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PubMed1988

[Support and suspension of the pelvic viscera in women. Functional and surgical anatomy].

This work is an attempt to settle the semantics of the pelvic connective tissues based on the international nomenclature (Nomina Anatomica) on the one hand on the other following a study of the macroscopic anatomy together with the microscopic appearances and a functional study together with a radiological study which includes in particular tomodensitometry. The Pelvic viscera are held in position by visceral fasciae which are continuous with the parietal pelvic fascia and the retro peritoneal connective tissue. This connective tissue, which is moderately loose, is arranged around the blood vessels as visceral ligaments. These are more obvious when traction is exerted during surgical operations and it resembles the way strands of a net come together when they are being stretched. It is essential to ligate and cut these ligaments if the viscera are to be freed. The surfaces which join the viscera together (the septum and the retro-pubic and retro-rectal spaces) are very important and from the biomechanical point of view resemble bonds that are stuck together. In fact, their resistance has the effect of interlocking neighbouring surfaces, and so effects a better distribution of pressures that are exerted and of their absorption. The changes that take place at rest and at movement of the pelvic organs during the menopause and during pregnancy and the puerperium have been studied. The role of episiotomy in particular as a step towards preventing urinary incontinence is emphasized. In fact, it lessens the pull on the external fibres of the sphincter muscle of the urethra which are bound up with the tissues of the vaginal wall. We have found in 140 women who have been operated on for stress incontinence that 62% had a tear or an episiotomy that was carried out late and that was insufficiently large; 13.9% had a tear: and 11.4%, on the other hand, had an episiotomy without a tear. On the other hand, in another group of similar women over the age of 45 who had had an episiotomy, 16.17% had stress incontinence.

Episiotomy↗
PubMed1983

[Experimental studies on the selective profound hypothermia of the abdominal viscera by descending aorta and inferior caval vein occlusion].

In the present study, an effort was made to establish the procedure for 60 minutes selective profound hypothermia below 20 degrees C of the abdominal viscera. In 6 mongrel dogs, hemodynamic changes were investigated during 60 minutes normothermic vascular exclusion of the abdominal viscera by occluding the aorta and inferior caval vein just above the diaphragm. Hemodynamic state just after the combined occlusion of these vessels was stable, but 60 minutes occlusion was followed by hypoperfusion of the cranial half of the body. In 15 mongrel dogs, the 60 minutes selective profound hypothermia below 20 degrees C of the abdominal viscera was performed after occluding these vessels with an aid of extracorporeal circuit. Pooled blood in the splanchnic region during hypothermia was warmed and drained to jugular vein to maintain the hemodynamic state in the cranial half of the body. Twelve of 15 dogs survived 2 weeks after the procedure with minimal hepatic damage. In 7 mongrel dogs, blood coagulation system was investigated. Decrease of platelet, fibrinogen, plasminogen, anti-thrombin III, prothrombin and cold insoluble globulin concentration, elongation of prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time, and elevation of FDP occurred during and after the selective profound hypothermia. But these changes were self limiting and recovered soon after heparin neutralization. In 9 mongrel dogs, extended pancreatectomy with splenectomy and combined resection of portal vein using selective profound hypothermia was performed. Bleeding and splanchnic congestion during extended pancreatectomy was minimum. Five of 9 dogs survived 2 weeks with slight hepatic and renal damage.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1996

[Combined effects of high temperature and carbon monoxide on heat stress protein levels in rat brain and viscera].

Combined effects of high temperature and carbon monoxide (CO) on the amounts of heat stress protein 60 (HSP 60) and 70 (HSP 70) in rat brain and viscera were studied by western dot blot technique. Results showed that (1) amounts of HSP 60 in rat brain, spleen and kidney, as well as its rectal temperature, increased with CO concentrations, while those in heart decreased; and both of them showed synergistic effects on those in spleen and kidney, antagonistic ones in brain and liver, and synergistic ones of lowering them in heart; (2) amounts of HSP 70 changed with CO concentrations in five rat viscera, with synergism in brain, and antagonism in other organs; and (3) amounts of HSP 60 and 70 in most rat viscera and their body temperature were the most sensitive to 693.6 mg/m3 of CO.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The effects of experimentally induced fever on the estimated blood flow to and oxygen utilization by the liver and the viscera drained by the portal vein in sheep.

