Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Validity”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Interrater reliability, concurrent validity, responsiveness, and predictive validity of the Melville-Nelson Self-Care Assessment.

OBJECTIVE: This study examines psychometric characteristics of the Melville-Nelson Self-Care Assessment (SCA), which is designed for occupational therapists working in skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) and subacute rehabilitation. Like the federally mandated Minimum Data Set, the SCA assesses seven self-care occupations in two ways: self-performance and support needed. METHOD: Participants were SNF patients receiving subacute rehabilitation. Primary and secondary diagnoses varied widely; mean age was 76.5 years (SD = 9.8). Using the SCA, the Functional Independence Measure (FIM), and the Klein-Bell Activities of Daily Living Scale, four teams of raters independently and simultaneously assessed 54 women and 14 men at admission and discharge; 40 participants were available for reassessment in their homes after discharge. RESULTS: Total self-performance scores on the SCA showed (a) interrater reliability (mean ICC = .94); (b) concurrent validity with relevant areas of the FIM (rho = -.85) and the Klein-Bell (rho = -.86); (c) responsiveness in detecting change from admission to discharge, t(67) = 6.3, p < .001, with a large effect size of 1.10; and (d) moderate predictive validity of caregiving time in the home (rho = -.44) and overall function in the home as measured by the total FIM (rho = -.55) and total Klein-Bell (rho = -.54) scores. The self-performance and support measures for the seven self-care areas all had acceptable interrater reliability and concurrent validity. Eating, personal hygiene, and bathing showed little or no responsiveness to change from admission to discharge, whereas positive change was substantial in bed mobility, transfers, dressing, and toileting. CONCLUSION: This instrument is recommended for use as part of a comprehensive occupational therapy model of practice in SNFs and subacute rehabilitation.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2001

Quality control including validation in dietary surveys of elderly subjects. The validation of a dietary history method (the SENECA-method) used in the 1914-population study in Glostrup of Danish men and women aged 80 years.

BACKGROUND: Quality control including validation in dietary surveys is needed to reduce and detect errors which would lead to an attenuated scientific foundation for the diet-disease relationship. Especially studies in the elderly are needed because of limited knowledge of reference values, cut-off values etc. OBJECTIVE: To validate a modified dietary history method (the SENECA-method) in elderly subjects. DESIGN: A survey of Danish men and women aged 80 years, who participated in the 1914-population study in Glostrup. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: A pilot study (n = 34) validated the dietary history against 24-h urine collections; a main study (n = 240) compared dietary history with a 3-day estimated food record. RESULTS: Protein intake from dietary history was 10% higher than calculated protein intake from 24-h urine collections. Differences in intakes of energy and macronutrients between dietary history and 3-day food record were generally small and non-significant, and there was good agreement between the methods in classifying nutrient intakes into same tertiles. A Bland & Altman plot indicated increasing differences in energy intake between methods with increased energy intake. Evidence for under-reporting of energy intake and/or over-reporting of the physical activity level was further made plausible when physical activity ratio was compared to recognized cut-off limits. CONCLUSIONS: The modified dietary history method can be used to estimate dietary intake in 80 year old subjects, but some degree of misreporting, especially under-reporting, appears to be present. Keeping this in mind it is, however, possible to analyse dietary intake against other survey data.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Internal validity of the disruptive behavior disorder symptoms: implications from parent ratings for a dimensional approach to symptom validity.

A dimensional approach was used to evaluate the internal validity of the DSM-III-R ADHD-inattention, ADHD-hyperactivity/impulsivity, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and conduct disorder (CD) symptoms (i.e., whether a symptom has a stronger correlation with its own dimension that the other three). Parents rated 4,019 children between the ages of 2 and 19 on these symptoms. The results showed that 5 of the 6 inattention symptoms, 3 of the 4 hyperactivity symptoms, 1 of the 4 impulsivity symptoms, 6 of the 9 oppositional defiant disorder symptoms, and 8 of the 11 CD symptoms had significant internal validity. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) found support for inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, oppositional defiant, and conduct disorder dimensions. Multiple-group CFA also found support for factor pattern and loading invariance across gender. The implications of these results as well as the merits of the dimensional approach to symptom validity are discussed in the context of the DSM-IV changes in ADHD, ODD, and CD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Smoking outcome expectancies: factor structure, predictive validity, and discriminant validity.

