Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “behaviour”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Sexual differences in oral health behaviour and factors associated with oral health behaviour in Japanese young adults.

The aim of this study is to compare the state of oral health behaviour between genders and to analyse factors associated with oral health behaviour by gender in young adults. Anonymous questionnaire data were collected from 527 adults (245 men and 282 women) aged 20-29 years who consulted dentists in Chiba City. The Chi-square test, Mann-Whitney analysis, and logistic regression analysis were used to examine the differences in oral health behaviour and determinants of oral health behaviour between young men and young women. The rate of good behaviour among women were significantly higher than those among men in each oral health behaviour item (toothbrushing frequency p < 0.001; using dental floss p = 0.042; dental check-ups p < 0.001). In women, factors associated with each oral health behaviour were as follows: toothbrushing frequency (family composition p = 0.030); using dental floss (dental health knowledge p = 0.025, employment status p = 0.031), and dental check-ups (age group p = 0.024). In men, a significant relationship was seen only between using dental floss and age group p = 0.025). This study indicated that young women had better oral health behaviour and that more factors were associated with their oral health behaviour in comparison with young men.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Unconditioned anxiety and social behaviour in two rat lines selectively bred for high and low anxiety-related behaviour.

Individuals of high anxiety-related behaviour (HAB) and low anxiety-related behaviour (LAB) rat lines were selectively bred for differences in anxiety-related behaviour on the elevated plus-maze. The goal of this study was to investigate whether this behavioural difference is restricted to the test used as the selection criterion or whether it is a stable and robust trait also in other conflict or non-conflict situations. Therefore, behaviour of male and female HAB and LAB rats was examined in two further tests of unconditioned anxiety: the black-white box and the social interaction test. Furthermore, behaviour of group-housed male HAB and LAB rats was studied in their home cages. In addition to standard statistics, discriminant analyses were performed. The difference in anxiety-related behaviour between the two lines was highly consistent in all tests of unconditioned anxiety. There were also differences in home cage behaviour, LAB rats being more active than HAB rats; this is likely to be a consequence of the LAB rats displaying a higher aggressiveness in social behaviour, compared to HAB rats. In all tests used HAB and LAB rats were clearly distinguished by discriminant analysis. However, while in the elevated plus-maze and the black-white box test the most important parameters for discrimination between the two lines were mainly those generally seen as closely related to anxiety, the discrimination in the social interaction paradigm was primarily due to differences in locomotor activity.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

The Rett Syndrome Behaviour Questionnaire (RSBQ): refining the behavioural phenotype of Rett syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Although physical features, including loss of hand skills, deceleration of head growth, spasticity and scoliosis, are cardinal features of Rett syndrome (RS), a number of behavioural features are also associated with the disorder, including hand stereotypies, hyperventilation and breath holding. No study has tested the specificity of these behavioural features to individuals with RS, compared to individuals with severe to profound mental retardation (SMR). METHOD: A novel checklist of characteristic RS behavioural and emotional features, the Rett Syndrome Behaviour Questionnaire (RSBQ), was developed to test the type and specificity of behavioural features of RS against those found in girls with SMR. RESULTS: After controlling for the effects of RS-related physical disabilities, the RSBQ discriminated between the groups. Some aspects of the behaviours found to be specific to RS are included in the necessary or supportive RS diagnostic criteria, notably hand behaviours and breathing problems. Additional behavioural features were also more frequently reported in the RS than the SMR group, including mood fluctuations and signs of fear/anxiety, inconsolable crying and screaming at night, and repetitive mouth and tongue movements and grimacing. CONCLUSIONS: Full validation of the scale requires confirmation of its discriminatory power and reliability with independent samples of individuals with RS and SMR. Further delineation of the specific profile of behaviours seen in RS may help in identification of the function of the MECP2 gene and in improved differential diagnosis and management of individuals with RS.

Child↗
PubMed1995

The development of measures of organizational citizenship behaviour and changes in job behaviours related to quality management in health care.

