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PubMed2005

Aviation medicine in the United Kingdom: from the end of World War I to the end of World War II, 1919-1945.

This is the second of three brief papers that summarize the history of Aviation Medicine in the Royal Air Force. British aviation medicine research was rescued from the doldrums of retrenchment after the end of the First World War by the need to support attempts on world records for height and speed. Despite this, the outbreak of the Second World War still found the British inadequately prepared. This part of the account of British aviation medicine research charts its transition from an organization with three full-time workers into a thriving research institute.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed2001

Health and social security reforms in Latin America: the convergence of the World Health Organization, the World Bank, and transnational corporations.

International financial institutions have played an increasing role in the formation of social policy in Latin American countries over the last two decades, particularly in health and pension programs. World Bank loans and their attached policy conditions have promoted several social security reforms within a neoliberal framework that privileges the role of the market in the provision of health and pensions. Moreover, by endorsing the privatization of health services in Latin America, the World Health Organization has converged with these policies. The privatization of social security has benefited international corporations that become partners with local business elites. Thus the World Health Organization, international financial institutions, and transnational corporations have converged in the neoliberal reforms of social security in Latin America. Overall, the process represents a mechanism of resource transfer from labor to capital and sheds light on one of the ways in which neoliberalism may affect the health of Latin American populations.

Commerce↗
PubMed1977

[Global program of smallpox eradication. 1. Smallpox in the world before acceptance of the program of its eradication by the World Health Organization].

Despite a considerable success in control smallpox in a number of countries reached as a result of vaccination the problem of eradication of this infection could not be solved without uniting the efforts of all the countries in the world. Guided by humanity principles the delegation of the USSR suggested in 1958 a program of smallpox eradication in the whole world. World smallpox morbidity is analyzed in this work.

Africa↗
PubMed2001

Population morphometric analysis of the tropicopolitan bug Triatoma rubrofasciata and relationships with old world species of Triatoma: evidence of New World ancestry.

Quantitative analysis of morphological characters of the head was used to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the tropicopolitan bug Triatoma rubrofasciata (De Geer) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) and seven species of Old World Triatoma. Multivariate analysis demonstrates that T. rubrofasciata and the Old World species have a high degree of similarity with Nearctic Triatoma species, particularly T. rubida (Uhler). We interpret this to imply a common ancestry for these groups. Dissemination of T. rubrofasciata and subsequent derivation of the Old World species of Triatoma is deduced to have occurred over a period of not more than 350 years.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

New World tetraploid cottons contain Old World cytoplasm.

New World tetraploid cottons (Gossypium spp.) originated through hybridization of ancestral diploid species that presently have allopatric ranges in Asia-Africa (the A genome) and the New World tropics and subtropics (the D genome). Despite intensive study, the identity of the parental diploids and the antiquity of polyploidization remain unresolved. In this study, variation in the maternally inherited chloroplast genome was assessed among species representing both of the parental genomes and the tetraploids. Approximately 560 restriction sites were assayed in each accession, representing sequence information for about 3200 nucleotides. The resulting maternal phylogeny has no convergent restriction site mutations and demonstrates that the cytoplasm donor for all tetraploid species was an A genome diploid with a chloroplast genome that is similar to Gossypium arboreum and Gossypium herbaceum. No mutational differences were detected between these two species, and few mutations distinguish the chloroplast genomes of A genome diploids from those of tetraploid taxa. In contrast to expectations based on extensive taxonomic, geographic, and genetic diversity, a surprisingly low level of sequence divergence has accumulated subsequent to polyploidization. Chloroplast genomes of tetraploid species are distinguished from each other by between one and six apparent point mutations. The data suggest that tetraploid cotton originated relatively recently, perhaps within the last 1-2 million years, with subsequent rapid evolution and diversification throughout the New World tropics.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Multinational corporations, the politics of the world economy, and their effects on women's health in the developing world: a review.

