Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “corticosteroids”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Treatment of progressive membranous glomerulopathy. A randomized trial comparing cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids with corticosteroids alone. The Glomerular Disease Collaborative Network.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if deterioration in renal function could be ameliorated by adding cyclophosphamide to corticosteroid therapy in patients with progressive membranous glomerulopathy. DESIGN: Randomized, controlled treatment trial. Patients were followed for a mean of 29.2 +/- 17.1 months. SETTING: Collaborative network of 120 university and private-practice nephrologists. PARTICIPANTS: Patients with membranous glomerulopathy whose renal function deteriorated (as evidenced by doubling of the serum creatinine level, a 50% fall in the glomerular filtration rate, or a sustained serum creatinine level of greater than 2.0 mg/dL [reciprocal creatinine value, 0.5], or whose nephrotic range proteinuria persisted in association with morbid complications. Of 156 patients with biopsy-proven membranous glomerulopathy, 36 became eligible for randomization. Twenty-six of these 36 patients were randomly assigned to receive one of the two treatments. INTERVENTIONS: Pulse methylprednisolone, oral corticosteroids, and 6 months of intravenous cyclophosphamide or alternate-day corticosteroid therapy alone. MAIN RESULTS: At entry, no statistical differences were found between the treatment groups in duration of renal disease, age, gender, serum creatinine level, 24-hour urine protein excretion, or biopsy stage. The groups showed no difference in mean arterial blood pressure during follow-up. Four of the 13 patients receiving corticosteroids alone and 4 of the 13 patients receiving corticosteroids plus intravenous cyclophosphamide progressed to end-stage renal disease during follow-up. Reciprocal creatinine values tested at 6-month intervals showed no statistical differences between treatment groups at any time point. The log of the 24-hour protein excretion values showed no statistical differences between treatment groups after treatment. The power to detect a substantial improvement in renal function, defined as a doubling of the reciprocal of the serum creatinine, at the 0.05 significance level was 0.92. CONCLUSIONS: Combination therapy with intravenous cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids, when compared with corticosteroid therapy alone, does not improve renal function in patients with progressive membranous glomerulopathy.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Corticosteroids for pulmonary sarcoidosis.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary sarcoidosis is a common condition with an unpredictable course. Oral or inhaled steroids are widely used in its treatment, but there is no consensus about when and in whom therapy should be initiated, what dose should be given and for how long. Corticosteroids given for several months have deleterious side-effects so it is important to know whether they have any maintained benefit in pulmonary sarcoidosis. OBJECTIVES: To determine the randomised controlled trial (RCT) evidence for the benefit of corticosteroids (oral or inhaled) in the treatment of pulmonary sarcoidosis. SEARCH STRATEGY: The Cochrane Airways Group interstitial lung disease RCT register was searched using the terms: sarcoidosis and (steroid* OR corticosteroid* OR prednisolone OR prednisone OR beclomethasone OR budesonide OR fluticasone). Bibliographies of retrieved RCTs and reviews were searched for additional RCTs. Pharmaceutical companies and authors of identified RCTs were contacted for other published and unpublished studies. SELECTION CRITERIA: Two reviewers independently assessed full text articles for inclusion based upon the following criteria: the study had to be a RCT or controlled clinical trial in adults with histological evidence of pulmonary sarcoidosis. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Study quality was assessed and data extracted independently by two reviewers. Outcomes were analysed as continuous and dichotomous outcomes, using standard statistical techniques. MAIN RESULTS: Eight RCTs were identified, two had insufficient data for any analysis. There were 338 patients in the four usable trials of oral steroids, and 66 patients in two trials of inhaled steroids. The oral steroid dose was equivalent to prednisolone 15-40 mg/day. The inhaled steroid was budesonide 0.8 - 1.2 mg/day. Outcomes were symptoms, chest X-ray (CXR) changes, lung function and global scores (a combination of all three outcomes). Oral steroids improved the CXR over 6-24 months. One study showed no improvement in lung function, in another there was an improvement in diffusing capacity in the treated group. Global scores improved in patients with stage 2 and 3 disease but not with stage 1 disease. There were no data on side-effects. Inhaled steroids had no effect on CXR. In one study diffusing capacity improved. In another, symptoms improved at the end of six months of treatment. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Oral steroids improved the chest X-ray and a global score of CXR, symptoms and spirometry over 6-24 months. There is little evidence of an improvement in lung function. There are no data beyond 2 years to indicate whether oral steroids have any modifying effect on long-term disease progression. Oral steroids are indicated for patients with Stage 2 and 3 disease with moderate - severe or progressive symptoms or CXR changes. The available data provide no guidance for the management of this disease after 2 years. Short term (less than six months) of inhaled steroids may improved symptoms, perhaps in patients who mainly have cough.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1975

