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PubMedDate not supplied

Action of metabolites of isolated plant tissues on the nitrogenase activity of Rhizobium vigna and Rhizobium meliloti.

The dependence of the nitrogenase activity of Rhizobium meliloti on the strain peculiarities of the cultures, the composition of the media used, and the metabolites of legume tissue cultures was demonstrated by the acetylene method. The nitrogenase activity is significantly higher in R. vigna than in R. meliloti, under the same experimental conditions. Enrichment of the Murashige-Skoog medium with arabinose (25 mM), succinate (25 mM), glutamine (2 mM nitrogen), and yeast extract (0.1%) substantially stimulated the nitrogenase activity of a pure culture of R. vigna. The maximum nitrogenase activity on this medium was noted when metabolites of sweet clover tissue were introduced.

Ethylenes↗
PubMed1998

Comparative analysis of genus Vigna seeds using antiserum against a synthesized multiple antigenic peptide.

Antiserum for 33 kDa vicilin-like seed proteins in V. angularis was prepared using a synthesized multiple antigenic peptide (MAP). The anti-MAP antiserum was applied to the protein analysis of all of genus Vigna seeds which are stored in the Gene Bank at the National Institute of Agrobiological Resources, Tsukuba, Japan. The anti-MAP antiserum specifically reacted with 33 kDa vicilin-like proteins and weakly with 55 kDa vicilin-like proteins of V. angularis by immunoblotting and could distinguish between these two types of vicilin-like 7 S proteins. Anti-MAP antiserum reacted with 33 kDa band both in wild and cultivated types of V. angularis (4 spots) and half species of V. radiata (2 spots). The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the major immunoreacting spot in V. radiata seeds was analyzed. A partially homologous amino acid sequence with MAP was found in immunoreacted protein and the anti-MAP antiserum was able to be applied as a probe to identify homologous amino acid sequence in other proteomes. V. radiata species could be divided by their immunoreactivities into two groups: the group from Southeast Asia and Australia, which reacted with the anti-MAP antiserum, and the group from West Asia and Madagascar, which did not. The abundant proteins in V. mungo seeds at 55 kDa showed strong reactivity signals with anti-MAP antiserum. The existence of a homologous amino acid sequence with MAP was suggested in the 55 kDa proteins. The seed proteins in V. aconitifolia, V. umbellata, V. vexillata, V. marina, V. unguiculata, and V. oblongifolia did not show any reactions and they do not possess the homologous amino acid sequence with MAP in their seed proteins.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Antibacterial activity of plant extracts from azuki beans (Vigna angularis) in vitro.

This study was undertaken to examine the antimicrobial property of azuki beans (Vigna angularis). The water extracts of green, black and red colored azuki beans showed antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus aureus, Aeromonas hydrophila and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. In contrast, the extract of white azuki beans showed no inhibition towards any of the microorganisms examined. The extracts of colored azuki beans contained larger amounts of polyphenols including proanthocyanidins than the extracts of white azuki beans. The counts of S. aureus cells, inoculated in the medium containing the extracts of colored azuki beans, were significantly reduced in comparison with those of control and white azuki beans after 24 h (p < 0.05). These results suggest that polyphenols including proanthocyanidins in colored azuki beans may be responsible for their antibacterial activity.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1993

Functional genes found for three different plant ferritin subunits in the legume, Vigna unguiculata.

The iron storage protein, ferritin, in plants can occur in multiple molecular forms that, until now, were proposed to be derived from degradation of a single mature polypeptide subunit (2,7,17), which is assembled into the holoprotein and functions in plastids. We have carried out some definitive experiments with the diploid legume, Vigna unguiculata (cowpeas), which show that there are functioning genes for three different ferritin subunits in the developing leaves. Unique segments of mRNAs which code for subunits with substantially different mature sequences were detected by PCR. Separate genes for each subunit were found by showing that each gene contained a unique intron. Thus, multiple molecular forms of ferritin can arise through differential expression of a family of genes in plants.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1994

Structural organization of de novo purine biosynthesis enzymes in plants: 5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide carboxylase and 5-aminoimidazole-4-N-succinocarboxamide ribonucleotide synthetase cDNAs from Vigna aconitifolia.