Presently, globalization and the world economy maintain power relations that hamper the economic integrity and the political autonomy of the developing world. My paper addresses specific economic conditions that perpetuate poverty and poor health. I examine multinational corporations and their effects on women's health, particularly in Mexico and parts of Asia. The advent of multinational corporate business in Mexico, Malaysia, Philippines, India, and Indonesia has led to increased poverty and human rights abuses. Women bear the brunt of this because of specific international economic arrangements and their low social status, both locally and globally. As a result, their physical, mental, and emotional health is suffering. Solutions to these health problems have been proposed on multiple levels: international top-down approaches (i.e., employing international protectionist regulatory standards, exposing multinationals who infringe on their workers' human rights), as well as local grassroots organizational campaigns (i.e., conducting informational human rights workshops for factory workers). Ultimately, the answers lie in holding corporations accountable to their laborers while developing countries maintain their comparative advantage; this is the only way women's health will improve and the developing world can entice corporate investment.

Asia↗
PubMed2003

Sapayoa aenigma: a New World representative of 'Old World suboscines'.

Passerine birds are very plastic in their adaptations, which has made it difficult to define phylogenetic lineages and correctly allocate all species to these. Sapayoa aenigma, a member of the large group of New World flycatchers, has been difficult to place, and DNA-DNA hybridization experiments have indicated that it may have been misplaced. This is confirmed here, as base sequencing of two nuclear genes places it as a deep branch in the group of broadbills and pittas of the Old World tropics. The peculiar distribution of this lineage may be best explained in terms of a Gondwanic and Late Cretaceous origin of the passerine birds, as this particular lineage dispersed from the Antarctic landmass, reaching the Old World tropics via the drifting Indian plate, and South America via the West Antarctic Peninsula.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

The message from the World Asthma Meeting. The Working Groups of the World Asthma Meeting, held in Barcelona, Spain, December 9-13, 1998.

The 1998 World Asthma Meeting (WAM) has been the first multidisciplinary event aimed to consider asthma as a global public health problem in children and adults. The purpose of the meeting was to present state-of-the-art scientific information and to make recommendations on the research agenda for the coming years. Five Working Groups of invited experts were appointed to pin-point the established knowledge and the important questions in the areas of epidemiology, prevention, pathogenesis, management, and education. Their reports were discussed during the final plenary session, and are forming the current proceedings of the meeting. The message of the World Asthma Meeting provides a research agenda supported by the major international bodies involved in this disease. An integrated approach is considered to be essential in order to improve the prevention and care of asthma in all countries of the world.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Kohl: a lead-hazardous eye makeup from the Third World to the First World.

Kohl is a widely used traditional cosmetic. It is mainly worn around the eyes in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. It may be a pervasive source of lead poisoning in those areas and among individuals from those areas who have immigrated to developed nations. Samples of kohl were purchased in Morocco, Mauritania, Great Britain, and the United States. Some of these samples originated from Pakistan, India, and Saudi Arabia. Kohl is widely believed to consist of antimony, but analysis consistently revealed only trace amounts of antimony. Nine of the twenty-two samples tested contained less than 0.6% lead; however, seven samples had lead levels in excess of 50%. The remainder ranged from 3.31 to 37.3%. Third-world-manufactured kohls were purchased in the United States and Britain, suggesting that this hazard is no longer confined to the third world. Those kohls that contained lead were sold in violation of laws on lead in cosmetics in both of these nations. Third-world physicians and health care workers appear to be unaware of possible lead uptake from unsuspected traditionally used items. Physicians in developed nations with patients from Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa need to factor in the possibility of past or present lead intake from unorthodox sources such as kohl.

Antimony↗
PubMed1992

World malaria situation 1990. Division of Control of Tropical Diseases. World Health Organization, Geneva.