In vitro corticosteroid: correlation response with primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular corticosteroid sensitivity.

The transformation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes can be inhibited by corticosteroid compounds. In an in vitro study of 100 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and various degrees of ocular pressure responsiveness to corticosteroid testing, varying degrees of sensitivity to corticosteroid compounds existed systemically in the circulating lymphocyte. A high correlation exists between the level of corticosteroid sensitivity in the lymphocyte and in the eye. In vitro cellular systems may be useful in evaluating the molecular basis of the variability in corticosteroid response, and in understanding the pathogenesis of corticosteroid-induced ocular hypertension and primary open-angle glaucoma.

Depression, Chemical↗
PubMed1998

Establishing a therapeutic index for the inhaled corticosteroids: part II. Comparisons of systemic activity and safety among different inhaled corticosteroids.

The systemic activity and safety of inhaled corticosteroids are best studied in randomized, controlled, long-term trials with clinically relevant doses in subjects. These studies require large numbers of enrolled subjects and are difficult to conduct. Potential confounders to safety analyses must be controlled. The occurrence and magnitude of adrenal suppression has been the most extensively evaluated systemic effect of inhaled corticosteroids. The significance of these findings in relation to relevant clinical outcomes must be evaluated. At low to medium inhaled corticosteroid dosages, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is minimally and only partially suppressed. Statistically significant changes occur at high inhaled corticosteroid dosages; the magnitude of this effect is less than with prednisone, > or = 10 mg/day. Standards for the design of growth studies in children with asthma have been recommended and recently implemented. Four randomized, controlled, clinical trials have reported reductions in growth rates of > 1 cm/yr with beclomethasone < or = 400 microg/day. By comparison, 2 randomized controlled clinical trials with fluticasone, 50 to 100 microg twice daily via dry powder inhaler, could not detect differences in height velocity in prepubertal children treated with cromolyn sodium or placebo. Trials with low to medium doses of beclomethasone, fluticasone, and budesonide document little to no effect on bone mineral density and bone metabolism. Population-based and limited randomized controlled trials suggest that low to medium doses of inhaled corticosteroids do not cause cataracts or glaucoma. Patients requiring high-dose inhaled corticosteroids should be monitored for adverse effects, with appropriate lifestyle changes and pharmacologic strategies implemented.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1996

Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of cyclosporin A as a corticosteroid-sparing agent in corticosteroid-dependent asthma.

Patients with severe asthma who require long-term oral corticosteroid therapy are at risk of unwanted effects. Several immunosuppressive drugs have been assessed as corticosteroid-sparing agents in chronic asthma. We previously showed that cyclosporin A (CsA) administered for 12 wk improved lung function in corticosteroid-dependent patients. We have now investigated the corticosteroid-sparing properties of CsA over a 36-wk period. Following a 4-wk run-in period, 39 corticosteroid-dependent asthmatic patients were randomized to receive CsA (19 patients, initial doses 5 mg/kg/d) or matched placebo (20 patients) for 36 wk. Attempts were then made by a physician ignorant of the trial therapy to reduce their prednisolone dosages at 14-d intervals, provided that a patient's asthma remained stable or improved. Three patients receiving CsA had to be withdrawn from the study before they completed 12 wk of therapy. The remaining 16 patients achieved a statistically significant reduction in median daily prednisolone dosage of 62% (10 to 3.5 mg), compared with a decrease of 25% (10 to 7.5 mg) in the patients taking placebo (p = 0.043). This reduction was most pronounced during the last 12 wk of active therapy. In addition, morning peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) improved significantly (mean 9.4%, SEM 3.0%) in the active-treatment group but not in the placebo group (p = 0.026 between groups). Predictable changes in renal function and blood pressure, and an increased incidence of hypertrichosis and paresthesia, were observed in the patients treated with CsA, but these did not necessitate withdrawal from the study, and were reversed during a 4-wk run-out period. Thus, low-dose CsA therapy, as compared with placebo, allowed a significant reduction in oral corticosteroid dosages in patients with severe asthma, and also improved lung function.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2002

