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At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1977

Evidence for monoclonal proliferation in prolymphocytic leukemia of T-cell orgin. A cytogenetic and Quantitative immunoautoradiographic analysis.

B- and T-cell markers were studied in a patient with prolymphocytic leukemia, a rare variant of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Thymus-derived features were identified on the membrane of the neoplastic lymphocytes using the following cellsurface markers: Heterologous T-cell antigen, sheep erythrocyte receptor, surface immunoglobulin, complement receptor, Fc receptor and mouse erythrocyte receptor. Cytogenetic studies of leukemic cells from unstimulated and mitogen-stimulated cultures revealed a consistent karyotype characterized by marker chromosomes and a decreased chromosome number, whereas chromosomal analysis of hair root cells yielded a normal karyotype. A uniform expression of T-cell antigens measured on single leukemic cells by quantitative microphotometric immunoautoradiography correlated with the cytogenetic findings which are compatible with a descent from one progenitor cell.

Aged↗
PubMed1978

Endosulfan: lack of cytogenetic effects in male rats.

Cytogenetic effects of endosulfan (Thiodan) a member of the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide was tested in male albino rats. The insecticide was administered orally to rats at 0, 11.00, 22.00, 36.60 and 55.00 mg/kg daily for 5 days. The highest doses were associated with clinical signs of insecticide poisoning and death. Cytogenetic analysis of bone marrow cells and spermatogenial cells did not reveal any significant effect of the insecticides on chromosomes. The ratio of mitotic index and frequency of chromatid break in the two cell types had no correlation with the doses tested and was not very different from those of the control group.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Cytogenetics of acute and chronic myelofibrosis.

In myelofibrosis, acute or chronic, as well as in other myeloproliferative disorders which carry an increased risk of developing leukemia, a clone of hemic cells with a chromosome abnormality is a relatively common occurrence. To date, however, the presence or absence of a cytogenetic alteration has not been of prognostic value with respect to subsequent clinical course. No particular karyotypic change is specific for myelofibrosis, but many of the same non-random abnormalities occur as in other leukemic and preleukemic states. Both cytogenetic and isoenzyme data indicate that the fibrous tissue in the marrow is not part of the myeloproliferative clone.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1978

Cytogenetics of chronic T cell leukemia, including two patients with a 14q+ translocation.

Chromosome studies were done on 7 patients with chronic T cell leukemia. Their lymphocytes responded in culture to one or more T cell mitogens: PHA, Con A, or the calcium ionophore A23187. Clones of cytogenetically-abnormal cells were present in all seven patients, but on occasion the frequency of such cells varied greatly in cultures stimulated with different mitogens. There was no consistent chromosome change, but alterations of chromosome 2 were noted in four individuals and of chromosome 14 in three. In two patients, there was a translocation to the long arm of chromosome 14, producing a 14q+, with the break point in the terminal portion, an abnormality previously observed in B cell lymphomas. One of these patients also showed evidence of clonal evolution in sequential cytogenetic studies, but more data are needed to determine whether such investigations are of prognostic value with respect to the clinical course of the disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Placental cultures for cytogenetic assessment in saline-aborted fetuses.

Confirmation of cytogenetically abnormal fetuses following saline abortion has been shown to be possible with the placenta as the source of viable fetal cells. The method is described in detail. In one third of cultures, only female cells were present. Differentiation between maternal and female fetal tissue when no numerical or structural cytogenetic disorder is present requires detailed analysis of fluorescently stained chromosomes for polymorphisms.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1976

Cytogenetic effects of protracted exposures to alpha-particles from plutonium-239 and to gamma-rays from cobalt-60 compared in male mice.

Adult C3H X 101 hybrid male mice were injected intravenously with 4 muCi of 239Pu citrate per kg body weight and examined for evidence of cytogenetic damage to the testis after exposures of 21, 28 and 34 weeks, with average doses from alpha-particles estimated as 13, 18 and 18 rad respectively (mean dose rate 0.00006 rad/min). Results were compared with those obtained when equivalent males were exposed continuously and concurrently to 1128 rad 60Co gamma-irradiation over 28 weeks (0.004 rad/min). The following estimates of the relative effectiveness of the alpha- and gamma-radiation were made: 24 for reciprocal translocations and for chromosome fragments, 22 for dominant lethal mutations acting after implantation. These values (with mean of 23) are based on average testis doses, with no correction for probable non-homogeneity of alpha dose distribution. In the mice exposed to gamma-irradiation there were significant reductions in testis mass and epididymal sperm-count. Although corresponding differences from control were not significant in the alpha series, consideration of results from a previous experiment by the same authors [2] allowed the relative effectiveness of the alpha- and gamma-irradiation for testis mass reduction to be estimated as roughly 10-15. Existing data on translocation induction in mouse spermatogonia by low dose-rates of gamma-rays (down to 0.003 rad/min) were analysed. They suggested that minimum rates of induction at very low intensities were not less than 1 X 10(-5) translocations per rad. A comparison of the frequencies of induction of fragments and of sperm-head abnormalities obtained after chronic gamma-ray exposures in the present experiment with those found by other workers after acute X-ray exposures suggested that there were no marked dose-rate effects with these types of mutational effect. Finally, the special problems associated with cytogenetic studies on alpha-emitters are discussed.