Recent models of addiction posit that drug outcome expectancies are influential determinants of drug use. The current research examines the dimensional structure, predictive validity, and discriminant validity of expectancies for cigarette smoking in a prospective study. There was a good fit between the factor structure of the Smoking Consequences Questionnaire and the observed data. In addition, the internal consistency of each scale was satisfactory. Moreover, there was considerable evidence for the predictive and discriminant validity of expectancies. Expectancies of positive outcomes (positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and appetite-weight control) predicted withdrawal severity. Negative reinforcement expectancies and expectancies of negative consequences predicted cessation success. Predictive relations remained significant after controlling for related constructs: negative affect, stress, and dependence measures.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Retaining qualitative validity while gaining quantitative reliability and validity: development of the Transition to Parenthood Concerns Scale.

This article raises issues about the retention of qualitative validity while establishing psychometric estimates of reliability and validity for a scale that was developed from inductively generated concepts to assess and evaluate the learning needs and concerns of expectant parents in the trimester before their baby's birth. A set of practical procedures for pilot testing qualitatively based scales is described. The three procedures, which provide estimates of clarity, apparent internal consistency, and content validity, preserve the assumptions underlying qualitative methods. The ratings from these procedures have provided a base for item and scale revisions and formal quantitative testing.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

MCMI-III diagnostic validity: bad test or bad validity study.

Operating characteristics describe the validity of tests that attempt to dichotomously predict a diagnosis. These statistics are not fully published in the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III Manual (MCMI-III manual; Millon, 1994). When calculated from available statistics, the positive predictive powers of the MCMI-III scales are poor both in absolute terms and relative to the MCMI-II (Millon, 1987). There were a number of problems, however, with the initial MCMI-III validity study both inherently and in execution. Although it is doubtful that the MCMI-III is weaker than the MCMI-II, a new validity study is needed.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed1995

Competency-Based Certification Project. Phase III: content validity, standard setting and criterion-related validity.

This is the final article in a three-part series explaining the CAMRT's Competency-Based Certification Project--an effort to make the Association's certification process more job-relevant. The first article (Journal, August 1994) explained the job analysis process used to specify and validate the list of duties and tasks required of entry-level medical radiation technologists, the imaging and treatment procedures they perform, and the equipment they use. The second article (Journal, October 1994) explained the process for developing an examination blueprint by reviewing the CAMRT's examinations and summaries of clinical experience in the context of competency-based evaluation and the job analysis validation in each discipline. This article examines the development of assessment standards for certification examinations and summaries of clinical experience. It provides an overview of the steps necessary to develop a valid and defensible licensure/certification process after development of the examination content is complete.

Canada↗
PubMed1998

Validation of the Omron F3 blood pressure measuring device for use in the finger through simultaneous invasive comparative measurements according to the German Institute for Validation (DIN) 58130 protocol.

OBJECTIVES AND DESIGN: Simultaneous invasive comparative measurements in order to validate the blood pressure measuring device Omron F3 for use in the finger, in accordance with the German Institute for Validation (DIN) 58130 protocol. METHODS: A total of five consecutive simultaneous blood pressure comparative measurements were carried out in each of 15 patients (n = 75). Blood pressure was measured in the left index finger using the blood pressure measuring device Omron F3, and at the same time invasively using a pigtail catheter situated in the aortic arch. The measuring arrangements, validation of the unit of invasive measurement and evaluation were all carried out in accordance with the DIN 58130 protocol. RESULTS: The blood pressure measuring device Omron F3 for use in the finger fulfils the criteria of the European Standard prEn 1060-3. Systolic blood pressure decreased by 2.9+/- 6.6 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure decreased by 2.6+/- 5.9 mmHg. CONCLUSION: The blood pressure measuring device Omron F3 measures blood pressure reliably and accurately if used correctly in appropriate patients. Before using the device for the first time, comparative blood pressure measurements in the upper arm, using the standard auscultatory blood pressure measurement technique according to Riva-Rocci and Korotkoff, should be carried out, in order to check the accuracy of measurement.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Validation of the OMRON R3 blood pressure self-measuring device through simultaneous comparative invasive measurements according to protocol 58130 of the German Institute for Validation.