[Evaluation of the permeability of corticosteroid in hairless mouse and hairless micropig skin from admixture of commercially available corticosteroid ointments and/or creams].

Yucatan hairless micropig (YHMP) skin has been shown to have histology and physiologic properties similar to human skin. To assess the relationship between the permeability of corticosteroid ointments and five types of commonly used admixtures of corticosteroid through hairless mice (HM) or YHMP skin and the clinical effects in humans, we conduct by in vitro experiments using HM and YHMP skin. The permeability of corticosteroid in admixtures with urea or heparinoid ointments across HM or YHMP skin was 1.5-4-fold greater than that of corticosteroid ointments alone. HM skin was found to have faster permeability than YHMP skin, but otherwise was similar to YHMP skin. These experiments demonstrated a close relationship between the permeability of HM or YHMP skin and vasoconstrictor activity in humans. These results suggest that the in vitro permeability of corticosteroid measurements across HM skin could be a useful, rapid, and easy method for assessing the vasoconstrictor activity of topical corticosteroids and the admixtures of commercially available ointments and/or creams in humans.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1975

Inhaled corticosteroids compared with oral prednisone in patients starting long-term corticosteroid therapy for asthma. A controlled trial by the British Thoracic and Tuberculosis Association.

Inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate and inhaled betamethasone valerate have been compared with oral prednisone in the treatment of 75 patients with asthma who were starting long-term corticosteroids for the first time. Both of the inhaled corticosteroids controlled asthma as well as did oral prednisone in those who had responded to therapy in the initial period of the trial. A daily dose of 400 mug of inhaled drug was approximately equivalent to 7-5 mg daily of prednisone. Prednisone suppressed the adrenal response to tetracosactrin, whereas the mean responses in the groups receiving inhaled corticosteroids did not change significantly from pre-trial values. The 30% incidence of other systemic unwanted effects of prednisone contrasted sharply with the low incidence (5%) of symptomatic oropharyngeal candidiasis in the patients receiving inhaled corticosteroids. In a sample of 19 patients no change in exfoliative cytology was detected over the period of the trial nor was there any evidence of fungal colonisation of the bronchial tree. There was no difference between the three treatment groups in the number of antibiotic courses prescribed. The persistent production of sputum made no difference to the response to inhaled corticosteroids. Patients not on sodium cromoglycate did as well in the trial as those receiving sodium cromoglycate. Both inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate and inhaled betamethasone valerate have advantages over oral prednisone in the maintenance treatment of patients with asthma, but in the management of exacerbations systemic corticosteroids will usually be needed as a supplement to inhaled therapy.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed1986

Lack of correlation between in vitro corticosteroid effect on hemopoietic colony formation and response to corticosteroid therapy in aplastic anemia.

We performed hemopoietic colony culture assays in 15 patients with aplastic anemia (AA) in order to test the effect of hydrocortisone (HC) on late erythroid colony (CFU-e) formation of the patients' marrow and to correlate the in vitro culture results with the clinical response to corticosteroid therapy. HC enhanced CFU-e growth in four patients. All four patients failed to respond to corticosteroid, but three improved with with androgens. The addition of HC did not increase CFU-e colony formation in 11 patients. However, two of them responded to corticosteroid therapy. Among the nine patients showing no HC effect in vitro, two subsequently improved with androgens and one each with anti-thymocyte globulin and anti-lymphocyte globulin. The results suggest that the in vitro corticosteroid effect may not necessarily correlate with responsiveness to corticosteroid therapy.