Malaria risk of varying degree exists in 99 countries or areas. However, falciparum malaria does not exist or its relative prevalence is less than 1% in 13 of these countries. Accurate information on the global incidence of malaria is difficult to obtain because reporting is particularly incomplete in areas known to be highly endemic. The global incidence of malaria is estimated to be nearly 120 million clinical cases each year, with nearly 300 million people carrying the parasite. 90% of the total number of cases reported annually to WHO are from 19 countries only. This does not include the WHO African Region where reporting of cases remains fragmentary and irregular despite improvements in recent years. Some 75% of cases are concentrated in 9 countries (in decreasing order): India, Brazil, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Indonesia, Viet Nam, Cambodia and China. Furthermore, within these countries malaria is concentrated in certain areas. Of a total world population of about 5.3 billion people, 3.1 billion (59%) live in areas free of malaria (it never existed, disappeared or was eliminated by antimalaria campaigns and the malaria-free status has been maintained). 1.7 billion people (32%) live in areas where endemic malaria was considerably reduced or even eliminated but transmission was reinstated and the situation is unstable or deteriorating. These latter areas include zones with the most severe malaria problems which developed following major ecological or social changes, such as agricultural or other economic exploitation of jungle areas, sociopolitical unrest, etc.; these zones comprise only about 1% of the world population. Areas where endemic malaria remains basically unchanged, and no national antimalaria programme was ever implemented, are inhabited by 500 million people (9%), mainly in tropical Africa. Severe malaria and mortality are caused by Plasmodium falciparum which is the predominant species of malaria in tropical Africa. In the rest of the world it is far less common. WHO receives very limited and irregular reports on malaria deaths. The vast majority of malaria deaths occur in Africa; estimates vary greatly: a figure of 800,000 deaths per year in African children has been quoted in 1991 by the WHO African Region. There are indications that mortality in children has fallen in some areas because of the widespread use of antimalarials, of social development and of better education. Countries in tropical Africa are estimated to have more than 80% of all clinical cases and more than 90% of all parasite carriers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Africa↗
PubMed1994

[The child's world and his family world].

Interactive processes between the child's inner and outer worlds are of first-rank importance for childhood psychogenesis. In this the particular family dynamic is especially important both for the creation of constructs and for ongoing semantic differentiation in the child. The diversity of modern family structures are also reflected in the child's inner world. In the light of personally observed individual case studies, the paper describes interactive processes between the child, family and professional worlds and draws possible action-oriented conclusions for everyday pediatric practice. The remarks are based on a general concept of knowledge and action in family therapy (Meilen Concept [The Meilen Concept is being developed in the Arbeitsgemeinschaft des Ausbildungsinstituts für systemische Therapie und Beratung, Meilen. Apart from the author its other members are Rosmarie Welter-Enderlin, Bruno Hildenbrand and Röbi Wäschle]), which is also briefly outlined. The model is designed to make clear that the central pole of professional action is understanding of the individual case through the encounter of physician and patient system. Professional knowledge and the rules of the physician's craft serve to keep this encounter within the bounds of professionalism.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2002

Choice of fecal occult blood tests for colorectal cancer screening: recommendations based on performance characteristics in population studies: a WHO (World Health Organization) and OMED (World Organization for Digestive Endoscopy) report.

OBJECTIVE: There is now strong evidence that screening for colorectal cancer with fecal occult blood tests (FOBTs) is effective in reducing the incidence and mortality of this disease. Various FOBTs are now available with a wide range of evidence supporting their use. The purpose of this study was to review published data on the performance of these FOBTs to provide recommendations for their effective use in screening. METHODS: A joint committee representing the World Health Organization and the World Organization for Digestive Endoscopy was established for this study. A process was designed that would search the literature systematically for evidence of FOBT performance. Criteria for including studies in this paper were established based on study design, cohort size, and performance variables reported. RESULTS: Of the guaiac tests, Hemoccult SENSA had the highest sensitivity for cancer and adenomas but a high test positivity. It had a better readability than the older Hemoccult II test. Immunochemical tests, HemeSelect, FlexSure OBT, and Immudia Hem Sp have acceptable performance characteristics and are easier for participants to use but are more expensive. These tests have been well studied in large cohorts, but only Immudia Hem Sp is commercially available. CONCLUSIONS: At present, there is no extensively studied FOBT that fulfills the needs for all target populations worldwide. Choice of FOBT should take into account population dietary compliance and colonoscopy resources: The more sensitive newer tests should be used if dietary compliance is good (in the case of guaiac tests) and colonoscopy resources are adequate for diagnostic workup of people who test positive. Immunochemical tests remove the difficulties created by diet and drug restrictions and are more amenable to standardized development and quality control.

Colorectal Neoplasms↗
PubMed2004

Prevalence, severity, and unmet need for treatment of mental disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys.

