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PubMed2000

Septicemic pasteurellosis in free-ranging neonatal pronghorn in Oregon.

As part of a study to determine the cause(s) of population decline and low survival of pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) neonates on Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge (HMNAR), Oregon (USA), 55 of 104 neonates captured during May 1996 and 1997 were necropsied (n = 28, 1996; n = 27, 1997) to determine cause of death. Necropsies were conducted on fawns that died during May, June, or July of each year. The objectives of this study were to report the occurrence and pathology of pasteurellosis in neonates and determine if the isolated strain of Pasteurella multocida was unique. Septicemic pasteurellosis, caused by P. multocida, was diagnosed as the cause of death for two neonates in May and June 1997. Necropsy findings included widely scattered petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages found over a large portion of the subcutaneous tissue, meninges of the brain, epicardium, skeletal muscle, and serosal surface of the thorasic and abdominal cavities. Histological examination of lung tissues revealed diffuse congestion and edema and moderate to marked multifocal infiltrate of macrophages, neutrophils, and numerous bacteria within many terminal bronchioles and alveoli. Pasteurella multocida serotypes A:3,4, and B:1 were isolated from several tissues including lung, intestinal, thorasic fluid, and heart blood. Each B:1 isolate had DNA restriction endonuclease fingerprint profiles distinct from isolates previously characterized from domestic cattle, swan (Olor spp.), moose (Alces alces), and pronghorn from Montana (USA). This is the first report of pasteurellosis in pronghorn from Oregon and the B:1 isolates appear to be unique in comparison to DNA fingerprint profiles from selected domestic and wild species.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

The limits of selection during maize domestication.

The domestication of all major crop plants occurred during a brief period in human history about 10,000 years ago. During this time, ancient agriculturalists selected seed of preferred forms and culled out seed of undesirable types to produce each subsequent generation. Consequently, favoured alleles at genes controlling traits of interest increased in frequency, ultimately reaching fixation. When selection is strong, domestication has the potential to drastically reduce genetic diversity in a crop. To understand the impact of selection during maize domestication, we examined nucleotide polymorphism in teosinte branched1, a gene involved in maize evolution. Here we show that the effects of selection were limited to the gene's regulatory region and cannot be detected in the protein-coding region. Although selection was apparently strong, high rates of recombination and a prolonged domestication period probably limited its effects. Our results help to explain why maize is such a variable crop. They also suggest that maize domestication required hundreds of years, and confirm previous evidence that maize was domesticated from Balsas teosinte of southwestern Mexico.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2006

Genetic analysis of rice domestication syndrome with the wild annual species, Oryza nivara.

With a small and sequenced genome, rice provides an excellent system for studying the genetics of cereal domestication. We conducted a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of key domestication traits using an F2 population derived from a cross between the cultivated rice, Oryza sativa, and the annual wild species, O. nivara. We found that the QTL of large phenotypic effects were targeted by domestication selection for effective harvest and planting, including a reduction in seed shattering and seed dormancy and the synchronization of seed maturation. Selection for higher yield was probably responsible for the fixation of mutations at a cluster of QTL on chromosome 7 and a few other chromosomal locations that could have substantially improved plant architecture and panicle structure, resulting in fewer erect tillers and longer and more highly branched panicles in cultivated rice. In comparison with the wild perennial species, O. rufipogon, rice domestication from O. nivara would have involved QTL with a greater degree of chromosomal co-localization and required little genetic change associated with life history or mating system transitions. The genetic analyses of domestication traits with both wild relatives will open opportunities for the improvement of rice cultivars utilizing natural germplasm.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed2003

Predicting cross-cultural training performance: the validity of personality, cognitive ability, and dimensions measured by an assessment center and a behavior description interview.

This study examined the validity of a broad set of predictors for selecting European managers for a cross-cultural training program in Japan. The selection procedure assessed cognitive ability, personality, and dimensions measured by assessment center exercises and a behavior description interview. Results show that the factor Openness was significantly related to cross-cultural training performance, whereas cognitive ability was significantly correlated with language acquisition. The dimensions of adaptability, teamwork, and communication as measured by a group discussion exercise provided incremental variance in both criteria, beyond cognitive ability and personality. In general, these results are consistent with the literature on domestic selection, although there are some important differences.

Adult↗
PubMed2025

Multi-omics analysis of ubiquitin E2 genes in Setaria: evidence for the roles of E2 genes in various aspects of plant development, stress tolerance, and domestication.