Anemia, Aplastic↗
PubMed1998

The role of "fear of corticosteroids" in nonparticipation in early intervention with inhaled corticosteroids in asthma and COPD in general practice.

Treatment of chronic airflow obstruction with inhaled corticosteroids at an early stage has been shown to preserve the lung function. We tested the hypothesis that "fear of corticosteroids" may be an important reason for nonparticipation in the Detection, early Intervention and Monitoring programme on Chronic obstruction pulmonary disease (COPD) and Asthma ("DIMCA") project. One thousand seven hundred and forty nine adult subjects from 10 general practices were invited to participate in the several parts of the "DIMCA" programme. Refusers were questioned about the reason(s) for nonparticipation. Together the screening, monitoring and three drug interventions of the study showed on average 25-35% refusers. The most frequent reasons for nonparticipation were absence of pulmonary symptoms and lack of time. For those invited to take part in one of the three drug interventions, "dislike of medication" was the most important reason for nonparticipation (33, 45 and 67% of the refusers). "Fear of corticosteroids" specifically was the reason for nonparticipation in 8% of the refusers on the basis of "dislike of medication". We concluded that a specific fear of corticosteroids was not a major obstacle for early intervention with inhaled corticosteroids.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1977

Extremely high levels of corticosteroids and low levels of corticosteroid binding macromolecule in plasma of marmoset monkeys.

Marmoset monkeys were shown to have extremely high resting plasma corticosteroid levels compared to those of macaque monkeys and humans. A major component of corticosteroids seems to be cortisol. Levels of total 11-deoxy-17-KS in plasma of marmoset monkeys were very low (less than 0.01-0.04 microng/ml). Following the injection of ACTH, plasma corticosteroid levels of marmoset monkeys increased by 18-62% (at 1 h), and by 62-160% (at 2 h). Concentrations of plasma corticosteroid binding macromolecule in marmoset monkeys were extremely low (less than 10 nM). It was suggested that in these monkeys, the majority of plasma corticosteroids exists in non-protein bound forms.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed2006

Corticosteroid design for the treatment of asthma: structural insights and the therapeutic potential of soft corticosteroids.

Inhaled and intranasal corticosteroids (ICSs) still are the most effective treatment available for allergic airway diseases and are likely to remain the cornerstone of managing persistent asthma/allergic rhinitis in the foreseeable future. Even if the therapeutic index of this class increased significantly with the introduction of newer corticosteroids, and even if new therapeutic potentials are beginning to emerge with our increasing understanding of the mechanisms of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and rhinitis, corticosteroid development still remains a very important field for drug designers. After a brief review of issues related to the structure-activity relationships of glucocorticoids and the main determinants of their receptor-binding affinity at the glucocorticoid receptor, the main focus of the present article will be on the development of soft corticosteroids, as they are particularly well suited to separate local activity from systemic side effects, which still is an important issue for ICSs. Design consideration required in the search for safe and effective soft drugs on one hand, and safe and effective ICSs on the other hand, will be briefly discussed and illustrated with a number of cases, in particular, with that of loteprednol etabonate and etiprednol dicloacetate, soft corticosteroids that are being developed for a full spectrum of therapeutic applications including asthma and allergic rhinitis.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1985

Effects of corticotropin and heat on corticosteroid-binding capacity and serum corticosteroid in White Rock chickens.