A study was conducted at two tertiary care hospitals in Canada for the purpose of developing instruments to measure organizational citizenship behaviours (OCB) and changes in job behaviours that occur as a result of participation on hospital quality improvement (CQI) teams. Semi structured interviews were conducted among 52 hospital employees in order to elicit critical incidents of OCB and changes in job behaviours related to CQI. The results of the staff interviews were used to develop a measure of OCB in the hospital setting, and a measure of changes in job behaviours related to CQI. 39 employees, who were drawn from the major departments within the two hospitals on the basis of their membership on CQI teams, participated in a test of the psychometric properties of the two research instruments. Exploratory factor analysis, employing an orthogonal rotation, yielded two factors that accounted for 30% of the variation among the OCB items. The Cronbach alpha for items loading highly on the first factor was .88. The factor was labelled 'OCB directed towards individuals within the organization'. This factor was dominated by items reflecting the kinds of extra-role job behaviours employees engage in to assist patients, family members, visitors, and other employees within the organization. The Cronbach alpha for items loading highly on the second factor was 0.71. The second factor was labelled 'organizationally directed OCB', and consisted of behaviours that reflected an impersonal form of OCB in the hospital setting. Factor analysis, employing an orthogonal rotation, yielded four factors that accounted for 48% of the variation among the items measuring changes in job behaviours related to CQI. The four factors were labelled 'problem-solving', Cronbach alpha 0.82; 'customer awareness', Cronbach alpha 0.79; 'use of CQI knowledge', Cronbach alpha 0.77; and 'organizational interests', Cronbach alpha 0.79. The two OCB factors were moderately correlated, there were no significant correlations among any of the factors measuring changes in job behaviours related to CQI, and the problem-solving job behaviours factor was moderately correlated with the two OCB factors. Directions for future research are discussed.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗
PubMed2001

Goal importance within planned behaviour theory as 'the' predictor of study behaviour in college.

BACKGROUND: The theory of planned behaviour has been rarely used for the explanation of student study behaviour and achievement. Although successful, the theory has been criticised for not including important cognitions, so goal importance was added in the present study. Goal importance refers to the weight-importance an individual assigns towards achieving a specific goal (Hollenbeck & Williams, 1987). AIMS: The purpose of Study 1 was to explain the study behaviour habits of first year college students, using a) Ajzen and Madden's (1986) theory of planned behaviour, and b) planned behaviour with the addition of goal importance. The purpose of Study 2 was to replicate the findings of Study 1. SAMPLES: The sample of Study 1 included 149 first year students of an American College located in northern Greece. Study 2 included 85 first year students of the same institution. METHODS: The students in Study 1 were given a questionnaire four weeks prior to the end of the spring 1998 semester, and those in Study 2 in the autumn of 1998, including all elements of the theory of planned behaviour and goal importance. The data were modelled using Covariance Structural Modelling (CSM) and EQS 5.7b (Bentler, 1998). RESULTS: The planned behaviour model was not well supported in Study 1 providing a Comparative Fit Index (CFI) of.83. However, when goal importance was included in the equation, the resulting structural model produced a CFI of.94. The final structural model of Study 1 was re-tested with the sample of Study 2 and produced a CFI =.95. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that goal importance is the causal agent in directing all elements necessary to achieve high levels of study behaviour. Future studies should examine the role of goal importance with other behaviours as well.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Addressing challenging behaviour in children with Down syndrome: the use of applied behaviour analysis for assessment and intervention.

Children with Down syndrome are at an increased risk for engaging in challenging behaviour that may be part of a behavioural phenotype characteristic of Down syndrome. The methodology of applied behaviour analysis has been demonstrated effective with a wide range of challenging behaviours, across various disabilities. Applications to children with Down syndrome and the examination of behaviourally based strategies to specifically address the unique characteristics of children with Down syndrome are limited. However, there are several studies in which a subset of the participants did have Down syndrome. A handful of these studies are reviewed within the context of functional behaviour assessment and Positive Behavioural Supports. Drawing from these studies and the behavioural literature, as well as the authors' clinical experience and research, suggestions regarding early intervention for challenging behaviour with children with Down syndrome are provided.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed2000

Cytidinediphosphocholine (CDP choline) for cognitive and behavioural disturbances associated with chronic cerebral disorders in the elderly.