Ubiquitin E2 enzymes (E2s) are critical mediators in the ubiquitination cascade, a post-translational modification process that regulates protein stability, activity, localization, and degradation. Here, we analyzed the E2 gene family in foxtail millet (Setaria italica), integrating comparative genomics, transcriptomics, and functional studies. A total of 52 E2 genes were identified and classified into four subfamilies (UBC, UEV, SCE, and RCE) based on phylogenetic analysis across 49 species. Notably, foxtail millet exhibited significant gene expansion. Tissue-specific expression profiling revealed distinct roles of E2 genes in growth and development. Haplotype and quantitative trait loci analyses demonstrated that several E2 genes, including SiUBC39, are associated with key agronomic traits, such as plant height, flowering time, and stress tolerance. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we validated the functional role of SiUBC39, finding that its disruption led to phenotypes resembling wild species (Setaria viridis), such as early flowering and reduced plant height and grain yield. IP-MS and transcriptome analysis revealed SiUBC39's involvement in growth and development regulation, drought stress response, and immune response. SiPIP2;1 and SiEhd2 were identified as interactors of SiUBC39, explaining its roles in blast resistance and flowering time control. Furthermore, domestication analysis identified an A/G mutation in the SiUBC39 promoter TATA box, distinguishing domesticated and wild haplotypes and highlighting its role in domestication selection. This study underscores the essential roles of E2 genes in regulating crop agronomic traits and stress responses, providing valuable insights for genetic improvement in foxtail millet and other cereals.

Setaria Plant↗
PubMed2001

Mutations that cause amino acid substitutions at the invariant positions in homeodomain of OSH3 KNOX protein suggest artificial selection during rice domestication.

KNOX homeodomain (HD) proteins encoded by KNOTTED1-like homeobox genes (KNOX genes) are considered to work as important regulators for plant developmental and morphogenetic events. We found that OSH3, one of the KNOX genes isolated from a cultivar of Oryza sativa (Nipponbare), encodes a novel HD, which has two amino acid substitutions at invariant positions. Sequence analysis of OSH3 from various domesticated and wild species of rice has revealed that these substitutions are distributed only in Japonica and Javanica type of O. sativa, two groups of domesticated rice in Asia. Surprisingly, nucleotide sequences in the first intron are almost conserved in the rice strains that have the substitutions at the invariant amino acids. Overexpression studies revealed that these invariant amino acids are critical for the function of OSH3 in vivo. The facts that these substitutions occurred specifically at the functionally important amino acids and the sequences are conserved in intron where neutral mutations accumulate suggest the substitutions at the invariant positions of OSH3 have been fixed by artificial selections during domestication. Based on these observations, we hypothesize that OSH3 is responsible for one of the traits that are selectively introduced during the domestication of most of Japonica and a part of Javanica type of rice.

Amino Acid Substitution↗
PubMed2026

The Spatiotemporal Genetic Architecture of Seed Vigor in Upland Cotton.

Seed vigor underpins uniform crop establishment, but its dynamic genetics are understudied. Combining high-resolution temporal phenotyping and genomics in upland cotton, we used the SeedRanger platform to record 17 image-based traits every 30 min over 120 h, revealing stage-specific heritability and identifying 541 seed-vigor loci. These loci show extensive pleiotropy and temporal coordination, forming a genetic network that preserves developmental continuity; 8.9% overlap regions under domestication selection, indicating concurrent optimization with fiber yield. Functional validation of FLA2, a candidate gene underlying a dynamic QTL, implicates auxin-mediated control of radicle elongation and cotyledon development. This temporal framework exposes dynamic genetic architecture and breeding targets for high-vigor crops.

Gossypium↗
PubMed2026

3D chromatin remodeling during domestication defines novel targets for crop improvement.

Three-dimensional (3D) genome folding shapes gene regulation, yet the genetic underpinnings linking 3D genome evolution to phenotypic innovation during domestication remain elusive. Using population-scale Hi-C profiling of 34 semi-wild and 267 cultivated allotetraploid cottons, we generated a pan-3D genome atlas capturing extensive diversity in topologically associating domains (TADs) and chromatin loops. Chromatin interactome-wide association studies identified 105 TAD reconfigurations and 58 loop rewirings that were established as the 3D chromatin basis of fiber quality, boosting heritability estimates for fiber strength by 16% and fiber length by 20%. We reveal that domestication selection within sequence-defined sweeps fixed 57% of 3D conformation signatures, thereby decoupling sequence-level from chromatin-level selection and shifting the subgenome expression balance of 39 homoeologs in cultivated cotton. Sequence-based modeling and mutational analyses identified the C2H2 zinc-finger protein YY1 as a conserved mediator of 3D genome organization. This study provides a resource for redefining precision-breeding paradigms by harnessing cryptic 3D chromatin targets.

3D genome↗
PubMed1991

Is there an industrial future for phytopharmaceutical drugs? An outline of UNIDO programmes in the sector.