Intrajugular injection of a purified E. coli lipopolysaccharide induced a biphasic fever in sheep after a latent period of 12 to 20 min. The changes in the blood flow from the liver and from the viscera drained by the portal vein were: (a) in the latent period, decreases in total hepatic blood flow (THF) due to decreased portal venous blood flow (PVF); (b) during the first febrile phase, increases in THF due to increased hepatic arterial blood flow and, (c) in the second febrile phase, decreases in THF due to decreased PVF. Although there were large variations in the oxygen supply to the viscera drained by the portal vein and to the liver, there were relatively small or no changes in their oxygen consumption.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1988

Dichotomizing unmyelinated afferents supplying pelvic viscera and perineum are rare in the sacral segments of the cat.

We have tested the hypothesis that referred pain of pelvic viscera is elicited by dichotomizing branches of unmyelinated primary afferents projecting via the pelvic nerve to the viscera and through the pudendal nerve to the perineum where pelvic pain is commonly referred to. Using neurophysiological techniques 588 unmyelinated single units projecting into either nerve were recorded in the ventral (n = 228) and dorsal (n = 360) root S2. In each sample only one neurone sent an axon into both nerves. Thus, dichotomizing afferents account for less than 0.5% of the afferent neurones and appear to be an unlikely explanation for referred pain in this body area.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed2001

Oral inoculation of sheep with the agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). 1. Onset and distribution of disease-specific PrP accumulation in brain and viscera.

Sixty-three Romney sheep aged 6 months, consisting of three groups (PrP(ARQ/ARQ), PrP(ARQ/ARR), and PrP(ARR/ARR)genotypes) of 21 animals, were infected orally with brain tissue from BSE-infected cattle. Sub-groups of the 21 PrP(ARQ/ARQ) animals were killed, together with uninfected controls 4, 10, 16, 22 or 24-28 (after the development of full clinical disease) months post-inoculation (mpi). One sheep from each of the two groups of four killed at 4 or 10 mpi were shown by immunohistochemical examination to possess disease-specific PrP accumulations in single lymph nodes. At 16 mpi, such accumulations were detected in two of four infected sheep in some viscera and in the spinal cord and brain. At 22 mpi, three of five infected sheep had widespread disease-specific PrP accumulations in all tissues examined, but the remaining two animals gave positive results only in the central nervous system. Clinical disease appeared at 20-28 mpi. Three sheep killed with advanced clinical signs showed widespread PrP accumulation in brain, spinal cord and peripheral tissues. These results confirmed that PrP(ARQ/ARQ) Romney sheep are susceptible to experimental infection with the BSE agent. The different sites at which initial PrP accumulations were detected suggested that the point of entry of infection varied. Once established, however, infection appeared to spread rapidly throughout the lymphoreticular system. The results suggested that in some BSE-infected sheep neuroinvasion occurred in the absence of detectable PrP accumulations in the viscera or peripheral nervous system. In contrast to cattle with BSE, however, most sheep showed disease-specific PrP accumulations in the lymphoreticular system. In this respect, BSE-infected resembled scrapie-infected sheep; it is possible, however, that future research will reveal differences in respect of targeting of cell types within the lymphoreticular and peripheral nervous systems. The PrP(ARQ/ARR)and PrP(ARR/ARR)sheep were also killed in sub-groups at intervals after inoculation. Up to 24 mpi, however, none of these animals showed disease-specific PrP accumulations. Further results will be reported later.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2005

Catabolism through the threonine dehydrogenase pathway does not account for the high first-pass extraction rate of dietary threonine by the portal drained viscera in pigs.

