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PubMedDate not supplied

[Comparative cost of treatment of chronic complicated chlamydiosis of the urogenital system with some fluoroquinolones and macrolides].

The article is devoted to the problem of the health care delivery to patients with chlamydiosis of the urogenital system. A comparative study was made of the cost of the course of treatment of chlamydiosis with different antibiotics. These included fluorochinolons cyprobai (Bayer), cyprinol (KRKA), ophloxin (Lechiva) and macrolids clacid (Sanofi-Synthelabo), phromilid (KRKA) and rovamycin (Rhone-Poulenc-Rorer). Economic expediency is proved of employment of cyprinol (KRKA) and phrolimid (KRKA), which fact is related to a high drugs clinical efficiency, quality of these drugs and optimum pricing policy carried on by the KRKA company on the market of Ukraine.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1985

Immunological and virological studies of patients with tumours of the urogenital system.

The possible connections between the oncogenic viruses and the various tumours of the urogenital system were investigated. Examining the patients' cellular immune response by the lymphocyte transformation test, it was found that the non-specific immune response was considerably diminished in almost all cases, while response to adeno- and herpesvirus antigens was enhanced. Structural and functional impairment of T-lymphocytes frequently occurred. Antiviral humoral antibodies were present more rarely in cancer patients than in the controls. However, type 12 markedly oncogenic anti-adenovirus antibody was frequently found. Using the immunofluorescent method, adeno- and herpesviruses were found in more than 50% of the patients' malignant tumour cells. Electron microscopically, in some cases adeno-, herpes- and type C virus particles, too, were isolated in the tumour cells. According to these results besides other factors also adenoviruses may play a role in urogenital tumours.

Adenoviruses, Human↗
PubMed2004

Review of phosphodiesterases in the urogenital system: new directions for therapeutic intervention.

INTRODUCTION: With the success of Phosphodiesterase (PDE) type 5 inhibitors (i.e., sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil) in the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED), PDEs are considered attractive targets for drug intervention in the urogenital tract. AIM: To review the role of PDEs, which exist as a superfamily of enzymes comprising 11 distinct families, in the urogenital system, focusing on anatomical locations, functions and dysfunctions, potential disorders that could be treated, and any promising new selective PDE inhibitors under development. METHODS: Included are (i) abstracts from 2001, 2002, and 2003; (ii) a MEDLINE search from 1996 through December 2003; and (iii) a pipeline search for therapeutics in development. Data from animal experiments are presented when there is a paucity of human data, but with the caveat that the distribution of PDE isozymes in a specific tissue can vary between species. RESULTS: PDE mRNA and protein have been localized throughout the normal human urogenital tract. Double-blind, placebo-controlled studies suggest possible new clinical roles for sildenafil, including prophylaxis to preserve penile smooth muscle and erectile function after radical prostatectomy, and treatment of ejaculatory delay secondary to serotonergic reuptake inhibitor antidepressant therapy. Open-label studies suggest a potential clinical role for: vinpocetine (a PDE1 inhibitor) in the treatment of incontinence and low-compliance bladder; and sildenafil in the treatment of premature ejaculation, prostate-related lower urinary tract symptoms, and in women who have had unsuccessful in vitro fertilization. Several new orally administered PDE5 inhibitors are in early clinical development for the treatment of ED. Potential indications for PDE inhibitors that are suggested by preclinical data include Peyronie's disease, ureteral colic, male and female birth control, and prevention of preterm labor. CONCLUSIONS: Drug selectivity and differential PDE tissue distribution allow for potential targeted intervention for numerous disorders related to the urogenital tract.

3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases↗
PubMed2004

Multiple, distant Gata2 enhancers specify temporally and tissue-specific patterning in the developing urogenital system.

Transcription factor GATA-2 is expressed in a complex temporally and tissue-specific pattern within the developing embryo. Loss-of-function studies in the mouse showed that GATA-2 activity is first required during very early hematopoiesis. We subsequently showed that a 271-kbp yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) transgene could fully complement the loss of Gata2 hematopoietic function but that these YAC-rescued Gata2 null mutant mice die perinatally due to defective urogenital development. The rescuing YAC did not display appropriate urogenital expression of Gata2, implying the existence of a urogenital-specific enhancer(s) lying outside the boundaries of this transgene. Here we outline a coupled general strategy for regulatory sequence discovery, linking bioinformatics to functional genomics based on the bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries used to generate the mouse genome sequence. Exploiting this strategy, we screened >1 Mbp of genomic DNA surrounding Gata2 for urogenital enhancer activity. We found that the spatially and tissue-specific functions for Gata2 in the developing urogenital system are conferred by at least three separate regionally and temporally specific urogenital enhancer elements, two of which reside far 3' to the Gata2 structural gene. Including the additional enhancers that were discovered using this strategy (called BAC trap) extends the functional realm of the Gata2 locus to greater than 1 Mbp.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Analysis of anti-microbial resistance of Escherichia coli that caused infection in urogenital system].