OBJECTIVES: To perform simultaneous invasive comparative measurements in order to validate the blood pressure self-measuring device OMRON R3 for use on the wrist, in accordance with protocol 58130 of the German Institute for Validation. METHODS: Five consecutive comparative blood pressure measurements were carried out for each of 15 patients (n = 75 measurements). The blood pressure was measured simultaneously non-invasively using the blood pressure self-measuring device OMRON R3 around the left wrist and at the same time invasively using a pigtail catheter situated in the aortic arch. The pressure curves were drawn continuously. The measuring arrangements, validation of the invasive-measurement unit and evaluation were all carried out in accordance with protocol 58130. RESULTS: The blood pressure self-measuring device OMRON R3 for use on the wrist satisfied the criteria of the European Standard prEn 1060-3. The OMRON systolic values were 2.2 +/- 3.9 mmHg higher and the diastolic values were 0.2 +/- 2.7 mmHg lower than the invasive ones. However, for higher blood pressure levels (> 150 mmHg), the device tested displayed an increasing tendency to underestimate the systolic blood pressure in one-third of the patients by 5-15 mmHg, compared with the invasive measurements. No faulty measurements occurred with the patient group examined. CONCLUSION: The blood pressure self-measuring device OMRON R3 for use on the wrist can be recommended for blood pressure self-measurement. When it is used correctly, it measures the blood pressure reliably and accurately.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Bias and Sampling Error of the Estimated Proportion of Genotypic Variance Explained by Quantitative Trait Loci Determined From Experimental Data in Maize Using Cross Validation and Validation With Independent Samples.

Cross validation (CV) was used to analyze the effects of different environments and different genotypic samples on estimates of the proportion of genotypic variance explained by QTL (p). Testcrosses of 344 F(3) maize lines grown in four environments were evaluated for a number of agronomic traits. In each of 200 replicated CV runs, this data set was subdivided into an estimation set (ES) and various test sets (TS). ES were used to map QTL and estimate p for each run (p(ES)) and its median (p(ES)) across all runs. The bias of these estimates was assessed by comparison with the median (p(TS.ES)) obtained from TS. We also used two independent validation samples derived from the same cross for further comparison. The median p(ES) showed a large upward bias compared to p(TS.ES). Environmental sampling generally had a smaller effect on the bias of p(ES) than genotypic sampling or both factors simultaneously. In independent validation, p(TS.ES) was on average only 50% of p(ES). A wide range among p(ES) reflected a large sampling error of these estimates. QTL frequency distributions and comparison of estimated QTL effects indicated a low precision of QTL localization and an upward bias in the absolute values of estimated QTL effects from ES. CV with data from three QTL studies reported in the literature yielded similar results as those obtained with maize testcrosses. We therefore recommend CV for obtaining asymptotically unbiased estimates of p and consequently a realistic assessment of the prospects of MAS.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Latent inhibition and blocking: further consideration of their construct validity as animal models of schizophrenia Commentary on Ellenbroek and Cools "Animal models with construct validity for schizophrenia"

