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PubMed1992

Pythium aphanidermatum: culture, cell-wall composition, and isolation and structure of antitumour storage and solubilised cell-wall (1----3),(1----6)-beta-D-glucans.

Under optimal conditions for the culture of the fungus Phytium aphanidermatum, no polysaccharides were excreted into the medium. The mycelium contained up to 38% of a slightly branched, storage (1----3),(1----6)-beta-D-glucan with a MW of 20,000. The cell-wall polysaccharides of the mycelium comprised 18% of cellulose and 82% of (1----3),(1----6)-beta-D-glucans. Of the non-cellulosic glucans, approximately 33% could be solubilised by extraction with water at 121 degrees, and they had a MW of 10,000, were highly branched, and contained 6% of (1----6) linkages. Treatment of the cell wall with 0.1 M trifluoroacetic acid released approximately 50% of the non-cellulosic glucans. The acid-soluble cell-wall (1----3),-(1----6)-beta-D-glucans of lower MW (6000) were still highly branched and contained 14% of (1----6) and 8% of (1----4) linkages. The storage glucan and the hot-water-soluble cell-wall glucan exhibited strong activity against the Sarcoma 180 in CD-1 mice, whereas the acid-soluble cell-wall glucans were inactive. The hot-water-soluble cell-wall glucan was also active against the DBA/2-MC.SC-1 fibrosarcoma in DBA/2 mice.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Heterotrimeric G-proteins of a filamentous fungus regulate cell wall composition and susceptibility to a plant PR-5 protein.

Membrane permeabilizing plant defensive proteins first encounter the fungal cell wall that can harbor specific components that facilitate or prevent access to the plasma membrane. However, signal transduction pathways controlling cell wall composition in filamentous fungi are largely unknown. We report here that the deposition of cell wall constituents that block the action of osmotin (PR-5), an antifungal plant defense protein, against Aspergillus nidulans requires the activity of a heterotrimeric G-protein mediated signaling pathway. The guanidine nucleotide GDPbetaS, that locks G-proteins in a GDP-bound inactive form, inhibits osmotin-induced conidial lysis. A dominant interfering mutation in FadA, the alpha-subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein, confers resistance to osmotin. A deletion mutation in SfaD, the beta-subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein also increases osmotin resistance. Aspergillus nidulans strains bearing these mutations also have increased tolerance to SDS, reduced cell wall porosity and increased chitin content in the cell wall.

Aspergillus nidulans↗
PubMed1968

Cell wall composition and serological reactivity of Histoplasma capsulatum serotypes and related species.

The composition of the cell walls of strains of Histoplasma capsulatum that were reactive in the complement-fixation test and that reacted with fluorescein-tagged specific anti-H. capsulatum serum were compared with the cell walls of H. capsulatum and Histoplasma duboisii that did not react in these serological tests. The cell walls of the serologically reactive strains of H. capsulatum were much more susceptible to the action of proteinases and to chitinase than were the serologically nonreactive strains, but were less susceptible to hydrolysis by 3% NaOH or 2 n H(2)SO(4). The walls of the serologically reactive strains had higher chitin, amino acid, and hexosamine contents, but they were lower in a "lactic acid" component that was released by alkaline hydrolysis of the nonreactive strains. The cell walls of strains of H. duboisii were similar to the walls of the serologically nonreactive strains of H. capsulatum. Chemical analyses of the cell walls of the various strains clearly support the serological typing of H. capsulatum and H. duboisii strains reported by Kaufman and Blumer.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

[Changes in the cell wall composition and structure of Streptococcus pyogenes during batch culture].