Although a substantial proportion of the health-care expenditure of developing countries is spent on the acquisition of drugs, this is only sufficient to serve about a quarter of their population. Therefore it is inconceivable that WHO's goal of HEALTH FOR ALL by the year 2000 could even be approached without consideration being given to the role in health care systems of herbal medicines. In this endeavour, traditional herbal medicines must perforce be granted the benefits of modern science and technology to serve future global needs. Here we are addressing both a contigency situation as well as a long term one. In developing nations there is a dire need for an improved supply of therapeutic agents for a variety of diseases that are characteristic of deprivation and poverty. In addition herbal medicines promise to provide both concepts of therapy, as well as therapeutic agents in areas where modern medicine has few answers. UNIDO's programmes for technical assistance to developing nations aim at the fullest utilisation of traditional herbal-based pharmacopoeias in addressing both these situations. They have employed a multi-disciplinary approach to the industrial production of herbal medicines. The projects endeavour to utilise the natural flora, judiciously, for selection, domestication and crop-wise cultivation of medicinal plant species for industrial processing. National R & D efforts have been strengthened to include the development of expertise in several areas such as instrumental analyses, biological assessment of raw materials as well as products. Process technology development has received special attention. A versatile poly-functional pilot plant has been developed to enable the production of herbal preparations as well as extracts and phytochemicals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Developing Countries↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Detection of antibodies to Leishmania donovani in animals in a kala-azar endemic region in eastern Sudan: a preliminary report.

The prevalence of antibodies against Leishmania donovani in selected domestic and wild animal species in 2 villages in Sudan with active L. donovani transmission in humans was investigated. Screening of domestic animals (donkeys, cows, sheep, goats, camels and dogs) with the direct agglutination test (DAT) detected reaction rates above the cut-off titres in donkeys (68.7%), cows (21.4%) and goats (8.5%), and which were also found in wild rats (5.5%). Sera of sheep, camels and dogs had a weak agglutination reaction below the cut-off titre. Testing of the same sera by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), against a lysate of L. donovani promastigotes, showed reaction rates above the cut-off optical density in cows (47.6%), goats (13.6%), and in rats (4.1%). No Leishmania parasite was isolated from spleen, liver, bone-marrow or spleen of Nile rats.

Animals↗
PubMed2025

Beyond parental lines: multi-omics analyses reveal epigenetic and transcriptional mechanisms underlying heterosis in Oryza sativa × Oryza rufipogon hybrids.

Heterosis, or hybrid vigor, refers to the superior phenotypes of a hybrid compared with their parents and is widely exploited in agriculture. Interspecific hybrids within the Oryza genus demonstrate significant potential for the systematic improvement of rice varieties. Nevertheless, the mechanistic basis underlying heterosis in interspecific Oryza hybrids remains poorly understood. Here, we systematically performed phenotypic characterization, whole-genome bisulfite sequencing, RNA sequencing, and small RNA profiling using Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica cv. Nipponbare (NIP), Oryza rufipogon Griff. acc. CWR, and their resulting F1 hybrid (named as NC). NIP and CWR showed distinct phenotypic and molecular differences. The interspecific hybrid, NC, exhibited significant yield heterosis. In the hybrid, most epigenetic and transcriptional features displayed additive inheritance patterns relative to parental lines. Analysis revealed that domestication-selected genes maintained relatively low DNA methylation coupled with high expression levels in both hybrid and parental lines. Additionally, we identified that non-additive miRNAs were potentially involved in regulating fertility, cell growth, and cell division processes in the hybrid. A significant negative correlation was observed between DNA methylation level and gene expression. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that hybrid-MPV DEGs were significantly associated with flowering time regulation, carbohydrate metabolism, photosynthesis, protein phosphorylation, seed development, and defense responses. Through weighted gene co-expression network analysis, we identified 102 functional gene modules, six of which were significantly associated with yield-related heterosis. Collectively, our results provide a multi-omics framework for understanding interspecific hybridization between elite cultivars and wild rice relatives, highlighting CWR as an untapped genetic reservoir for rice improvement.

Oryza↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Providing long-term care benefits in cash: moving to a disability model.

This paper examines the role of a disability approach to the allocation of long-term care benefits. It first highlights the important elements of long-term care that support a disability model. It then reviews the advantages and disadvantages of this approach relative to the traditional indemnity model and summarizes key features of selected domestic and international programs that offer a disability-type benefit. The paper identifies and elaborates on the major implementation challenges and concludes with a recommendation for further examination of the costs and benefits of this approach to the public coffers, the private market, and long-term care consumers.