CONTEXT: Little is known about the extent or severity of untreated mental disorders, especially in less-developed countries. OBJECTIVE: To estimate prevalence, severity, and treatment of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) mental disorders in 14 countries (6 less developed, 8 developed) in the World Health Organization (WHO) World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Face-to-face household surveys of 60 463 community adults conducted from 2001-2003 in 14 countries in the Americas, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The DSM-IV disorders, severity, and treatment were assessed with the WMH version of the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WMH-CIDI), a fully structured, lay-administered psychiatric diagnostic interview. RESULTS: The prevalence of having any WMH-CIDI/DSM-IV disorder in the prior year varied widely, from 4.3% in Shanghai to 26.4% in the United States, with an interquartile range (IQR) of 9.1%-16.9%. Between 33.1% (Colombia) and 80.9% (Nigeria) of 12-month cases were mild (IQR, 40.2%-53.3%). Serious disorders were associated with substantial role disability. Although disorder severity was correlated with probability of treatment in almost all countries, 35.5% to 50.3% of serious cases in developed countries and 76.3% to 85.4% in less-developed countries received no treatment in the 12 months before the interview. Due to the high prevalence of mild and subthreshold cases, the number of those who received treatment far exceeds the number of untreated serious cases in every country. CONCLUSIONS: Reallocation of treatment resources could substantially decrease the problem of unmet need for treatment of mental disorders among serious cases. Structural barriers exist to this reallocation. Careful consideration needs to be given to the value of treating some mild cases, especially those at risk for progressing to more serious disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative Version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI).

This paper presents an overview of the World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and a discussion of the methodological research on which the development of the instrument was based. The WMH-CIDI includes a screening module and 40 sections that focus on diagnoses (22 sections), functioning (four sections), treatment (two sections), risk factors (four sections), socio-demographic correlates (seven sections), and methodological factors (two sections). Innovations compared to earlier versions of the CIDI include expansion of the diagnostic sections, a focus on 12-month as well as lifetime disorders in the same interview, detailed assessment of clinical severity, and inclusion of information on treatment, risk factors, and consequences. A computer-assisted version of the interview is available along with a direct data entry software system that can be used to keypunch responses to the paper-and-pencil version of the interview. Computer programs that generate diagnoses are also available based on both ICD-10 and DSM-IV criteria. Elaborate CD-ROM-based training materials are available to teach interviewers how to administer the interview as well as to teach supervisors how to monitor the quality of data collection.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey Initiative.

To present an overview of the World Health Organization World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative. The discussion draws on knowledge gleaned from the authors' participation as principals in WMH. WMH has carried out community epidemiological surveys in more than two dozen countries with more than 200,000 completed interviews. Additional surveys are in progress. Clinical reappraisal studies embedded in WMH surveys have been used to develop imputation rules to adjust prevalence estimates for within- and between-country variation in accuracy. WMH interviews include detailed information about sub-threshold manifestations to address the problem of rigid categorical diagnoses not applying equally to all countries. Investigations are now underway of targeted substantive issues. Despite inevitable limitations imposed by existing diagnostic systems and variable expertise in participating countries, WMH has produced an unprecedented amount of high-quality data on the general population cross-national epidemiology of mental disorders. WMH collaborators are in thoughtful and subtle investigations of cross-national variation in validity of diagnostic assessments and a wide range of important substantive topics. Recognizing that WMH is not definitive, finally, insights from this round of surveys are being used to carry out methodological studies aimed at improving the quality of future investigations.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗
PubMed2026

Pegcetacoplan Delivers Real-World Therapeutic Benefits and Reduces Disease Burden for Patients With Paroxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobinuria: A Systematic Literature Review of Pegcetacoplan Real-World Clinical and Patient-Reported Outcomes.