BACKGROUND: The prevalent use of this compound in the treatment of disorders of a cerebrovascular nature does not mean that a homogeneous and consistent application of this therapy has been applied. Dosage, method of administration, and selection criteria of patients have varied. The modalities of the studies, including length of observation, severity of disturbance, and methodology of the evaluation of the results were also heterogeneous. In spite of uncertainties about its efficacy, CDP-choline is a frequently prescribed drug for cognitive impairment in several European countries, especially when the clinical picture is predominantly one of cerebrovascular disease, hence the need for this review. OBJECTIVES: The objective is to assess the efficacy of CDP-choline (cytidinediphosphocholine) in the treatment of cognitive, emotional, and behavioural deficits associated with chronic cerebral disorders of the elderly. SEARCH STRATEGY: The CDCIG register of trials was searched for all relevant, non-animal randomised controlled trials using the terms CDP-choline/CDP, Citicoline, Cytidine Diphosphate Choline and Diphosphocholine. The Psychlit (1974-1996), Psychiatry (1980-1996) and MEDLINE electronic databases have been searched independently by the reviewers. The reviewers have also contacted manufacturers of CDP-choline. SELECTION CRITERIA: All relevant, non-animal, unconfounded, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trials of CDP-choline in cognitive impairment due to chronic cerebral disorders will be considered for inclusion in the review. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently reviewed the included studies, extracted the data, and pooled it when appropriate and possible. The pooled odd ratios (95% CI) or the average differences (95% CI) were estimated. No intention-to-treat data were available from the studies included. MAIN RESULTS: Seven of the included studies observed the subjects for a period between 20 to 30 days, one study was of 6 weeks duration, 2 studies used cycles extending over 2 and 3 months and one study observed continuous administration over 3 months. The studies were heterogeneous in dose, inclusion criteria for subjects, and outcome measures. Results are reported for the domains of attention, memory testing, behavioural rating scales, global clinical impression and tolerability. There was no significant evidence of a beneficial effect of CDP-choline on attention. There were modest, but significant, beneficial effects of CDP-choline on memory function and behaviour. For the outcome of clinical global impression, the odds ratio for improvement in the subjects treated with CDP-Choline as opposed to the subjects treated with placebo was 8.89 [5.19, 15.22]. The drug was well tolerated. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: There is some evidence that CDP Choline has a positive effect on memory and behaviour in at least the short term. The evidence of benefit from global impression is stronger, but is still limited by the duration of the studies. There is evidence that the effect of treatment is more homogeneous for patients with cognitive impairment secondary to cerebrovascular disorder. Other studies with a more appropriate length of treatment are recommended owing to the chronic and irreversible nature of the disorders for which this treatment is indicated.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Behavioural tolerance to amphetamine and other psychostimulants: the case for considering behavioural mechanisms.

An hypothesis is presented about the nature of behavioural tolerance in animals to stimulant drugs. It is suggested that, in many behavioural procedures, tolerance is due to behavioural adaptation to those drug effects which cause disruption of ongoing rewarded behaviour. This unitary hypothesis accounts for the available data on tolerance and cross-tolerance to stimulants more effectively than all of the other more conventional explanations which are based upon dispositional or functional concepts, the most common of which are described, evaluated, and found to be inadequate. Furthermore, it is suggested that attempts to explain tolerance in terms of changes in synaptic functioning are subject to very considerable problems of interpretation and that an analysis of behavioural mechanisms may be of greater value in understanding the process of behavioural tolerance. Evidence for the basic behavioural hypothesis is outlined in some detail, and a theoretical justification presented for its major assumptions. Operant studies of chronic stimulant effects on behaviour have often produced very complex patterns of data, considerable differences being reported both between subjects and between studies. A speculative model is presented which attempts to account for this pattern of data in tolerance studies.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

Comparative effects of preoptic area infusions of opioid peptides, lesions and castration on sexual behaviour in male rats: studies of instrumental behaviour, conditioned place preference and partner preference.