In pigs the extensive threonine utilization by the splanchnic tissues explains the relative inefficiency of dietary threonine conversion for body protein accretion. Two experiments were conducted to estimate the contribution of the portal drained viscera (PDV) and the liver to threonine metabolism and especially catabolism in growing pigs. In the first experiment, four pigs were surgically prepared for chronic catheter insertion in the portal, hepatic and jugular veins and in the carotid artery. They were continuously infused with L-[1-(13)C]threonine through the jugular catheter. The PDV and total splanchnic viscera (PDV and the liver) extracted 14.3 and 18.8% of arterial threonine input, respectively. In a second experiment, we studied the metabolism of dietary threonine in the PDV and the liver in six female growing pigs. Animals were surgically prepared as in the first experiment except that L-[1-(13)C]threonine and [(15)N]glycine were continuously infused in the duodenum for 10 h. Unlabelled and labelled threonine and glycine PDV, liver and splanchnic tissues balance were calculated from plasma samples taken during the last 2 h of this infusion. Splanchnic tissues extracted 60% of infused labelled threonine, 88% of which was extracted by PDV so that threonine extraction by the liver was low. Both the liver and the pancreas can degrade threonine through the L-threonine 3-dehydrogenase pathway but not the intestine. Our data suggest that threonine catabolism through the L-threonine 3-dehydrogenase pathway was only a minor component of total threonine utilization in the splanchnic tissues.

Alcohol Oxidoreductases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Transabdominal ultrasonographic appearance of the gastrointestinal viscera of healthy llamas and alpacas.

The purpose of this study was to describe the ultrasonographic appearance of the gastrointestinal viscera of healthy llamas and alpacas. Six adult llamas, five juvenile llamas, and five adult alpacas were scanned with a 5 MHz linear transducer. The first and third gastric compartments occupied most of the left and right ventral abdomen, respectively. The saccules of the first compartment gave its wall a unique, hyperechoic appearance; whereas, all other viscera appeared as tubular structures. Except for the third gastric compartment, motility was visible in all structures by movement of fluid segments or contraction of the wall. Where it could be measured, wall thickness was between 2 and 4 mm, except that the caudal portion of the third compartment occasionally had a thicker wall. Fluid segments in the intestines were generally short and short lived. This description of normal camelids should aid in the ultrasonographic assessment of camelids suspected to have a gastrointestinal disorder.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1998

Morphodynamics and pathology of blood vessels III--comparative morphologic study of contraction of smooth muscle cells of hollow viscera and its application to vasoconstriction and vasospasm.

The morphologic changes in the walls of hollow viscera caused by contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle cells were studied from autopsy and surgical specimens. The specimens studied included: esophageal spasm (corkscrew and nutcracker esophagus), contraction of the lower esophageal sphincter with marked esophageal dilatation, gaseous distension of the stomach, contraction of the gastric pylorus, bladder and anal sphincter, physiological segmental constriction of the small and large intestines, constriction and distension of the gallbladder, urinary bladder and bronchi, and postpartum contraction of the uterus. In contrast to distension, the constriction of hollow viscera shows marked reduction of the external circumference and diameter with thickening of the wall, contraction of smooth muscle cells, thickening of muscle bundles, remodeling of wall structure, and narrowing or obliteration of the lumen. Morphologic evidence of contraction of smooth muscle cells is demonstrated by varying degrees of typical lengthwise shortening of the cells and squeezing and folding of the nuclei depending on the degree of cytoplasmic contraction of the smooth muscle cells. Using these same classic morphologic signs, we have attempted to study constriction and distension of arteries and arterioles. We can demonstrate contraction of smooth muscle cells and remodeling of arterial and arteriolar walls in patients with spastic coronary artery thrombosis, cocaine-induced coronary artery thrombosis, acute constriction of mesenteric arteries with lacerations of arterial wall, and dissecting hemorrhages induced by large doses of intravenous infusion of vasoconstrictors for hemorrhagic shock, and in patients with sustained, accelerated, or malignant hypertension.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Relationship of portal-drained viscera and liver net flux of glucose, lactate, volatile fatty acids, and nitrogen metabolites to milk production in the ewe.