Conventional animal models of schizophrenia do not pretend to account for the symptoms of schizophrenia; i.e. they lack construct validity. Ellenbroek and Cools (1990) have reviewed a number of other models with construct validity for fundamental psychological processes, which are hypothesised to be deficient in schizophrenia. Two of these, Latent Inhibition (LI) and the Kamin Blocking effect (KB), essentially demonstrate the effects of prior learning on the formation of current associations. Animal studies have now shown that LI and KB are disrupted by increased dopaminergic activity, and restored by dopaminergic blockade. The present paper adds to the database described by Ellenbroek and Cools and discusses some further theoretical and practical issues. Specifically: (a) Kamin's blocking is disrupted in acute, but not in chronic schizophrenic subjects; (b) LI and KB are not simply examples of associative interference; (c) The masking task used in adult human studies of LI does not introduce an element of blocking as defined by Kamin's paradigm; (d) A direct study of "selective attention" in acute schizophrenia suggests that the impairment in LI and KB relates to the utilisation of experience about past regularities, rather than a generalised attentional deficit; (e) Recent studies, especially with nicotine, indicate that LI can be disrupted by drug administration during acquisition only; (f) It is now possible to study the release of dopamine, and of other transmitters in the nucleus accumbens and in other brain areas, during the behavioural paradigm of LI in rats. In this way it should be possible to determine directly the neuronal circuitry involved in LI (and KB): this approach could explain the link between the neuropathology and neuropharmacology of schizophrenia and its symptoms, besides providing more valid test procedures for evaluating potential neuroleptic drugs.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ethical issues surrounding informed consent. Part II. Components of a morally valid consent and conditions that impair its validity.

To be valid, a consent must be given by a person who has received all relevant information, is competent, has not been coerced into agreement or refusal, and is not emotionally overwhelmed. Persons who have received incomplete information, are incompetent, have been coerced, or are psychodynamically overcome cannot give valid consent or refusal. HCPs who accept consents or refusals from such patients do not act in accordance with the ethical foundations and goals the practice was designed to promote. Nursing plays a crucial role in assuring the validity of informed consent/refusal. This role will be examined in Part III of this series.

Decision Making↗
PubMed2001

Validation of a nutrition screening tool: testing the reliability and validity.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to validate a nutrition screening tool for use in South Manchester University Hospitals Trust. METHOD: A sample of 100 patients was selected from medical, surgical and elderly care wards. To test the reliability of the screening tool, nurses and dietitians completed the screening tool on the same patient. These results were compared for interobserver error to determine whether the screening tool was reproducible with different observers. To ascertain if the screening tool identified malnutrition at ward level, four markers commonly used to assess nutritional status were collected. These included body mass index (BMI), mid upper arm circumference MUAC, percentage weight loss, and energy intake calculated from the patient's first full day in hospital and expressed as a percentage of their estimated average requirements (EAR). RESULTS: There was a 95% level of agreement between nurses and dietitians within +/-3. The screening tool had a sensitivity level of 78% and a specificity of 52% when compared to all patients who had one or more markers indicating malnutrition. This association was found to be statistically significant (P < 0.005). CONCLUSION: The screening tool is reliable when completed by different observers and is valid for wide scale nutritional assessment. The screening tool identifies an acceptable number of patients who are malnourished but overestimates patients at moderate risk.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Development and validation of personal monitoring methods for low levels of acrylonitrile in workplace atmosphere: II. Thermal desorption and field validation.

Thermal desorption is a more sensitive alternative to solvent desorption for the determination of acrylonitrile in air. A dual-bed collection tube (Tenax GC and Carbosieve B) was developed for collecting and concentrating low levels of acrylonitrile. Two thermal desorption techniques were evaluated for the recovery of acrylonitrile collected on the dual-bed tubes over a concentration range from 0.05 to 5 ppm. A commercially-available system, the Century Programmable Thermal Desorption Unit, was easy to operate, allowed for multiple injections of the sample and had a recovery of 82 +/- 12% (RSD). Samples were stored for up to two months without affecting the recovery and there was not an observable effect from humidity or from the presence of other organic compounds. This system was found to have limitations at acrylonitrile concentrations above 1 ppm. A field validation study tested the sampling and analytical methods developed for monitoring low levels of acrylonitrile in the workplace. Three methods employing Pittsburgh Coconut-Base activated charcoal, Ambersorb XE-348 and Tenax-GC and Carbosieve B sampling mediums were validated for concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 5 ppm and confirmed in the field from 0.02 to 3 ppm in tests conducted at plant sites. These field studies were run over varying humidity and temperature conditions. The overall absolute recoveries and relative standard deviations found for these methods found during the field trials are 90 +/- 18% for charcoal; 85 +/- 11% for Ambersorb XE-348; and 90 +/- 19% for the Century dual-bed sorbent. These values were in quite good agreement with the 91 +/- 10%, 88 +/- 8%, and 82 +/- 12% determined in laboratory studies.

