understanding of black (African American and Haitian Blacks) adolescents' drinking behaviors and sexual patterns that put them at risk for human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) to determine whether specific cultural differences affect beliefs and behaviors about alcohol use. METHODS: The study used ethnographic interviewing to provide information about the alcohol norms, beliefs, context, and behavior of African-American and Haitian adolescents. Ethnographic open-ended interviews were conducted with 314 students: 116 African American adolescents (50 boys and 66 girls) and 198 Haitian adolescents (93 boys and 105 girls) in inner-city public high schools. RESULTS: The majority of adolescents had drunk alcohol, and African-American boys and Haitian boys and girls were most likely to report general drinking experience. Both ethnic groups distinguished between negative and positive nonnormative behaviors resulting from drinking beyond and within the boundary of one's limits. African-American boys in particular described not drinking beyond the boundary, to maintain control of their actions. Drinking within the boundary and feeling "relaxed" was endorsed by African American youths, as it was by Haitian youths who felt "normal" and/or viewed drinking certain alcoholic beverages as normative and culturally sanctioned. CONCLUSION: The study suggests there are cultural differences in the constructs of the meaning of drink and drinking that may influence alcohol use. Understanding these differences will improve efforts to impact the drinking behaviors of adolescents by recognizing the drinking socialization, normative drinking patterns, and culturally sanctioned drinking behaviors that may influence alcohol use in different ethnic groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Intention to change drinking behaviour in general practice patients with problematic drinking and comorbid depression or anxiety.

AIMS: This paper examines the interaction of intention to change drinking behaviour with comorbid depression and anxiety in pro-actively recruited individuals with a range of drinking problems. METHODS: Cross-sectional data of 408 general practice (GP) patients aged 18-64 years, who meet the diagnostic criteria of alcohol dependence or abuse according to DSM-IV, criteria of at-risk drinking or binge drinking, were drawn from a brief intervention study. Of the sample, 89 participants were diagnosed with comorbid anxiety and/or depressive disorders. The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) of behaviour change constructs: stages and processes of change, self-efficacy, and decisional balance were assessed in relation to presence and absence of the respective psychiatric disorders. RESULTS: Analysis including all categories of problematic drinking revealed comorbid anxiety and/or depression to be significantly related to later stages of change. Within subgroups, this was only true for alcohol abuse, not for dependence, at-risk or binge drinking. In addition, comorbidity was related to higher use of processes of change and more pros and cons of drinking, when compared to non-comorbid participants. Comorbid individuals showed higher temptation to drink and lower self-efficacy to abstain from drinking. Separate analyses of readiness to change drinking between the categories anxiety/no comorbidity and depression/no comorbidity both obtained significance, while for anxiety disorders, this was more profound. A multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed that adverse consequences better predicted readiness to change when compared to comorbidity. DISCUSSION: Individuals with problematic drinking and comorbid anxiety or depression may be well accessible for pro-active intervention to reduce drinking. Strategies should focus on the enhancement of coping skills to control temptation and self-efficacy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The role of alcohol expectancy and drinking refusal self-efficacy beliefs in university student drinking.

AIMS: University student alcohol misuse is a considerable problem. Alcohol expectancy research has contributed significantly to our understanding of problem drinking in young adults. Most of this research has investigated positive expectancy alone. The current study utilized two measures of alcohol expectancy, the alcohol expectancy questionnaire (AEQ) and the drinking expectancy profile [consisting of the drinking expectancy questionnaire (DEQ) and the drinking refusal self-efficacy questionnaire] to predict severity of alcohol dependence, frequency of drinking, and the quantity of alcohol consumed per occasion. METHODS: Measures of drinking behaviour and alcohol expectancy were completed by 174 undergraduate university students. RESULTS: Positive alcohol expectancy factors accounted for significant variance in all three drinking indices, with the DEQ adding additional variance to AEQ scores on frequency and severity of alcohol dependence indices. Negative expectancy did not add incremental variance to the prediction of drinking behaviour in this sample. Drinking refusal self-efficacy and dependence beliefs added additional variance over positive and negative expectancies in the prediction of all three drinking parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Positive expectancy and drinking refusal self-efficacy were strongly related to university student drinking. The incorporation of expectancy as a means of informing prevention approaches in tertiary education shows promise.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Do college students drink more than they think? Use of a free-pour paradigm to determine how college students define standard drinks.