Alpha Particles↗
PubMed1978

The cytogenetic effect of bleomycin on human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo.

The cytogenetic effect of bleomycin (BLM) in human lymphocytes was studied after exposure to different doses during the G0 and G2 phases. BLM produced a marked specific effect on the cell cycle. The main aberration types after exposure in tg0 were dicentrics and deletions; and after exposure in G2, open chromatid breaks. A linear dose--response was calculated for all these aberration types as well as for the number of aberrant cells. In the G2 experiments, partially and totally pulverized cells also increased linearly with dose. The intercellular distributions of the most frequent aberration types after exposure in G0 and G2--the dicentrics and chromatid breaks, respectively--showed over-dispersion. These results show that the cytogenetic effect of BLM may be compared with that of densely ionizing irradiation. Preliminary results of chromosome analysis of three cancer patients in the course of BLM therapy showed effects similar to those in the G0 experiments.

Bleomycin↗
PubMed1975

Acute cytogenetic effect of 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-acrylamide (AF-2, a food preservative) on rat bone marrow cells in vivo.

The cytogenetic effects of 2(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-acrylamide (AF-2), a food preservative used in Japan, on rat bone marrow cells in vivo were studied. The aberrant metaphase cells in the bone marrow increased and reached the peak level 6 h after intraperitoneal injection of 240 mg/kg body weight of AF-2 and returned to the normal level within 24 h. A dose-response relationship was obtained using 4-240 mg/kg of AF-2. Chromosome aberrations were also induced after oral administration of 30-240 mg/kg. The aberrations were mostly chromatid breaks and the distribution among and within chromosomes was similar to those induced by a carcinogen, 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). The present results provide the first evidence of in vivo cytogenetic effects of AF-2 on mammalian cells and, together with the evidence of mutagenicity already proved in other organisms, warn of the possible genetic hazards to cells exposed to this compounds.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed1979

The impact of severely damaged cells in cytogenetic research.

In a large multilaboratory cytogenetic study of interlaboratory variations using 4 dose levels of triethylenemelamine and a control, a severely damaged cell was operationally defined as a cell which contained at least 10 aberrations of any type. A review of this study suggested that the use of this definition introduced a bias in the measurement and interpretation of results for the other cytogenetic categories studied. As a result, the original severely damaged cells were carefully reanalyzed to investigate the characteristics of this bias and to seek procedures to minimize or eliminate it. Results characterize this bias and demonstrate that when a severely damaged cell is defined as one containing at least 20 aberrations and those aberrations in the remaining non-severely damaged cells are classified by specific type, the bias is significantly reduced and chromosome analysis can be improved as a test system.

Chromosome Aberrations↗
PubMed1979

Cytogenetic activity of some common antioxidants and their interaction with x-rays.

Experiments were designed to investigate the cytogenetic activity of some commonly used phenolic antioxidants, namely BHA, BHT, BMP and PG, all used widely to preserve and stablize food products rich in fats and oils. Barley and onion were used as test systems. The treatments reduced seed germination and induced a significant amount of seedling injury. Only PMP treatments produced a moderate amount of chromosomal aberrations while others failed to do so. Being strong antioxidants it was expected that these compounds would reduce the cytogenetic damage caused by the radiations. Contrary to expectations, however, a significant increase was observed in the radiation damage measured as seed and seedling lethality and chromosomal aberrations. Chemical post-treatments also increased the radiation damage. The damage was, however, reduced with ATP post-irradiation treatment.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed1977

Tissue culture studies in Hodgkin's disease: Morphologic, cytogenetic, cell surface, and enzymatic properties of cultures derived from splenic tumors.