OBJECTIVE: To study the anti-microbial resistance of Escherichia coli (E.coli) that caused infection in urogenital system. METHOD: Anti-microbial susceptibility tests for 148 strains of E.coli were conducted by disc diffusion technique. RESULTS: In 28 commonly used antibiotics, the resistance rates of E. coli to beta-lactam and quinolones were high (73.6%-86.4%). High resistance rates to the first- and the second-generation cephalosporin (cefradime, cephazolin and cefaclor) were also observed (44%). Resistance rate to ceftazidime is the lowest (10.1%) in the third-generation cephalosporin. The resistance rates of E. coli to piperacillin, pefoperazone and ampicillin were 84.5%, 44.6% and 83.0% respectively. Combined antibiotic and beta-lactam inhibitor gave lower resistance rates than antibiotic alone (piperacillin/tazobactam, cefoporazone/sulbactam and ampicillin/sulbactam were 4.1%, 10.8% and 52.0% respectively, P<0.01). Of 148 E. coli isolates, 38 strains were capable of yielding extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) (25.7%), 110 strains were not able to produce ESBLs (74.3%) and the resistance rates of isolates with ESBLs to 28 antibiotics were significantly lower than those of isolates without ESBLs. CONCLUSION: Antibiotic/beta-lactam inhibitor and nitrofurantoin are effective for urogenital infections caused by E. coli.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1989

The incidence of congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urogenital system in Lebanon.

In an attempt to define the incidence of congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urogenital system in Lebanon, 37,500 consecutive hospital records of newborn infant delivered at the American University of Beirut Medical Center from 1975 to 1985 were reviewed. The study revealed 6.32 abnormalities per 1000 newborns. These figures are lower than those reported in the literature, because of the very small number of autopsies performed in this country. A prospective, cooperative study by major nurseries in the country, performing fetal ultrasonography on every at-risk pregnancy, and the performance of more autopsies are needed to come out with more accurate figures on the incidence of these abnormalities in Lebanon. Early detection of congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract is of vital importance to institute early treatment to decrease the occurrence of end-stage renal disease.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed2000

Distribution of rhodanese in different parts of the urogenital systems of sheep at pre- and post-natal stages.

The enzyme rhodanese (thiosulfate:cyanide sulfurtransferase) is a ubiquitous enzyme present in all living organisms, from bacteria to humans and plays a central role in cyanide detoxification. The purpose of this investigation is to determine and compare rhodanese activity in different parts of urogenital systems of male and female sheep fetuses at 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, and 5 months of age. The highest activity of rhodanese in male fetus was in kidney cortex, followed by medulla of the kidney. No significant difference was observed in other organs. In female fetus, the highest activity was in kidney cortex followed by oviduct and medulla of kidney. The enzyme activity of tissues increased with age. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between male and female fetuses in levels of rhodanese activity of different tissues except in urinary bladder at 2.5 and 3 months and in urethra at 4.5 months of age. The results of this study might indicate the involvement of rhodanese in cyanide detoxification in tissues which are more exposed to cyanide. On the other hand, rhodanese might perform other functions which are specific in these tissues.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Injuries of the urogenital system].

Ultrasonography is accepted as a valuable screening method for the detection of renal trauma, although it does not make any functional contribution. Computerized tomography has replaced excretory urography for the evaluation of blunt renal trauma, because it makes more precise diagnosis possible. Arteriography is mandatory when injuries of the renal branch are suspected. The management of renal trauma should restore normal circulation and renal function and should preserve as much functioning renal tissue as possible. For renal contusion and minor cortical lacerations, even when there is a small extravasation of urine, conservative management is sufficient, while major cortical lacerations and injuries of the renal vessels require prompt operative methods. The classification of urethral ruptures is based on rectal palpation of the prostate, distribution and size of hematomas and urethrography. A primary catheter for diagnostic purposes is strictly contraindicated. Urinary diversion proximal to the urethral lesion is the primary therapeutic procedure, while the definite management of the ruptured urethra can be postponed. Injuries to the organs of the urogenital system are rarely life threatening, and in the case of multiple trauma their management can be adapted to fit in with the treatment of injuries to other vital organs. Nevertheless, diagnosis and adequate treatment of injured urogenital organs must not be neglected as long-lasting or permanent damage could result.

Angiography↗