The effects of the administration of corticotropin (ACTH) or high environmental temperature on serum maximum corticosteroid-binding capacity (MCBC) and serum corticosteroid concentrations were studied in 6- to 8-wk-old White Rock chickens. Highly significant increases in serum corticosteroids produced by either intramuscular or intravenous injections of ACTH were followed by significant reductions in MCBC within 24 hr. A single high-temperature episode (46 C) caused a significant increase in serum corticosteroids when blood was sampled immediately following exposure to heat; however, serum corticosteroids were not significantly increased following two heat episodes spaced 11 hr apart. Exposure to high temperature did not alter MCBC levels.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of efficacy of arthroscopic lavage plus administration of corticosteroids, arthroscopic lavage plus administration of placebo, and joint aspiration plus administration of corticosteroids in arthritis of the knee: A randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of arthroscopic lavage plus administration of corticosteroids (ALC), arthroscopic lavage plus administration of placebo (ALP), and joint aspiration plus administration of corticosteroids (JAC) in knee arthritis, and to evaluate whether clinical or histologic characteristics determine outcome. METHODS: Patients with knee arthritis (not due to gout, osteoarthritis, or septic arthritis) were randomized over 3 treatment arms: ALC, ALP, and JAC. The primary end point was event-free survival, with events defined as 1) recurrence or persistence of symptomatic knee swelling necessitating local re-treatment, or 2) nonimprovement of the knee joint score. Synovial tissue specimens were collected and analyzed histologically to identify predictive factors of responsiveness. RESULTS: A total of 78 patients were enrolled; 3 patients did not receive their allocated therapy and 3 were lost to followup. The median time until recurrence was 9.6 months after ALC, 3.0 months after JAC, and 1.0 month after ALP, corresponding to a relative risk (RR) of arthritis recurrence of 2.2 for JAC (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.2-4.2, P = 0.02) and 4.7 for ALP (95% CI 2.3-9.4, P < 0.0001) compared with ALC. A high versus low synovial extent of fibrosis conferred an RR for recurrence of 5.7 (95% CI 1.6-20.5, P < 0.01) after ALC. CONCLUSION: Arthroscopic lavage plus administration of corticosteroids was more effective than arthroscopic lavage plus administration of placebo or joint aspiration plus injection of corticosteroids. The absence of fibrosis was a histologic predictor of a beneficial response.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1991

Type I corticosteroid receptor-like immunoreactivity in the rat CNS: distribution and regulation by corticosteroids.

Previous maps of Type I corticosteroid receptor binding in the rat central nervous system (CNS) revealed a restricted distribution of the receptor in limbic regions, hypothalamus, and circumventricular organs. More recent studies have shown a more widespread expression of the receptor, with high levels of Type I receptor mRNA in limbic, motor, and sensory systems. We have used two antisera against peptide sequences derived from the cDNA of the human Type I corticosteroid receptor to map the regional distribution and corticosteroid regulation of the intracellular location of Type I corticosteroid receptor-like immunoreactivity (Type I-ir) in the rat CNS. Neurons showing Type I-ir were observed at all levels of the CNS. Highest densities of immunoreactive neurons were observed in limbic regions, isocortex, and some thalamic nuclei. Motor, sensory, and visceral systems often showed moderate densities of immunoreactive neurons. Type I-ir glia were observed in some fiber systems, e.g., corpus callosum, medial lemniscus, cerebral peduncles, spinal trigeminal tract, and funiculi of the spinal cord. In the majority of neurons and in glia, Type I-ir showed a diffusely nuclear and cytoplasmic location. Long-term adrenalectomy reduced immunoreactivity in most neurons and glia. Neuronal Type I-ir was localized mainly in the cytoplasm after long-term adrenalectomy. Nuclear immunoreactivity was retained in some neurons in the globus pallidus, motor trigeminal nucleus, and laminae 8 and 9 of the spinal cord. Acute treatment with corticosterone or aldosterone restored neuronal and glial Type I-ir to densities below that seen in intact rats.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1996

Chronic social stress produces reductions in available splenic type II corticosteroid receptor binding and plasma corticosteroid binding globulin levels.