The effects on the sexual behaviour of male rats of excitotoxic amino acid-induced lesions of the medial preoptic area-anterior hypothalamic area (mPOA/AHA), infusions of beta-endorphin, alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone and naloxone into the mPOA/AHA, systemic naloxone and castration were compared using different behavioural paradigms. These included measures of unconditioned copulatory behaviour, instrumental responses for an oestrous female presented under a second-order schedule of reinforcement, conditioned place preference and partner preference. The results demonstrate that manipulations of the mPOA/AHA markedly affect consummatory aspects of sexual behaviour (mounting, intromitting and ejaculating) but tend not to affect appetitive or reward-related aspects of sexual behaviour, although intra-mPOA/AHA alpha MSH did result in a small increase in instrumental responses, while beta-endorphin infused into the mPOA/AHA also abolished preference for an oestrous over an anoestrous female. Systemic naloxone, on the other hand, reduced instrumental behaviour and a place preference conditioned by prior sexual interaction, while the same compound infused into the mPOA/AHA markedly facilitated copulatory responses but did not affect other measures of appetitive sexual responses. Castration caused an extremely rapid attenuation of conditioned place preference which was apparent before the males had experienced reductions in their copulatory performance. This treatment only slowly reduced partner preference. The results indicate that the use of several behavioural procedures can reveal discrete actions of neuroendocrine treatments on separable psychological processes which underly the integrated pattern of masculine sexual behaviour. In particular, they suggest that the mPOA/AHA is especially concerned with the copulatory responses of mounting and intromitting, but is much less important for a variety of appetitive sexual acts as well as sexual reward, as measured in the place preference procedure. The marked effects of castration on conditioned place preference taken together with the lack of effect of lesions of the mPOA/AHA on this measure indicate that testosterone affects sexual reward-related processes by an action at a site other than the mPOA/AHA. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Relations between parenting and externalizing and internalizing problem behaviour in early adolescence: child behaviour as moderator and predictor.

In this longitudinal study we investigated relations between parenting and externalizing and internalizing problem behaviour during early adolescence. First, we examined parenting effects on problem behaviour, including child behaviour as a moderator. Second, we examined child behaviour as predictor of parenting, also including moderator effects. A total of 650 13- to 14-year-olds filled out the Youth Self-Report and questionnaires about parenting at two times within a one-year interval. Relations between parenting and problem behaviour appeared to be stronger for externalizing than for internalizing problem behaviour. Both parenting effects and child effects were found. Parenting significantly predicted an increase in externalizing problem behaviour one year later. Adolescent's previous level of problem behaviour predicted changes in parenting (involvement and decisional autonomy granting). In addition, parental and child characteristics interacted in predicting outcome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Acute perinatal asphyxia at birth has long-term effects on behavioural arousal and maternal behaviour in lactating rats.

This study analysed the long-term consequences of an asphyctic event at birth on maternal behaviour and emotionality in rats. Pregnant Wistar rats were delivered by Caesarean section and the pups, still in the uterus horns, were placed into a water bath at 37 degrees C for periods of 0 (Caesarean delivery, CD) or 20 min (asphyxia, CD+20). Control subjects were born by vaginal delivery (VD). Subsequently, pups were given to surrogate mothers, weaned at 21 days, and mated at adulthood. After giving birth, differences in maternal competence and behavioural arousal were assessed observing: (i) maternal behaviour after reunion with the pups following a 3h separation, on postpartum day (PPD) 4; (ii) behaviour in an elevated plus-maze test, on postpartum day 7; and (iii) performance in a fear conditioning test, in which subjects learned to associate a conditional stimulus with an aversive unconditioned stimulus (postpartum days 7-8). Results indicate that subjects in the CD+20 group showed a deficit in maternal care, taking a longer time to retrieve the whole litter and often failing to retrieve all pups. Both CD and CD+20 groups showed higher behavioural activity in the plus-maze. In addition, when tested in the fear conditioning paradigm, the CD+20 group showed a lower latency to perform freezing behaviour in the auditory cue trial. The changes in behavioural arousal described suggest that the dopaminergic system may be a potential neurochemical target for an early hypoxic insult and indicate maternal behaviour as a useful endpoint to study the effects of early birth insult on brain function.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2006

Partial lesion of the serotonergic system by a single dose of MDMA results in behavioural disinhibition and enhances acute MDMA-induced social behaviour on the social interaction test.