Monolayer and suspension cell cultures prepared from Hodgkin's disease tumors in the spleen were examined microscopically and by cytogenetics, tested for lymphocyte and monocyte cell surface properties, and assayed for enzymes by histochemical and spectrophotometric techniques. Hodgkin's disease monolayer cultures were composed of rapidly proliferating round and polygonal cells that were capable of propagation in vitro for an indefinite period of time. Abnormal aneuploid chromosomes were found in short-term Hodgkin's disease monolayers that had been passaged 16-20 times, and in established cell lines carried in culture longer than 3 yr and passaged more than 200 times. Cells fromHodgkin's disease monolayers contained lysozyme (muramidase), fluoride-resistant alpha naphthol acetate esterase, acid and alkaline phosphatase, and chymotrypsin-like activity. The monolayers did not exhibit specific cell surface markers or phagocytosis. Suspension cultures derived from Hodgkin's disease monolayers were composed of cells with aneuploid karyotypes and similar enzymes. The Hodgkin's disease suspension culture cells had surface receptors for complement and IgGFc, lacked surface or cytoplasmic immunoglobulin, and did not form Erosettes, react with an antithymocyte serum, nor exhibit phagocytosis. Normal monolayer culture cells, derived from adult spleen and human fetal spleen and thymus, were composed of spindle cells with a diploid number of chromosomes that could be carried for only a finite period of time in vitro. Normal cultured cells contained similar esterases and phosphatases, but were devoid of lysozyme and chymotrypsin-like activity. The morphologic, cytogenetic, cell surface, and enzymatic findings indicate that our Hodgkin's disease monolayer and suspension cultures are composed of cells with many properties suggesting an origin from monocytes (macrophages) rather than lymphocytes or fibroblasts. The presence of aneuploid karyotypes is consistent with a neoplastic origin and derivation from a malignant cell of Hodgkin's disease.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1976

Acute monocytic leukemia. Cytologic, histologic, cytochemical, ultrastructural, and cytogenetic observations.

A case of acute monocytic leukemia (AMoL) studied by cytologic, histologic, cytochemical, ultrastructural, and cytogenetic technics is reported. The immature monocytes were characterized by strong fluoride-sensitive nonspecific esterase activity. Nuclear irregularity, prominent nucleoli, erythrophagocytosis, and pinocytosis were observed on transmission electron microscopy, whereas broad-based ruffles, similar to those found on normal monocytes, were identified with scanning electron microscopy. Cytogenetic analysis showed an 8/9 translocation and four or five identical 8p- marker chromosomes in most bone marrow cells.

Bone Marrow↗
PubMed1975

Cytogenetic studies of the spleen in chronic granulocytic leukaemia.

Using a technique of short-term in vitro culture, cytogenetic studies were performed on splenic tissue from 12 patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia. In eight patients the disease was in its chronic phase and had been treated with busulphan (seven cases) or splenic irradiation (one case). In five of these patients, small numbers of dividing cells possessing the Philadelphia (Ph1) chromosome were observed; in one, only Ph1 -negative metaphases, presumably those of lymphocytes, occurred, and in two patients no dividing cells were obtained. In four patients chronic granulocytic leukaemia had undergone metamorphosis to an acute phase: in two of these patients no dividing cells were observed in splenic cultures with or without added phytohaemagglutinin: this result may have been attributable to prior cytotoxic therapy. In cultures from the other two patients in metamorphosis, almost all dividing cells were Ph1 -positve and many cells possessed two Ph1 chromosomes. Full cytogenetic analysis in one of these cases showed that the spleen contained several closely related cell lines, apparently reflecting progressive tumour cell evolution.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Cytogenetic analysis of erythroleukaemia in two children - evidence of nonmalignant nature of erythron.

Serial cytogenetic and cytological studies in 2 cases of erythroleukaemia in children indicated that erythropoiesis is not involved in the malignant process itself, but represents a response caused by unknown stimuli. A good correlation was observed between the percentage of aneuploid cells and blasts in mitosis, thus during the erythroid phase aneuploidy was minimal or absent, while during the myeloblastic phase a high percentage of members of the aneuploid clone was present. An inverse correlation between peripheral normoblast count and haemoglobin level indicated that erythropoiesis was under physiological control. Taken together these observations constitute evidence that, in the cases of erythroleukaemia studied, erythroid cells do not have inherent malignant properties. Cytogenetic analysis offers a tool for differentiating this type of erythroleukaemia from other forms of DiGuglielmo's syndrome.