Nodules of tropical legumes generally export symbiotically fixed nitrogen in the form of ureides that are produced by oxidation of de novo synthesized purines. To investigate the regulation of de novo purine biosynthesis in these nodules, we have isolated cDNA clones encoding 5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide (AIR) carboxylase and 5-aminoimidazole-4-N-succinocarboxamide ribonucleotide (SAICAR) synthetase from a mothbean (Vigna aconitifolia) nodule cDNA library by complementation of Escherichia coli purE and purC mutants, respectively. Sequencing of these clones revealed that the two enzymes are distinct proteins in mothbean, unlike in animals where both activities are associated with a single bifunctional polypeptide. As is the case in yeast, the mothbean AIR carboxylase has a N-terminal domain homologous to the eubacterial purK gene product. This PurK-like domain appears to facilitate the binding of CO2 and is dispensable in the presence of high CO2 concentrations. Because the expression of the mothbean PurE cDNA clone in E. coli apparently generates a truncated polypeptide lacking at least 140 N-terminal amino acids, this N-terminal region of the enzyme may not be essential for its CO2-binding activity.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1992

The 5S ribosomal RNA gene is linked to large and small subunit ribosomal RNA genes in the oomycetes, Phytophthora vignae, P. cinnamomi, P. megasperma f.sp. glycinea and Saprolegnia ferax.

Southern hybridization and polymerase chain reaction data indicate that the 5S ribosomal RNA gene is linked to the ribosomal RNA gene repeat unit in the oomycetes, Phytophthora vignae, P. cinnamomi, P. megasperma f.sp. glycinea and Saprolegnia ferax, and is apparently transcribed in the same direction as the large and small subunit ribosomal RNA genes. The polymerase chain reaction has been used to amplify all components of the entire ribosomal RNA gene repeat unit for each of these oomycetes. The total size of all amplified products is identical to the size of the ribosomal RNA gene repeat unit, as determined by Southern analysis.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1983

Aspergillus infection and aflatoxin production in some cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) lines in Tanzania.

Seeds of twenty-two cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) lines/cultivars were inoculated with Aspergillus parasiticus (Link) (NRRL 3145) and aflatoxin production was evaluated. All the cowpea samples were susceptible to Aspergillus infection and subsequent aflatoxin production. The amount of aflatoxin produced ranged between 466.6 micrograms/kg to 1 806 micrograms/kg in the case of B (B1 + B2) and 20.8 micrograms/kg to 82.7 micrograms/kg of seed in the case of G (G1 + G2). On the basis of the amount of aflatoxin produced on different samples, it is evident that there is at least partial resistance to aflatoxin production in the tested cowpea lines/cultivars. On the basis of the results obtained in this investigation it is apparent that further selection and breeding could provide cowpea cultivars which are resistant to A. parasiticus infection and aflatoxin production.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed1988

Characterization of seed storage proteins of urdbean (Vigna mungo).

Dehulled and defatted flour of urdbean (Vigna mungo), Var T-9, contained 25% protein with maximum contribution by globulins (63%). Albumins and glutelins contributed 12% and 21% respectively, whereas prolamins were present only in traces (1%). Globulins were further fractionated into legumin and vicilin type proteins which were present in the ratio of 4:1. All the protein fractions were heterogenous in nature as revealed by high performance liquid chromatography. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the total protein sample to contain 21 different components with molecular weights ranging from 8.92 to 117.49 kd. Albumins, globulins, prolamins and glutelins resolved into 4, 8, 6 and 13 different sized components of molecular weights ranging from 10.23 to 25.53, 10.84 to 112.72, 10.33 to 51.52 and 8.91 to 112.72 kd, respectively. Amino acid analysis of all fractions revealed that glutamic acid was present in maximum concentration followed by aspartic acid and lysine. Just like other pulse proteins, the urdbean proteins were also deficient in sulphur containing amino acids.

Albumins↗
PubMed1988

Contents and digestibility of carbohydrates of mung beans (Vigna radiata L.) as affected by domestic processing and cooking.

Effects of common processing and cooking methods on sugar and starch contents and starch digestibility (in vitro) of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) were investigated. Soaking reduced the level of total soluble sugars, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars and starch and improved starch digestibility, significantly. Cooking (both ordinary and pressure cooking) increased the concentrations of the sugars and digestibility of starch of soaked as well a unsoaked seeds. Starch contents, however, were decreased. Germination decreased starch thereby raising the level of the soluble sugars. Starch digestibility was increased appreciably.

Carbohydrate Metabolism↗
PubMed1990

Temporal variation in protein content and yield of Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper leaves.