The acute effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) on anxiety-related behaviours were studied using indices of social interaction in Dark Agouti (DA) both drug naive rats and those pretreated with MDMA (15 mg/kg i.p.) 3 weeks earlier. The functional neuroanatomy of these MDMA effects was visualised using 2-deoxyglucose imaging of local cerebral glucose use (LCMRglu), whilst MDMA-induced serotonergic neurotoxicity was measured by radioligand binding with [3H]paroxetine. Acute MDMA alone markedly decreased most typical elements of social interaction but increased adjacent lying, a behaviour that also contains social elements. In animals pre-exposed to MDMA, decreased [3H]paroxetine binding indicated serotonergic terminal depletion, and in these animals significant increases in locomotor activity, exploratory behaviour and aggressive behaviour were found. Both behavioural effects and also the metabolic activation induced by acute MDMA were potentiated in rats previously exposed to the drug. In conclusion, a single dose of MDMA caused marked changes in social behaviour acutely that might be interpreted either as a decrease or increase in anxiety. Three weeks after MDMA a behavioural disinhibition similar to psychomotor agitation, a symptom connected to depression or mania, and a sensitization to the acute effects of MDMA are apparent in both the behavioural and brain metabolic effects of the drug.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The Mutant Mouse Behaviour network, a medium to present and discuss methods for the behavioural phenotyping.

The nonprofit international Mutant Mouse Behaviour network "MMB" was founded within the framework of the conference "Behavioural Phenotyping of Mouse Mutants", February 2000, held in Cologne, Germany. It intends to be a forum for presenting and discussing all topics dealing with the behavioural phenotyping of mice. The major aim of the MMB is to support the interdisciplinary finding of a consensus on the methods and techniques used for behavioural phenotyping of mouse mutants. That means that scientist involved in the development of mouse models have to consent to the fact that a consideration of all the parameters that might affect the behaviour is necessary. Finding and establishing a consensus is a fluent process based on a continuous exchange of information. The network will provide a standardised database that includes detailed descriptions of test methods and of the relevant background parameters that might influence the behaviour of mice. Information will range from detailed descriptions of test methods, specifications of the equipment used, housing conditions, and specifications of the animals used according to the international nomenclature. The detailed descriptions will help in making behavioural tests and their results comprehensible and reproducible. A mailing list has been established to provide a platform for the continuous exchange of information between the network members. It will be a forum for discussing all topics related to behavioural phenotyping (see above). Scientists from all research areas involved are free to provide detailed information about their experimental work, and will, in return, get a quick response to their questions. Furthermore, the mailing list will be a useful medium to determine which information should be incorporated.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Escape-related behaviours in an unstable elevated and exposed environment. I. A new behavioural model of extreme anxiety.

The aim of this study was to validate a new behavioural test for extreme anxiety, designed to elicit unconditioned escape from animals on an unstable, elevated and exposed plus maze. The animals were also run on a standard elevated plus maze, so that well-validated anxiety measures could be compared with the animals' propensity to escape. The first experiment compared the behavioural repertoire of three rat strains; more escape behaviours were elicited from the Sprague Dawleys (SDs) and dark agouti (DAs) than from the hooded listers (HLs) on the unstable maze. Similarly, the SDs and DAs exhibited higher anxiety profiles than the HLs on the standard plus maze. There was a clear correlation, therefore, between the propensity to escape and well-validated anxiety measures. A further group of rats [HLs] was tested on both the unstable and standard plus mazes (Experiment 2) and principal components analyses carried out on all behavioural measures. The extracted factors identified separate and independent factors relating to escape-linked behaviours on the unstable plus maze and anxiety on the standard plus maze. The escape-linked behaviours exhibited on the unstable plus maze appear to reflect a different type of anxiety from that exhibited on the standard plus maze. The bias towards escape behaviours shown by some rats on the unstable plus maze may mimic the chronically hyper-aroused, persistent 'fight/flight' state exhibited by certain categories of anxiety patients, and hence provide a behavioural model of extreme anxiety.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Assessing the need for reactive behaviour management strategies in children with intellectual disability and severe challenging behaviour.