The objectives of this study were, first, to determine the relationship between hepatic glucose release and milk production and, second, to determine the relationship between net hepatic uptake of gluconeogenic precursors and milk production. Nine multiparous ewes were individually penned and fed an alfalfa hay-based diet for ad libitum intake. Catheters were surgically placed in the portal vein, a branch of the hepatic vein, a mesenteric vein, and the abdominal aorta. Metabolite fluxes across the portal-drained viscera and liver were subsequently measured at 1, 3, 6, and 10 wk after parturition. Net hepatic glucose release, net hepatic lactate uptake, and net hepatic propionate uptake increased with increased milk production. Hepatic oxygen consumption increased with increased net hepatic glucose release. Net hepatic glucose release increased with increased hepatic propionate uptake and tended to increase with increases in metabolized amino acid and lactate uptakes. The observed increases in oxygen consumption by the portal-drained viscera with increased milk production were probably the result of increased nutrient flux. Increased hepatic oxygen consumption with increased milk production was probably due to increased glucose and urea synthesis.

Ammonia↗
PubMed2004

[Study on the determination of chloramphenicol residues in muscles and viscera of the livestock and poultry and in the shrimp].

OBJECTIVE: A rapid, simple and sensitive high performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of chloramphenicol residues in muscles and viscera of the livestock and poultry and in the shrimp has been established. METHODS: The chloramphenicol in animal tissues is extracted three times by ethyl acetate in ultrasonic. The extract is dehydrated with Na2SO4 and concentrated. The residues are cleaned up by 0.5 mol/L HClO4 and n-hexane. The purified solution is detected at UV 278 nm by HPLC. RESULTS: The detection limit of this method is 1.6 micrograms/kg in muscles and 3.2 micrograms/kg in viscera, the recovery is from 82.1% to 96.6%, RSD is 5.3%-6.4%. CONCLUSION: This method can be widely applied to animal-foods, and its recovery is high, and its detection limit is low, and it is easily popularized in countryside.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The minimal importance of the hollow viscera to peritoneal transport during peritoneal dialysis in the rat.

The authors investigated whether the abdominal viscera are important surfaces for peritoneal transport by performing peritoneal dialysis in rats without their abdominal viscera and again when the parietal walls were shielded from contact with dialysate. Urea, creatinine, glucose, and inulin were added to the peritoneal cavity and the percentage of the administered dose absorbed was calculated. Controls with and without parietal shields only absorbed 11% more urea and creatinine, 5-15% more glucose, and 7-12% more inulin, respectively, than eviscerated rats. The findings raise the possibility that the abdominal contents do not account for most of peritoneal transport.

Absorption↗
PubMedDate not supplied

En bloc pelvic peritoneal resection of the intraperitoneal pelvic viscera in patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer.

PURPOSE: We report the results of 30 patients who underwent en bloc resection of the pelvic peritoneum and all intraperitoneal pelvic viscera in the management of advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1989 and 1993, 30 consecutive patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer underwent en bloc resection of the pelvic peritoneum and all pelvic viscera, except for the bladder, with a rectosigmoid reanastomosis below the peritoneal reflection. All 30 patients were managed with gastrostomy and hyperalimentation. All patients received six cycles of platinum-based combination chemotherapy; the first cycle was administered prior to discharge. RESULTS: All patients underwent cytoreduction to the largest residual mass less than 1 cm. No major complications were attributed to the gastrointestinal surgery itself. The median hospital stay was 11 days (range, 7-23). We found 26 recurrences (87%) and 14 deaths (47%). The median times to recurrence and death were 12.5 months (range, 8-24) and 23 months (range, 8-63), respectively. Sixteen of the 26 relapses (62%) were found in extraperitoneal locations and 10 (38%) in intraperitoneal locations. Only 3 (12%) of the 26 relapses presented with bowel obstruction. CONCLUSIONS: En bloc resection of the uterus, ovaries, pelvic peritoneum, and rectosigmoid followed by low anterior anastomosis is a safe operation that facilitates complete cytoreductive surgery in poor prognosis patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

An analysis of the axon populations in the nerves to the pelvic viscera in the rat.