Adult male and female rats were housed for 2 weeks in a Visible Burrow System resulting in the development of strong dominant-subordinate relationships among the male rats. Neuroendocrine measures indicated that the subordinate rats, and to a lesser extent dominant rats, experienced chronic HPA axis hyperstimulation during the 2 week experience. This paper focuses on the consequences of this chronic social stress on cytosolic type II corticosteroid receptor binding in the spleen. In the first study, rats were adrenalectomized 18 h prior to sacrifice in order to measure total cellular receptor protein levels in each animal. In spite of the severity of the social stress, there was no decrease in splenic type II corticosteroid receptor binding levels in these short-term adrenalectomized animals. In the second study, rats were left adrenal-intact. Corticosteroid receptor levels in these adrenal-intact animals reflect the level of receptors (available receptors) that were unoccupied by endogenous hormone at the time of sacrifice. Both subordinate and dominant rats had fewer available splenic type II receptors than control rats, suggesting that a greater proportion of receptors in subordinate and dominant rats were occupied and activated by endogenous hormone at the time of sacrifice than in control rats. The differences in available receptor levels were not a function of total plasma corticosterone levels at the time of sacrifice (mean corticosterone levels were the same for control and subordinate rats). Instead, the differences in available receptor levels may have been a function of plasma corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG) levels which regulate free corticosterone levels. There was a large reduction in plasma CBG levels of subordinate (-70%) and dominant (-40%) rats relative to control rats, and there was a significant correlation between plasma CBG level and available type II receptors in the spleen. These results suggest that a decrease in CBG levels as a result of chronic social stress led to greater access of free corticosterone hormone to type II receptors in the spleen than is typically present in rats under basal or acute stress conditions. This result illustrates one mechanism by which chronic stress may have a greater impact than acute stress on splenic immune function.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

A comparison of the combined effect of cryotherapy and corticosteroid injections versus corticosteroids and cryotherapy alone on keloids: a controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Treatment modalities for keloids, which are commonly found in Asians, include intralesional corticosteroid injections and cryotherapy as well as a combination of these two modalities. Few studies have been performed in a controlled fashion to evaluate the efficacy of these treatments. OBJECTIVE: A controlled study, to evaluate the combined effect of intralesional corticosteroid injection with cryotherapy vs. intralesional corticosteroid or cryotherapy alone. METHODS: Ten patients completed the study: eight patients had at least three keloids and two had two keloids. Patients were treated for at least three sessions 4 weeks apart. The outcome of the lesions was compared between the treatments regarding the thickness of the lesion using a caliper and photographic assessment, and the presence of itch and pain before and after treatment using a visual analogue scale. RESULTS: In terms of thickness, the keloids responded significantly better to combined cryotherapy and triamcinolone vs. triamcinolone alone or cryotherapy alone (P < 0.001). Pain intensity was significantly lowered with all treatment modalities; however, itch was lowered only with the combined treatment and intralesional corticosteroid alone. No significant side effects were noted with any of the treatments and no re-occurrence of keloids was noted with the combined therapy. CONCLUSION: Combined injection of intralesional steroids with cryotherapy appears to be superior to other current modalities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Body weight alterations under early corticosteroid withdrawal and chronic corticosteroid therapy with modern immunosuppression.

BACKGROUND: Weight gain is a known complication of corticosteroid maintenance therapy. The purpose of the present study was to compare patterns of weight gain under chronic corticosteroid therapy (CCST) with that observed under early (i.e., within 7 days posttransplant) corticosteroid withdrawal (CSWD) in renal-transplant recipients. METHODS: Renal-transplant recipients who underwent early CSWD under four prospective, institutional review board-approved clinical trials were compared with a historic control group of patients receiving maintenance CCST. RESULTS: One hundred sixty-nine patients with early CSWD were compared with 132 patients who received CCST. Mean population weight gain was significantly higher in CCST patients at 3, 6, and 12 months posttransplant. Race influenced weight gain because white CSWD patients demonstrated greater reductions in weight gain compared with African-American patients. Sex also influenced weight gain: women demonstrated a greater benefit from CSWD than did men. Corticosteroid rejection therapy in CSWD patients completely restored weight gain because these patients showed weight gains similar to the CCST group. Finally, pretransplant body mass index (BMI) also influenced weight gain because patients who were overweight (BMI 25-30) or obese (BMI>30) demonstrated a greater reduction in weight gain with CSWD than did patients of normal weight (BMI<25). CONCLUSIONS: Early CSWD minimizes weight gain in renal-transplant recipients. Women, whites, and patients with high pretransplant BMI had greater reductions in weight gain with early CSWD.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