AIMS: Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) is an ultra-rare, acquired, non-malignant haematological disorder that, if left untreated, can lead to significant morbidity. This systematic literature review (SLR) summarized real-world evidence (RWE) for pegcetacoplan, a complement 3/3b inhibitor (C3i) available since 2021. METHODS: The SLR (PROSPERO-CRD420251043506) followed 2020 PRISMA guidelines and included RW studies of pegcetacoplan (n > 1 pts.; English; to April 2025) in adults (age ≥ 18 years) with PNH. RESULTS: Of 409 identified records, 39 qualified, representing 12 distinct studies. Six studies (n = 4-39) reported median haemoglobin (Hb) with baseline 8.1-9.6 g/dL. Ending median Hb and maximum pegcetacoplan durations were: 12.0 g/dL at 12 months, 11.1-12.1 g/dL at 6 months (3 studies), and 11.1 g/dL at 3 months (1 study). In 4 other studies (n = 48-70), ending mean Hb (maximum pegcetacoplan duration) was: 11.3 g/dL (7.2 months), 11.5 g/dL (6.6 months), 11.5 g/dL (5.9 months), and 11.58 g/dL (3 months). Six studies reported reduced absolute reticulocyte count (ARC; n = 4-39) from baseline median 155-301 × 109/L to median 56-106 × 109/L from 14 days of pegcetacoplan, maintained to maximum pegcetacoplan of 1-12 months. Three studies reported lactate dehydrogenase (LDH; n = 4-62); all showed reductions from baseline median 543.0 to 161.7 U/L after 3 months, and baseline median 299.5-316.0 U/L to 193.5-187.0 U/L after 6 months of pegcetacoplan. In complement 5 inhibitor-naïve, LDH reduced from 977.8 to 358.9 U/L after 8.4 months, and 503.6 to 292.5 U/L in C5i-experienced after 7.2 months. Three studies (n = 4-63) reported reduced LDH from above the upper limit of normal levels. Six studies (n = 23-70) reported reduced red blood cell transfusions (RBCt) after maximum pegcetacoplan durations of up to 12 months, and median durations of 3.0 and 10.2 months. Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT)-Fatigue scale scores in 1 study increased from baseline (mean 28.4) to 38.6 at 3 months, 36.3 at 6 months, and 34.9 at 9 months of pegcetacoplan treatment. Two studies reported FACIT-Fatigue scores of 34.6-40.1 with pegcetacoplan for ≥ 1 month. EQ-5D mean utility scores (0.85-0.94) in 2 studies were comparable to population normative values. On the Short-Form 36 Health Survey, mental and physical component scores were slightly lower than US normative values. CONCLUSIONS: RWE indicates pegcetacoplan is associated with improved haematological outcomes, reduced RBCt dependence and fatigue, and enhanced HRQoL. These findings from real-world studies with diverse cohorts support generalizability and are broadly comparable with clinical trial evidence.

Humans↗
PubMed1999

World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Heart Federation (WHF) Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PBDAY) Study. Histomorphometric investigation of the aorta and coronary arteries in young people from different geographical locations.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: At the Morphometric Reference Center of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Heart Federation (WHF) for the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PBDAY) Project, histomorphometric studies were carried out on aortic and coronary artery walls of 590 people ranging from 5 to 34 yr of age, who were of European, American, Asian and African origin (6 countries) and died of trauma. The aim was to evaluate the mean intimal and medial thickness of arterial tissues. METHODS AND RESULTS: Computerized operator-assisted morphometry with a semiautomatic image analyzer was carried out on 2,893 histological slides (prepared at the WHO Reference Center in Malmö, Sweden). Our data show that age-dependent trends for prevalence of fatty streaks and atherosclerotic plaques in arteries are different: prevalence of fatty streaks increases until a plateau is reached, while exponential growth characterizes atherosclerotic plaque prevalence. Age is statistically associated with an increase in mean intimal and medial thickness in all specimens. CONCLUSIONS: Mean intimal and medial thickness differs in arterial wall specimens of individuals from various geographic locations: persons from countries with high mortality rates from cardiovascular disease tend to have greater mean intimal thickness in youth. Men with hypertension and those who smoke have significantly greater combined means of intimal thickness than normotensives and non-smokers respectively. The also have significantly greater combined means of medial thickness than normotensive men. Histomorphometric data provide evidence of the development of atherosclerotic lesions at an early age and relate their progression to ethnic and lifestyle factors and to major coronary heart disease risk factors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

World Health Organization partograph in management of labour. World Health Organization Maternal Health and Safe Motherhood Programme.

As part of the Safe Motherhood Initiative, launched in 1987, the World Health Organization have produced and promoted a partograph with a view to improving labour management and reducing maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. This partograph has been tested in a multicentre trial in south east Asia involving 35,484 women. Introduction of the partograph with an agreed labour-management protocol reduced both prolonged labour (from 6.4% to 3.4% of labours) and the proportion of labours requiring augmentation (from 20.7% to 9.1%). Emergency caesarean sections fell from 9.9% to 8.3%, and intrapartum stillbirths from 0.5% to 0.3%. Among singleton pregnancies with no complicating factors, the improved outcome was even more marked, with caesarean sections falling from 6.2% to 4.5%. The improvements took place among both nulliparous and multiparous women. The World Health Organisation partograph clearly differentiates normal from abnormal progress in labour and identifies those women likely to require intervention. Its use in all labour wards is recommended.

Adult↗