Temporal variation in total protein and soluble protein contents and protein yield of Vigna mungo leaves at intervals of every three hours during day and night was studied. The study was done with the view to ascertain the hour of harvesting the leaves for maximum yield of leaf protein concentrate. Observations reveal that the total protein and soluble protein contents in the leaves are minimum during 3.00 to 6.00 hrs, which steadily rise with time to reach the maximum values during 12.00 to 15.00 hrs, after which the same shows a steady decrease with time.

Circadian Rhythm↗
PubMed1990

Changes in some antinutrients of cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) processed with 'kanwa' alkaline salt.

The effect on several anti-nutritional factors in cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) was investigated following treatment at 100 degrees C or 121 degrees C with solutions (0.1% w/v) of kanwa rock salt or NaHCO3 in distilled water. The concentration of polyphenols, calculated as tannic acid, was reduced substantially up to 67% under the alkaline conditions employed, but the reduction appeared to be greater (69-79%) at higher temperature. The loss of phytic acid was greater (27-40%) when beans were cooked in NaHCO3 than in kanwa (11-29%). The concentration of reducing sugars was decreased in all treatment groups especially under alkaline conditions. There was no evidence for the formation of lysinoalanine in any of the samples.

Bicarbonates↗
PubMed1991

Protein quality and antinutritional factors in wild and cultivated species of Vigna spp.

The nutritional quality of wild and cultivated species of Vigna has been evaluated. Wild species showed significantly higher protein content (P less than 0.01), antitryptic activity (P less than 0.005) and tannin content (P less than 0.025) and significantly lower protein digestibility (P less than 0.005). No significant differences were found with regard to protein quality, measured as chemical score corrected by the digestibility; sulphur amino acids turned out to be limiting in both groups. In addition no correlations were found between sulphur amino acids and protein levels, or between sulphur amino acid and trypsin inhibitor levels. Selected lines showed an improvement from the nutritional point of view linked to lower antitryptic factors and tannin content, which may give rise to a decreased resistance to pests. For all the properties considered, whether physical or biochemical, wild samples presented wider variations and the types considered most primitive were those that differed most from the cultivated ones, whose properties were altogether more consistent. In vitro protein digestibility turned out to be a useful parameter in evaluating wild and improved samples.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1997

Characteristics of two major lectins from mungbean (Vigna radiata) seeds.

Two major lectins, MBL-I and MBL-II, were purified from Vigna radiata L. seeds using ion-exchange and gel filtration chromatography techniques. MBL-I was found to be a tetramer with native M.W. of 132 kDa and subunit M.W. of 33 kDa having alpha-galactosidase activity. MBL-II consisted of two monomeric lectins with M.W. of 94 kDa and 89 kDa which were associated mainly with beta-galactosidase activity. Both MBL-I and MBL-II are D-galactose-specific lectins.

Chromatography, Gel↗
PubMed1995

Kinetic analysis of 75selenium uptake by mitochondria of germinating Vigna radiata of different selenium status.

Earlier studies in our laboratory demonstrated the beneficial role of Se in Vigna radiata, a Se-deficient legume, during germination, as reflected in growth-related parameters and specific uptake of 75Se. Uptake of Na2(75)SeO3, added in vitro by mitochondria isolated from seedlings germinated in control (without Se), and Se-supplemented groups (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 ppm Se) indicated a proportional increase in the uptake with added Na2(75)SeO3, in concentrations up to 25 microM. The uptake of 75Se, increased linearly with time up to 15 min and a definite efflux followed at 30 min. The results were indicative of cooperative effects during Se transport. Kinetic analyses of the uptake of 75Se during time intervals of 15 and 30 min were carried out both in the whole mitochondria and the mitochondrial protein fractions. Graphical analyses using Lineweaver-Burk plot, Hill plot, log [v] vs log [A] and Scatchard plot confirmed the existence of negative cooperativity during 75Se uptake. Hill coefficient (nH) values were estimated to be around 0.7-0.8. Scatchard plots for 75Se uptake were biphasic, suggesting the probable presence of two classes of binding sites. The number of high and low affinity binding sites were estimated to be around 4-7 and 26-30 nmol/mg protein, respectively. Studies with mitochondrial respiratory inhibitors indicated about 10-20% of the total 75Se uptake to be energy dependent. Inhibition of 75Se uptake by about 60-70% by sulfate and sulfite (5-25 microM) implies the involvement of dicarboxylate port in Se transport. A decrease in the uptake of 75Se by 40-60% effected by CdCl2, HgCl2, mersalyl, and NEM confirmed the interaction of thiols in the process. Evidence for the regulatory nature of 75Se uptake by mitochondria of V. radiata emerges from the present study.