The present study uses selective surgical ablations combined with electron microscopic analyses to determine the number of axons in various categories in rat hypogastric, pelvic, and pudendal nerves, these being the nerves to the pelvic viscera in this animal. Unmyelinated fibers predominate in all of these nerves. One of the most significant findings is that the pelvic nerve contains almost as many postganglionic sympathetic fibers as the hypogastric nerve. Previous investigators thought that the pelvic nerve supplied the parasympathetic inflow and the hypogastric nerve the sympathetic inflow to the pelvic viscera. The finding that there is a sizable sympathetic component in the pelvic nerve negates this idea, at least for the rat, and presumably calls for a reevaluation of the syndromes that arise from pelvic as opposed to hypogastric nerve section. Other findings of interest are (1) that there are unmyelinated efferent axons in the pudendal nerve, indicating that the pudendal is not a typical somatic nerve, (2) that the hypogastric nerve has a very small sensory component, and (3) that there are fibers surviving in the distal stumps of all these nerves, particularly the pelvic and hypogastric nerves.

Adrenergic Fibers↗
PubMed2006

Clinical study on therapy of clearing hallow viscera in treating critical patients with gastro-enteric function disorder.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical effect of therapy of clearing hallow viscera in treating critical patients with gastro-enteric function disorder (GEFD). METHODS: Retrospective analysis was carried out on 96 critical patients. They were 48 patients in the treated group treated with Dachengqi Decoction and 48 patients in the control group treated with Western medicine for promoting gastric dynamic force. The recovery rate, recovery time of gastro-enteric function, incidence rate and fatality rate of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), as well as the level of plasma endotoxin (ET) before and after treatment between the two groups were compared. RESULTS: Comparison between the two groups in gastro-enteric function recovery rate (81.3% vs 45.8%), functional disorder sustaining time in patients who got recovered (1.2 +/- 0.3 days vs 4.0 +/- 1.1 days), incidence rate (29.17% vs 52.08%) and fatality rate (28.57% vs 56.00%) of MODS all showed significant difference (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The plasma level of ET after treatment in the treated group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Therapy of clearing hallow viscera has a good effect in treating critical patients with gastro-enteric function disorder, and could reduce the incidence and fatality of MODS.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Intrathoracic silo for fetal diaphragmatic hernia: lung growth and slow reduction of abdominal viscera.

Correction of a left congenital diaphragmatic hernia in a human fetus with a large volume of liver in the chest requires reduction of liver and viscera into the abdomen. This can kink the ductus venosus and cause the death of the fetus. Therefore, we have repaired surgically created diaphragmatic hernias in fetal lambs by leaving viscera in the chest wrapped in a silastic chimney. With fetal growth there is a relative reduction of hernia volume over weeks, potentially avoiding kinking the ductus venosus. In four groups of lambs lung size and static respiratory system compliance at birth were compared. Lambs treated by this new technique (silo, n = 7) were compared with lambs that had undergone immediate complete correction with a flat silastic patch in the diaphragm plus an abdominal patch (patch, n = 8), with lambs with uncorrected hernias (n = 6), and with normals (n = 8). There was no significant difference between total lung weights (131 +/- 6 g v 157 +/- 13 g, mean +/- SEM, silo v patch) and lung displacement volumes (142 +/- 7 mL v 162 +/- 14 mL) in either surgically corrected group. Lungs from those corrected by silo were significantly heavier than those with uncorrected herniae (131 +/- 6 g v 56 +/- 5 g, P < .01), but were not as heavy as normal lungs (131 +/- 6 g v 257 +/- 16 g, P < .01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Production of protease by Bacillus subtilis grown on sardinelle heads and viscera flour.

Fish flours from Sardinelle (Sardinella aurita) were prepared and tested for protease production by Bacillus subtilis. Protease synthesis was strongly induced when cells were grown in media containing only a combined head and viscera preparation. Sardinelle heads and viscera flour enhanced protease production up to 100% more than commercial peptones. The enhancement could have been due to a high lipid content, which might have contained nutritional factors acting as inducers, since defatting fish meal led to a decrease in protease production.

Bacillus subtilis↗
PubMed1995

Use of expanders for protection of viscera during irradiation of pelvic tumors in children.

The authors describe a new technique for radioprotection of pelvic viscera by placement of expanders in the subperitoneal area before irradiation of pelvic tumors. They use round shape sub-cutaneous expanders, the volume corresponding to children's weight. Seven patients were treated with excellent results, and minor complications: 2 rectitis due to unsatisfactory displacement of rectum by the balloon. There were no complications related to the device itself. The prosthesis was easy to withdraw. This method seems a safe and effective technique in protecting viscera.

Acetabulum↗