The need for reactive behavioural management strategies for aggressive behaviours in adults with intellectual disability has been clearly established, but equivalent information concerning children with challenging behaviour is lacking by comparison. The present study was conducted in order to assess this need. A retrospective study was conducted to ascertain the nature of aggressive behaviours amongst a cohort children referred to a specialist support service. Aggressive behaviours were found to occur at high rates within the study group. Almost 60% of the children displayed aggression that occurred at least daily, and the behaviours resulted in serious consequences for carers in almost one-third of the group. Physical interventions were already in use in 56% of cases, but were largely improvised by carers. The need to include reactive behavioural training as part of an overall intervention package for carers of children with challenging behaviour appeared to be supported by the present results. The implications for training design are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Homology, behaviour and spider webs: web construction behaviour of Linyphia hortensis and L. triangularis (Araneae: Linyphiidae) and its evolutionary significance.

Linyphiidae is the second largest family of spiders. Using Linyphia hortensis and L. triangularis, we describe linyphiid sheet-web construction behaviour. Orb-web construction behaviour is reviewed and compared with that of nonorb-weaving orbicularians. Phylogenetic comparisons and the biogenetic law are applied to deduce behavioural homology. Linyphia webs were constructed gradually and in segments over a period of many days and had a long lifespan. Two construction behaviours, supporting structure and sticky thread (ST) (within the sheet) were observed. ST construction behaviour in linyphiids is considered homologous to sticky spiral construction in orb-weavers. Overall web construction conformed to the pattern of alternate construction of sticky and nonsticky parts as observed in theridiids. Linyphiids had no problem in switching between structure construction and ST construction even during a single behavioural bout. Both web construction behaviours in linyphiids were nonstereotypic, which is unusual in orbicularians. This might be due to the loss of control mechanisms at genetic level, probably by macro mutation. Lack of stereotypic behaviour might have played a substantial role in the origin of the diverse web forms seen in nonorb-weaving orbicularians. This hypothesis is consistent with patterns observed in the orbicularian phylogeny.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Behaviour problems and language abilities at three years and behavioural deviance at eight years.

A representative sample of 535 children were followed up from their third to their eighth birthday using measures of language ability and behaviour. At age 8 yr it was found that there were significantly more boys with behavioural deviance than girls, and that children from manual social class backgrounds also showed more behavioural deviance. The only difference between the immigrant and non-immigrant children was a less frequent occurrence of neurotic deviance in the immigrant group. It was found that behaviour problems at age 3 yr were strongly related to behavioural deviance at school at age 8 yr, particularly for boys. This medium-term stability in behaviour problems had not been found in previous studies looking at younger children. A low score on a measure of language structure at age 3 yr was found to be related to a high rate of neurotic deviance at age 8 yr even when behaviour at age 3 yr was controlled. The implications of these findings for the early identification and intervention with children at risk for later behaviour deviance are discussed.

Antisocial Personality Disorder↗
PubMed2004

Translating teamwork behaviours from aviation to healthcare: development of behavioural markers for neonatal resuscitation.

Improving teamwork in healthcare may help reduce and manage errors. This paper takes a step toward that goal by (1) proposing a set of teamwork behaviours, or behavioural markers, for neonatal resuscitation; (2) presenting a data form for recording observations about these markers; and (3) comparing and contrasting different sets of teamwork behaviours that have been developed for healthcare. Data from focus groups of neonatal providers, surveys, and video recordings of neonatal resuscitations were used to identify some new teamwork behaviours, to translate existing aviation team behaviours to this setting, and to develop a data collection form. This behavioural marker audit form for neonatal resuscitation lists and defines 10 markers that describe specific, observable behaviours seen during the resuscitation of newborn infants. These markers are compared with those developed by other groups. Future research should determine the relations among these behaviours and errors, and test their usefulness in measuring the impact of team training interventions.

Aviation↗