Changes in S. pyogenes cells in the process of batch cultivation have been studied. The composition of S. pyogenes cell walls has been studied by amino acid analysis; besides, their resistance to enzymatic hydrolysis and the electric conductivity of cell-wall lysates have been determined at different phases of the growth of S. pyogenes. The molar amino acid composition, expressed in percent, is unrelated to the growth phase, while the content of amino acids in preparations changes in the process of growth and reaches its maximum in the middle and in the end of the logarithmic phase. At the same time the electric conductivity of cell-wall lysates reaches the minimum level at these growth stages. The authors suggest that additional electrically charged compositions are formed in the cell walls at the beginning of the logarithmic and stationary phases. A considerable increase in the initial rate of cell-wall lysis with muramidase has been found to occur at the end of the logarithmic phase. This difference in the initial rate in the initial rates of lysis of S. pyogenes cell walls at different growth phases decreases after previous treatment of the cell walls with streptolytin possessing proteolytic activity. Analysis of these data leads to a conclusion on the "loose" structure of the outer protein layer of the cell wall at the end of the logarithmic phase of the growth curve.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1962

Cell-wall composition and the grouping antigens of Streptococci.

Slade, Hutton D. (Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Ill.) and William C. Slamp. Cell-wall composition and grouping antigens of streptococci. J. Bacteriol. 84:345-351. 1962.-The carbohydrates present in the cell walls of streptococci belonging to serological groups A-H and K-S, and unclassifiable strains, have been identified. The sugars found were rhamnose, glucose, galactose, arabinose, and mannose. All sugars vary considerably in their distribution among the groups; glucose, galactose, and rhamnose occur most frequently. Strains were found which contained each of the latter sugars singly or in combination with one or both of the other sugars. Variation within a single group occurred in one-half of the groups. A strain containing only glucose and another only galactose were found. Except for groups A and C, in which only rhamnose is present in the great majority of strains, the presence or absence of the sugars does not aid in the identification of the groups. The cell walls of all groups examined also contained alanine, glutamic acid, lysine, glucosamine, galactosamine, and muramic acid. The cell walls of all groups, except D, agglutinated in the presence of specific group antisera, indicating the presence of the group antigen in the cell wall. Strains in groups F, K, and M gave a weak reaction. The structure and chemical composition of the group antigens of the streptococci are discussed.

Alanine↗
PubMed1990

Use of lectins for a comparative study of cell wall composition of different anaerobic rumen fungal strains.

The technique based on fluorescein-linked lectins used to determine the cell wall structure of anaerobic rumen fungi belonging to genera: Neocallimastix, Piromonas and Sphaeromonas, appears to be an interesting tool for distinguishing between strains. Furthermore this technique shows differences of cell wall composition between different parts of the thallus (spores, sporangia, rhizoïds).

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed1975

Effects of gibberellic Acid, calcium, kinetic, and ethylene on growth and cell wall composition of pea epicotyls.

The influence of gibberellic acid (GA), calcium, kinetin, and ethylene on growth and cell-wall composition of decapitated pea epicotyls (Pisum sativum L. var. Alaska) was investigated. Calcium, kinetin, and ethylene each caused an inhibition of GA-induced elongation of pea stems. Gibberellic acid did not reverse the induction of swelling by Ca(2+), kinetin, or ethylene. Both Ca(2+) and ethylene significantly inhibited the stimulatory effects of GA on the formation of residual wall material. Although GA promoted the development of walls relatively low in pectic substances and pectic uronic acid, Ca(2+), kinetin, and ethylene favored the formation of walls rich in these constituents. Calcium, kinetin, and GA, alone or in combination, had no effect on the production of ethylene by pea epicotyls.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

Effects of Drying Pretreatments on the Cell Wall Composition of Grape Tissues.

Pretreatments by consecutive dipping in NaOH, citric acid, and K(2)S(2)O(5) solutions help to increase the drying rate of grapes and to reduce the darkening due to enzymic and nonenzymic browning during storage of raisins. However, such pretreatments have also an important effect on the cell wall composition of grape tissues. In both skin and pulp tissues the yield of cell wall material decreased substantially with processing, by 19.7 and 22.5%, respectively. Sodium hydroxide and citric acid solutions solubilized large amounts of pectic substances and xyloglucans, whereas potassium metabisulfite solution caused minor modifications to the composition of cell wall polysaccharides. Moreover, drying pretreatments promoted important changes in the amounts of Ca and Mg associated with cell wall components, which suggested possible structural rearrangements of polymers within the wall. All of these observations were in good agreement with the main results obtained after the application of a nondegradative technique such as FTIR spectroscopy to the cell wall preparations of fresh and processed tissues.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1968

Rapid method for characterization of actinomycetes by cell wall composition.