2,4-Dinitrophenol↗
PubMed1995

Subcellular distribution of selenium during uptake and its influence on mitochondrial oxidations in germinating Vigna radiata L.

The metabolic significance of Se in plants is not well documented, though the presence of many selenoenzymes in bacteria and the essentiality of Se in higher animals is established. Since germination is an active process in plant growth and metabolism, the effect of Se was investigated in germinating Vigna radiata L, a nonaccumulating Se-deficient legume. Growth and protein were enhanced in seedlings supplemented with selenium (Se) as sodium selenite in the medium up to 1 microgram/mL. The pattern of uptake of 75Se in the differentiating tissues and the subcellular distribution were investigated. The percentage of incorporation of 75Se was greater in the mitochondria at the lowest level (0.5 micrograms/mL) of Se supplementation compared to higher levels of Se exposure. Proteins precipitated from the postmitochondrial supernatant fractions, when separated by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), indicated a major selenoprotein in the seedlings germinated at 2.0 micrograms/mL Se. In seedlings grown with supplemented Se, enhanced respiratory control ratio and succinate dehydrogenase activity were observed in the mitochondria of tissues, indicative of a role for Se in mitochondrial membrane functions.

Cotyledon↗
PubMed2003

Competition among Bradyrhizobium strains for nodulation of green gram (Vigna radiata): use of dark-nodule strain.

The competitiveness of dual-strain inoculum of Bradyrhizobium strains S24 and GR4 was demonstrated for nodulation of green gram (Vigna radiata). Strain S24 formed pink nodules, GR4 produced visually distinguishable dark-brown nodules. When a mixture of these Bradyrhizobium strains was applied as inoculum, nodules of both pink and dark-brown types were formed on the same root. The strain GR4, which was less competitive than strain S24, was mutagenized with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine to obtain pigment-diverse mutants and six selected mutants were screened for symbiotic parameters. One mutant produced pink nodules and appreciably increased plant dry mass. The competitive ability of this mutant lacking brown pigment was compared with that of strain S24 by using antibiotic resistance markers; it showed increased nodulation competitiveness than its parent strain GR4. The dark-brown nodule-phenotype could be useful in evaluating nodulation competitiveness of "cowpea miscellany" bradyrhizobia in soil where dark-brown nodule-forming strains are not indigenous.

Bradyrhizobium↗
PubMed2002

Development of a mungbean ( Vigna radiata) RFLP linkage map and its comparison with lablab ( Lablab purpureus) reveals a high level of colinearity between the two genomes.

A genetic linkage map of mungbean ( Vigna radiata, 2n = 2 x = 22) consisting of 255 RFLP loci was developed using a recombinant inbred population of 80 individuals. The population was derived from an inter-subspecific cross between the cultivated mungbean variety 'Berken' and a wild mungbean genotype 'ACC 41' ( V. radiata subsp. sublobata). The total length of the map, which comprised 13 linkage groups, spanned 737.9 cM with an average distance between markers of 3.0 cM and a maximum distance between linked markers of 15.4 cM. The mungbean map was compared to a previously published map of lablab ( Lablab purpureus, 2n = 2 x = 24) using a common set of 65 RFLP probes. In contrast to some other comparative mapping studies among members of the Fabaceae, where a high level of chromosomal rearrangement has been observed, marker order between mungbean and lablab was found to be highly conserved. However, the two genomes have apparently accumulated a large number of duplications/deletions after they diverged.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Assessment of peroxidase isozyme marker-based model for cross identifications in hybrids (F(1)) of urdbean [ Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper].

Four hybrids (4 F(1)s) were chosen out of crosses in the urdbean [ Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper, 2n = 22] having contrasting morphological characters. Zymograms for isozyme peroxidase were drawn from the patterns obtained from parents and their respective F(1) hybrids on the basis of relative similarities to parental bands. The selfed or crossed nature of hybrid pods was determined from the zymograms and their analysis. The number of bands and their intensities gave an idea about the extent of crossing in F(1) populations. Genetic identity (I) values were indicative of their selfed nature. Dendrograms were constructed on the basis of genetic identity values to display the relative similarities between the populations. Analysis was based on individual pods to confirm their hybrid or selfed nature. Possible use of this technique for identification of F(1) pods and elimination of selfed pods might be implemented to shorten the breeding operations during crossing.

Journal Article↗