Aneuploidy↗
PubMed1977

Polycythaemia vera terminating in acute leukaemia. A clinical, cytogenetic and morphologic study in 8 patients treated with alkylating agents.

A total of 120 patients with polycythaemia vera (PV) were observed between 1971-1976. 8 of them developed acute leukaemia (AL). The clinical course, cytogenetic and morphologic findings of these patients are described in detail. Alkylating agents were the main treatment for all patients who developed AL. 4 of them obtained alkylating drugs alone. Deaths in AL constituted 36% of the deaths observed in the groups treated with alkylating agents and 23% of the total number of deaths in these series. All patients who developed AL had active disease but they had no distinctive features predicting a malignant development. The time interval between PV diagnosis and development of AL was relatively short for those patients who were induced and maintained with alkylating agents alone. It is remarkable that 3 out of 8 patients had erythroleukaemia. Cytogenetic pretreatment studies were performed in 3 patients and all were normal. 7 patients were studied with banding techniques during the leukaemic state and all but one have shown multiple and complex abnormalities indicating several super-imposed cell lines. It seems probable that PV patients treated with alkylating agents for remission induction and maintenance may run even a greater risk for AL development than those treated with 32P.

Aged↗
PubMed1978

Cytogenetic effects of contrast media and triiodobenzoic acid derivatives in human lymphocytes.

Micronuclei counts in blood samples from 9 patients before and after angiocardiography have confirmed previous results suggesting the diatrizoate contrast medium was largely responsible for the observed cytogenetic damage. To discover the agents in the medium causing the cytogenetic damage, we exposed human lymphocyte cultures to diatrizoate and to the monoamino- and diamino-derivatives of triiodobenzoic acid. The results show the amino-derivatives are capable of inhibiting mitosis and inducing micronuclei and chromosome aberrations at lower concentrations than diatrizoate.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Morphological and cytogenetical changes in HR-18 rat ascites cells after in vitro 3-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]-4-methylbenzoic acid (NSC-146171; IOB-82) administration.

A bifunctional alkylating agent, 3-[Bis(2-chloroethyl) amino]-4-methylbenzoic acid (NSC-146171; IOB-82) was administered in HR-18 rat ascites cell cultures (which presented 2 morphologic cellular types: A and B type cells, genetically, 2 cellular populations having 41-45 and 85-86 chromosomes and cells with high ploidy), and the morphological and cytogenetical effects were related to the compound concentration. Thus, 24 h after IOB-82 administration in small doses (3.62 X 10(-4) micron/ml), important morphological changes were observed: nuclear changes (denuded nuclei, pyknosis) and cytoplasmic alterations (breaks at the exoplasm level, followed by cytoplasmic extrusions in extracellular spaces, cytoplasmic vacuolization). In addition to these changes, other abnormalities were observed when IOB-82 was administered in large doses (3.62 X 10(-3) micron/ml), i.e., nuclear changes (nuclear residues, granulation of the nuclear material and spreading of the nuclear content into cytoplasm) and cytoplasmic alterations (cytoplasmic shades and accentuated cytoplasmic vacuolization). Generally, the large A-type cells were more affected. Twenty-four h after IOB-82 treatment (with small or large doses), the chromatid and chromosome aberrations (gaps, breaks, deletions, fragments) were also observed. These aberrations were more numerous when IOB-82 was administered in large doses. Both morphological and cytogenetical changes indicate that the effect of IOB-82 could be radiomimetic. Changes produced and their incidence appear to depend on the concentration of IOB-82 employed and the morphological type of ascites cells. These are expressed in terms of multiple abnormality production in these cells. IOB-82 treatment produced changes in chromosome numbers and especially the disappearance of polyploid cells and cell populations with 85-86 chromosomes. These results indicate a possible correlation between the increased sensitivity of HR-18 rat ascites cells and changes in ploidy.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Cytogenetic research techniques in humans and laboratory animals that can be applied most profitably to livestock.

The usefulness of various chromosome banding techniques, i.e., Q, C, G, R, Ag-NOR, and SCE, which are currently in use in many clinical cytogenetics labortories are discussed. Since C-banding revealed the location of constitutive heterochromatin, it must be applied in conjunction with Q, G, or R-banding techniques. For the longitudinal differentiation of mammalian chromosomes one can use either the G-banding or the Q-banding and, if possible, R-banding technique. The results of such studies should not only contribute to our understanding of cytogenetics of domestic animals but also assist breeding programs and improvement of livestock.

Animals↗