To achieve a rapid identification of the cell wall components of actinomycetes, several modifications of the procedure of Cummins and Harris were developed. Purified cell walls were prepared by extraction of whole cells with 0.1 N NaOH. A 2-hr 2 N HCl hydrolysate was prepared for identification of sugars. A 2-hr 6 N HCl hydrolysate was prepared for amino acid analysis. Two-dimensional paper chromatography was run on 19-cm papers. Total time required for a single analysis was approximately 24 hr. This procedure gave qualitative results which were completely satisfactory for differentiation of certain species in the genus Actinomyces and in related genera.

Actinomyces↗
PubMed1973

Turgor-dependent Changes in Avena Coleoptile Cell Wall Composition.

The effects of reduced turgor pressure on growth, as measured by cell elongation, and on auxin-mediated changes in cell walls, as measured by analyses of wall composition, were examined using Avena coleoptile segments. Although moderate (1-4 bar) decreases in turgor resulted in a progressive decline in growth proportional to the decrease in turgor, the major auxin-induced change in wall composition, a decrease in noncellulosic wall glucose, was unaffected. Severe (5-8 bar) decreases, however, did inhibit this auxin effect on the wall, and with turgor decreases of 9 bars or more this auxin effect was no longer apparent. The results show that turgor pressure is required for this auxin-mediated wall modification and also that this modification of wall glucose occurs at turgor pressures less than those required for wall extension. Changes in other wall components were generally unaffected by altering turgor pressure.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1979

Relationship between lysostaphin endopeptidase production and cell wall composition in Staphylococcus staphylolyticus.

Mutants of Staphylococcus staphylolyticus incapable of producing an extracellular staphylolytic glycylglycine endopeptidase were isolated and found to have cells in the population susceptible to lysis by this enzyme, as did the wild-type organism under conditions in which the endopeptidase was not produced. These results suggest that cultures of this organism normally contain a heterogeneous population of cells with regard to cell wall composition and susceptibility to the enzyme. Production of the endopeptidase appears to act as a selective pressure which removes the susceptible cells in the population as the enzyme appears in the medium. A comparison of the peptidoglycan of the wild-type organism grown under conditions in which the endopeptidase was produced with that of this organism grown under nonproducing conditions and with those of endopeptidase-less mutants showed that in the presence of the endopeptidase the cell population had peptidoglycan with shorter peptide cross bridges and a greater percentage of serine in these cross bridges than was found in cells grown in the absence of the enzyme. The inability of the endopeptidase to hydrolyze glycylserine and serylglycine peptide bonds suggests that at least part of the resistance this organism has to the endopeptidase is due to relative amounts of serine found in the peptide cross bridges of some cells in the population.

Cell Wall↗
PubMed2006

Cell wall composition of smooth bromegrass plants selected for divergent fiber concentration.

Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) is considered the single best laboratory predictor of voluntary intake by ruminant livestock, creating interest in using NDF as a selection criterion in forage breeding programs. Because genetic reductions in NDF lead to increases in dry matter digestibility but not to changes in digestibility of the NDF fraction, we postulated that low-NDF plants do not have altered compositions of their cell walls. We tested this hypothesis using clones of smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) with divergent NDF concentrations. High-NDF and low-NDF plants did not differ in cell wall concentrations or in the concentrations of any cell wall component (fucose, arabinose, rhamnose, galactose, glucose, xylose, mannose, uronic acids, and lignin). Instead, low-NDF plants had a cell wall that was more susceptible to solubilization in neutral detergent solution, suggesting that their cell walls were less well-developed as compared to high-NDF plants. NDF should not be used as a substitute for cell wall concentration in forage plants.

Bromus↗
PubMed1975

Cell wall composition of novobiocin-resistant pleiotropic mutant staphylococci.