Persons with Disabilities↗
PubMed2004

Comparison of direct immunofluorescence, modified acid-fast staining, and enzyme immunoassay techniques for detection of Cryptosporidium spp in naturally exposed kittens.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a modified Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast staining technique (mZN), a direct immunofluorescence detection procedure (DIF), and 3 commercial enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in fecal specimens from kittens. DESIGN: Prospective study. SAMPLE POPULATION: 416 fecal specimens collected from 104 randomly selected domestic shorthair kittens (8 to 16 weeks of age) that were naturally exposed to Cryptosporidium spp. PROCEDURE: Fresh fecal specimens were collected once daily for 4 consecutive days and processed immediately. Sensitivities of mZN, DIF, and 3 commercial EIAs (EIA-1, EIA-2, and EIA-3) were estimated and compared. RESULTS: EIA-2 had the highest sensitivity on day 1 (89%), followed by EIA-1 (80%), and mZN (72%). EIA-3 had the lowest sensitivity on day 1 (15%). EIA-2, EIA-1, and mZN had similar sensitivities after 2 consecutive fecal examinations (approx 90%). Determination of specificities was compromised by the small number of cats that had negative results for all tests (n = 3). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that EIA-2 and EIA-1 had the highest sensitivities when only a single fecal specimen was examined; however, mZN and EIA-1 had similar sensitivities when 2 consecutive fecal specimens were examined. The higher costs of EIA-2 and EIA-1 may be offset by the tests' high sensitivity, simplicity of use, and ease of interpretation and by savings in technician time.

Acids↗
PubMed1986

Involution of bursa of fabricius in male and female chickens: a light microscopic histoquantitative study.

A histoquantitative study of the bursa of Fabricius in 3- and 6-month-old male Prelux Bro chickens (domestic selection) was made. All compartments of normal bursal tissue were examined. At 3 months of age, there were no significant differences in bursal weight and structure between males and females. The only difference observed was the higher volume density of follicular cortex and the lower proportion of follicular medulla in males compared to females. In 6-month-old male and female chickens, a different degree of bursal involution was observed. In the bursa of males, an advanced stage of involution was observed, whereas only the initial signs of bursal involution were found in females.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The development and application of molecular markers for abiotic stress tolerance in barley.

This article represents some current thinking and objectives in the use of molecular markers to abiotic stress tolerance. Barley has been chosen for study as it is an important crop species, as well as a model for genetic and physiological studies. It is an important crop and, because of its well-studied genetics and physiology, is an excellent candidate in which to devise more efficient breeding methods. Abiotic stress work on cultivated gene pools of small grain cereals frequently shows that adaptive and developmental genes are strongly associated with responses. Developmental genes have strong pleiotropic effects on a number of performance traits, not just abiotic stresses. One concern is that much of the genetic variation for improving abiotic stress tolerance has been lost during domestication, selection and modern breeding, leaving pleiotropic effects of the selected genes for development and adaptation. Such genes are critical in matching cultivars to their target agronomic environment, and since there is little leverage in changing these, other sources of variation may be required. In barley, and many other crops, greater variation to abiotic stresses exists in primitive landraces and related wild species gene pools. Wild barley, Hordeum spontaneum C. Koch is the progenitor of cultivated barley, Hordeum vulgare L. and is easily hybridized to H. vulgare. Genetic fingerprinting of H. spontaneum has revealed genetic marker associations with site-of-origin ecogeographic factors and also experimentally imposed stresses. Genotypes and collection sites have been identified which show the desired variation for particular stresses. Doubled haploid and other segregating populations, including landrace derivatives have been used to map genetically the loci involved. These data can be used in molecular breeding approaches to improve the drought tolerance of barley. One strategy involves screening for genetic markers and physiological traits for drought tolerance, and the associated problem of drought relief-induced mildew susceptibility in naturally droughted fields of North Africa.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2006

Culture, infrastructure and international health benefits delivery.

When selecting a health insurance carrier for international employees, it is advantageous to recognize that valid assumptions made when selecting domestic benefits simply do not apply in the international realm and can lead to costly errors. This article examines some scenarios and cultural anomalies that invalidate commonly accepted domestic health insurance practices. It explores strategies for simplifying benefit design, providing access to quality care abroad, assessing costs, minimizing overseas risks and understanding the cultural impact on health care delivery.

Choice Behavior↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Serotonin receptors in the brain of animals selected for their domesticated type of behavior].

Participation was studied of central serotonin receptors of the first and second types in behaviour change of animals selected by the character of defensive reaction to man. Serotonin receptors were determined by radioligand method by binding of the brain preparations 3H-serotonin and 3H-spiperone. An increase of C2 receptors number was found in the frontal brain cortex of the tame brown rats in comparison with the aggressive ones. Differences were not found in specific C1-receptor binding in the frontal brain cortex of tame and aggressive brown rats, silver foxes and American minks in various relatively early selection stages. It is supposed that disappearance of aggressive reaction to man at domestication is connected with an increase of C2 receptors number.

Aggression↗