Acrylonitrile↗
PubMed1999

Is there really a heterosexual AIDS epidemic in the United States? Findings from a multisite validation study, 1992-1995. Mode of Transmission Validation Study Group.

The objective of this study was to verify the mode of exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among cases who obtained acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) through heterosexual contact and to determine the proportion of cases initially reported with no risk but whose exposure may have been heterosexual. Adults aged > or = 13 years with AIDS, diagnosed from 1992 through 1995 with heterosexual risk or no risk at six US study sites (Alabama, California, Florida, New Jersey, New York City, and Texas), were eligible. Heterosexual risk was validated in 82% (1,610/1,952) of the heterosexual cases. Men were more likely than women to have a risk other than heterosexual (24% vs. 13%, chi2 p < 0.01). An HIV risk was identified for 351 (55%) of those cases with no risk, and men were more likely than women to remain without risk (48% vs. 38%, chi2 P = 0.02). Of the 415 men with no risk, 215 (52%) were reclassified: 94 (44%) were men who had sex with men, 61 (28%) were injection drug users, 48 (22%) had a heterosexual risk, and 12 (6%) had other exposures. Of the 219 women with no risk, 136 (62%) were reclassified: 82 (60%) had a heterosexual risk, 47 (35%) were injection drug users, and 6 (4%) had infection associated with transfusion. In conclusion, most cases reported with heterosexually acquired AIDS had valid heterosexual risk exposures.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1989

On the measurement of tobacco use by adolescents. Validity of self-reports of smokeless tobacco use and validity of cotinine as an indicator of cigarette smoking.

This study assessed the validity of self-reports of smokeless tobacco use by adolescents and the validity of cotinine as a measure of adolescent cigarette smoking. For a sample of 1,854 persons aged 12-14 years living in the southeastern United States in 1985, a combination of three biochemical measures (salivary cotinine, salivary thiocyanate, and alveolar carbon monoxide) and self-reports of cigarette smoking were used to identify subjects who used only smokeless tobacco and subjects who did not use smokeless tobacco. The sensitivity and specificity of self-reports of smokeless tobacco use were 40.8% and 97.9%, respectively. It was determined that of the 175 subjects who ordinarily would be considered smokers because they had salivary cotinine levels greater than or equal to 10 ng/ml, 43.4% used only smokeless tobacco.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cross-validation of a model predicting discharge home after stroke rehabilitation. Validating stroke discharge predictors.

A new sample of 116 stroke patients was collected in order to validate a logistic regression model, predicting the chances of severely affected stroke patients being discharged home to independent living. The model was found to be accurate in the new sample, especially for those patients who had a high estimated probability of being discharged home. When the dividing line for the predicted probability for discharge home was set at a value of >/=0.5, the positive and negative predictive values were 74 and 73%, respectively. Further modelling resulted in a new extended model including the variables postural stability on admission, cohabiting, age and perceptual impairment on admission that formed the basis for an index predicting discharge home. This index was then validated in the sample of 93 patients that the first developed model was derived from and showed positive and negative predictive values of 85 and 77%, respectively.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1985

Comment on the validity of Watson et al.'s "Do alcoholics give valid self-reports?".

This is a critique of a study by Watson et al. on the validity of alcoholics' self-reports that suggested that clinical researchers and clinicians abandon the use of such data for now. It is shown, however, through an analysis of the rationale, procedures and data analyses reported by Watson et al., that their conclusions are not warranted. It is argued that the use of a situational and convergent validity approach to the collection and interpretation of self-report data is likely to continue to be a productive research and clinical strategy.

Alcohol Drinking↗