Physically purified cell walls were prepared from selected pleiotropic novobiocin-resistant staphylococcal strains. The quantitative amino acid, amino sugar, and phosphorus contents of these walls are reported. This pleiotype was culturally diagnosed by its inability to support the growth of typing phages, inability to release latent bacteriophage, failure to elaborate coagulase, altered sugar catabolic pattern, and resistance to novobiocin. The strains were divided into two groups on the basis of wall composition. The walls of both groups of strains appeared to possess at least two phosphorus-containing polymers. On group of strains contained elevated levels of phosphorus in the cell walls. The second group contained the novel amino sugar galactosamine in the cell walls. This amino sugar is probably associated with one of the phosphorus-containing wall polymers of this group. On the basis of the data presented, it is suggested that the pleiotropy of these strains is the result of genetic change in the control of the biosynthesis of teichoic acids.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1990

Penicillin-induced changes in the cell wall composition of Staphylococcus aureus before the onset of bacteriolysis.

To analyze if chemical cell wall alterations contribute to penicillin-induced bacteriolysis, changes in the amount, stability, and chemical composition of staphylococcal cell walls were investigated. All analyses were performed before onset of bacteriolysis i.e. during the first 60 min following addition of different penicillin G doses. Only a slight reduction of the amount of cell wall material incorporated after penicillin addition at the optimal lytic concentration was observed as compared to control cells. However, the presence of higher penicillin G concentrations reduced the incorporation of wall material progressively without bacteriolysis. Losses of wall material during isolation of dodecylsulfate insoluble cell walls were monitored to assess the stability of the wall material following penicillin addition. Wall material grown at the lytic penicillin concentration was least stable but about 30% of the newly incorporated wall material withstood even the harsh conditions of mechanical breakage and dodecylsulfate treatment. Dodecylsulfate insoluble cell walls were used for chemical analyses. While peptidoglycan chain length was unaffected in the presence of penicillin, other wall parameters were considerably altered: peptide cross-linking was reduced in the wall material synthesized after addition of penicillin; reductions from approx. 85% in controls to about 60% were similar for lytic and also for very high penicillin concentrations leading to nonlytic death. O-acetylation was also reduced after treatment with penicillin; this effect paralleled the occurrence of subsequent bacteriolysis at different drug concentrations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acetylation↗
PubMed2003

Primary cell wall composition of bryophytes and charophytes.

Major differences in primary cell wall (PCW) components between non-vascular plant taxa are reported. (1) Xyloglucan: driselase digestion yielded isoprimeverose (the diagnostic repeat unit of xyloglucan) from PCW-rich material of Anthoceros (a hornwort), mosses and both leafy and thalloid liverworts, as well as numerous vascular plants, showing xyloglucan to be a PCW component in all land plants tested. In contrast, charophycean green algae (Klebsormidium flaccidium, Coleochaete scutata and Chara corallina), thought to be closely related to land plants, did not contain xyloglucan. They did not yield isoprimeverose; additionally, charophyte material was not digestible with xyloglucan-specific endoglucanase or cellulase to give xyloglucan-derived oligosaccharides. (2) Uronic acids: acid hydrolysis of PCW-rich material from the charophytes, the hornwort, thalloid and leafy liverworts and a basal moss yielded higher concentrations of glucuronic acid than that from the remaining land plants including the less basal mosses and all vascular plants tested. Polysaccharides of the hornwort Anthoceros contained an unusual repeat-unit, glucuronic acid-alpha(1-->3)-galactose, not found in appreciable amounts in any other plants tested. Galacturonic acid was consistently the most abundant PCW uronic acid, but was present in higher concentrations in acid hydrolysates of bryophytes and charophytes than in those of any of the vascular plants. Mannuronic acid was not detected in any of the species surveyed. (3) Mannose: acid hydrolysis of charophyte and bryophyte PCW-rich material also yielded appreciably higher concentrations of mannose than are found in vascular plant PCWs. (4) Mixed-linkage glucan (MLG) was absent from all algae and bryophytes tested; however, upon digestion with licheninase, PCW-rich material from the alga Ulva lactuca and the leafy liverwort Lophocolea bidentata yielded penta- to decasaccharides, indicating the presence of MLG-related polysaccharides. Our results show that major evolutionary events are often associated with changes in PCW composition. In particular, the acquisition of xyloglucan may have been a pre-adaptive advantage that allowed colonization of land.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed2006

Cell wall composition in juvenile and adult leaves of maize (Zea mays L.).