RATIONALE: Much of what is known about college drinking comes from self-report survey data. Such surveys typically ask students to indicate how many drinks they consume within a given period of time. It is currently unclear whether college students and researchers use similar operational definitions of a single drink. This information is critical given the widespread reliance on survey data for assessing the correlates and consequences of college drinking. OBJECTIVES: This study investigated whether college students define standard drink volumes in a way that is consistent with the operational definitions commonly used by researchers. METHODS: Students (n = 106) were administered an alcohol survey and then asked to perform three tasks. The tasks involved free-pouring fluid into empty cups of different sizes and estimating the volume of a single beer, a shot of liquor, or the amount of liquor in a mixed drink. The volumes poured by students then were compared with standards used in a well-known nationwide survey (i.e., 12 oz of beer and 1.25 oz of liquor in a shot or mixed drink). RESULTS: In every cup size of every task, students overestimated how much fluid they should pour to create a standard drink. In all three tasks, the magnitude of the discrepancy increased with cup size. Collapsed across cup sizes, students overpoured shots by 26%, mixed drinks by 80%, and beer by 25%. When a more liberal serving size of liquor (1.5 oz) was used as the standard, the results of the mixed drink task remained unchanged. However, the volumes poured by students during the shot free-pour task differed from the standard in only one cup size. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that college students drink more alcohol than indicated by their survey responses, raising questions about the validity of widely used alcohol surveys. Efforts to educate students about the alcohol content of standard drinks should be enhanced.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The impact of maternal drinking during and after pregnancy on the drinking of adolescent offspring.

OBJECTIVE: The impact of prenatal maternal drinking on alcohol consumption in adolescent offspring was examined among boys and girls separately. METHOD: A prospective longitudinal sample of 185 mother-firstborn child dyads was used to examine the impact of maternal self-reported alcohol consumption during pregnancy on adolescent self-reported lifetime and current drinking, controlling for potential confounding factors. RESULTS: In this representative general population sample, maternal drinking during pregnancy, particularly continuous moderate to heavy consumption, had a significant positive effect on adolescent daughters' current drinking, but a slight negative effect on sons' lifetime drinking. The sex-specific prenatal effect on current drinking persisted with controls for prenatal maternal cigarette smoking, current maternal drinking, child-rearing practices (i.e., maternal-child closeness, monitoring and a rule against drinking) and the adolescent's problem behaviors in childhood. Prenatal maternal smoking was also associated with elevated rates of adolescent drinking, particularly current drinking. Of the child-rearing variables, only a rule against drinking decreased adolescent drinking. CONCLUSIONS: Selected prenatal factors may constitute risks for alcohol consumption among adolescent daughters. The results are discussed in light of animal models that document increased vulnerability among female offspring to the deleterious effects of gestational alcohol exposure. Implications for understanding the risk factors associated with adolescent alcohol use are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

College student drinking: an examination of theoretical models of drinking tendencies in freshmen and upperclassmen.

OBJECTIVE: The present research contrasted theoretical models of college student drinking tendencies (normative, social control, maturing out). METHOD: Three groups of students (N = 364; 62. 1% female) from a moderately sized northwestern university were examined: traditional freshmen, nontraditional freshmen and upperclassmen. Participants completed measures assessing drinking tendencies, drinking consequences and drinking beliefs. RESULTS: Support for a given theoretical model was dependent upon which outcome variables were being examined (e.g., drinking tendencies vs drinking consequences). Nontraditional freshmen were similar to their traditional freshmen counterparts in the amount of alcohol they consumed but were more like upperclassmen in the experience of consequences of drinking alcohol. Examination of drinking beliefs yielded inconsistent model support. CONCLUSIONS: It appears that different types of college students drink for different reasons, suggesting a "one size fits all" intervention is less likely to be effective. The findings are discussed with respect to different interventions for changing drinking tendencies, drinking consequences and drinking beliefs, and the timing of those interventions.

Adolescent↗