Many leaf characteristics vary with position along the culm in maize (Zea mays L.) due to the existence of vegetative phase change and heteroblasty. The objective of this work was to determine if differences in cell wall composition exist among developmental phases and between Cg1, a developmental mutant, and wild-type maize. In one experiment, the middle third of fully elongated leaf blades from lower and upper regions of the shoot was harvested (midribs removed) and analyzed for several cell wall components. Averaged over five inbreds (De811, Ia5125, Mo17, P39, and Wh8584), lower leaf blades had higher levels of xylose and lower levels of total uronosyls, glucose, arabinose, and galactose (P < 0.05) than did upper leaf blades. With the exception of glucose, upper and lower leaves of Cg1 plants varied in the same manner as their near-isogenic siblings, except cell walls of Cg1 plants were more "juvenile" than cell walls of wild-type siblings at the same leaf stage. These data support the hypothesis that Cg1 delays but does not eliminate the transition from juvenile-vegetative to adult-vegetative phase. In a second experiment, juvenile (leaves 3 and 5), transition (leaf 7), and adult (leaves 9 and 11) leaves from inbreds B73 and De811 were harvested and analyzed as in the first experiment. As leaf number rose, total cell wall content of sample dry matter, total neutral sugars, glucose, xylose, and ester-linked monomers of p-coumaric acid and total ferulates including ferulate dimers increased linearly while total uronosyls acids, arabinose, and galactose declined linearly (P < 0.05). Glucose and xylose are major cell wall components released from cellulose and xylans after acid hydrolysis. Pectin, a minor component of grass cell walls, is composed of galacturonosyls, arabinose, and galactose. Secondary cell wall deposition increased between leaves 3 and 11 in a heteroblastic series, due to either increased cell wall content concomitant with decreased cell lumen size, changes in proportion of cell types (i.e., sclerenchyma), or a combination of these factors.

Carbohydrates↗
PubMed1981

Cell wall composition of Micromonospora olivoasterospora, Micromonospora sagamiensis, and related organisms.

Cell walls of 19 Micromonospora species were analyzed for their components. All the cell walls had xylose and arabinose, but the presence of glucose, galactose, mannose, or rhamnose depended on the strain. Amino acids present in the walls consisted of glycine, glutamic acid, diaminopimelic acid, and alanine, in a molar ratio of approximately 1:1:1:0.6--0.8. 3-Hydroxydiaminopimelic acid, together with meso-diaminopimelic acid, was found in many species and was isolated from Micromonospora olivoasterospora to compare the color constant in an amino acid analyzer with that of meso-diaminopimelic acid. The cell walls of Micromonospora sagamiensis and M. olivoasterospora contained only D-alanine and not L-alanine. All species tested except Micromonospora globosa contained glycolate in an almost equimolar ratio to diaminopimelic acid in their cell walls. Among 45 strains of 12 genera examined, Actinoplanes, Ampullariella, Amorphosporangium, and Dactylosporangium species had a significant amount of glycolate in the whole cells. Based on these results, the primary structure of the peptidoglycan of Micromonospora is discussed.

Actinomycetales↗
PubMed2006

Changes in cell wall composition associated with maturation in the gymnosperm Araucaria angustifolia.

A general structural characterization and an investigation on the dynamics of formation of cell wall polysaccharides was performed, using plantlets stem samples from a typical gymnosperm from southern Brazil, Araucaria angustifolia, as experimental model. Microscopic examination and monosaccharide composition of plantlet segments at different heights were carried out to show the representative portions of stem cell wall development. The plantlets were divided in portions (tip, middle and base) which were submitted to sequential extractions. The extraction with water gave rise to large amounts of pectic material in the three portions and more highly substituted pectins occurred in the tip portion of the stems. Increase in alkali concentration extracted, respectively, higher amounts of xyloglucan structurally similar to those from dicotyledons. However, oligosaccharides containing galactose and fucose where found in higher amounts in base than tip portion. The changes in cell wall composition suggest that the development in gymnosperm cell walls follow the same key events as found in dicotyledon walls (type I).

Carbohydrates↗