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PubMed1998

[Study on certified reference material of germanium in Ganoderma lucidum].

Analytical reference material of Ge in Ganoderma lucidum is designed and prepared for accurete analysis, monitoration and evaluation in trades of farming, forestry, medicine and food hygiene for Ge. It is used in technical training, technical assessing, monitoring, data arbitrating and analytic method verifing for professional supervisors. This reference material has been certified by graphitic oven atomic absorption spectrometry, hydride spectrophotometry, polarography, chemical separation spectrophotometry, atomic fluorescence method and x-ray fluorescence method. According to Grubb's law to judge the data of each group, it is confirmed that all of seven groups certified crude data are normal distribution by checking normality D. The arithmatic mean value of all data is 0.38 microgram/g. Standard deviation is 0.08 microgram/g.

Drugs, Chinese Herbal↗
PubMed2004

[Study on certified reference material of iodine in kelp].

Analytical reference material of iodine in kelp was designed and prepared for accurate analysis, monitor and evaluation of iodine in trade of farming, forestry, medicine and food hygiene can be used in technical training, technical assessing, monitoring, date arbitrating and analytic method verifying for professional supervisors. This reference material was certified by neutron activation, ICP-MS, PA, GC, IC, COL method. According to Gurbb's law to judge the date of each group, it was confirmed that all of six groups certified curde date were normal distribution by checking normality D. The arithmetic mean value of all data on certified reference material of low and moderate amount was 9.3 microg/g and 85.7 microg/g respectively and, standard deviation was 0.9 microg/g and 4.9 microg/g respectively.

Iodine↗
PubMed2005

Role-playing for more realistic technical skills training.

Clinical skills are an important and necessary part of clinical competence. Simulation plays an important role in many fields of medical education. Although role-playing is common in communication training, there are no reports about the use of student role-plays in the training of technical clinical skills. This article describes an educational intervention with analysis of pre- and post-intervention self-selected student survey evaluations. After one term of skills training, a thorough evaluation showed that the skills-lab training did not seem very realistic nor was it very demanding for trainees. To create a more realistic training situation and to enhance students' involvement, case studies and role-plays with defined roles for students (i.e. intern, senior consultant) were introduced into half of the sessions. Results of the evaluation in the second term showed that sessions with role-playing were rated significantly higher than sessions without role-playing.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Heart rate and blood lactate concentrations as predictors of physiological load on elite soccer players during various soccer training activities.

The purpose of this investigation was to estimate the physiologic strain on players during various soccer training activities. Ten soccer players from the first division soccer league of Turkey were used as subjects. The heart rate responses were measured during 4 types of soccer training. First, the heart rates that corresponded to a blood lactate concentration of both 2 and 4 mM were measured, and then, during the 4 types of training, they were correlated with the proportion of time that the heart rate was below the 2-mM lactate line, between the 2- and 4-mM lactate lines, and above the 4-mM lactate line. Mean heart rates during friendly match, modified game, tactical training, and technical training activities were 157 +/- 19, 135 +/- 28, 126 +/- 21, and 118 +/- 21 b.min(-1), respectively. The differences between all of these soccer training activities were statistically significant (p < or = 0.01). The results demonstrate that (a) technical and tactical training consisted of very low exercise intensities (most of the heart rates were below the 4-mM lactate level) and (b) the percentages of time that the heart rate correlated to a point above the 4-mM lactate reference level during the friendly match and modified game were 49.6 +/- 27.1% and 23.9 +/- 24.5%, respectively. The practical implications of these findings are that, by using 2- to 4-mM reference lines, coaches can structure heart rate zones that can help determine the individualized exercise intensity for their players as well as estimate overall exercise intensity during soccer training.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2004

Comparison of three preventive methods in order to reduce the incidence of ankle inversion sprains among female volleyball players.

BACKGROUND: Ankle sprains are the most common form of acute injury in volleyball. A prevention programme consisting of technical training, proprioceptive training, and external support was previously designed to reduce the rate of ankle sprains in volleyball players. OBJECTIVE: To investigate which of these three interventions is the most effective in preventing ankle sprain in female volleyball players. METHODS: Participants were 52 players who suffered ankle sprains during the season 1998-1999. They were divided randomly into three preventive groups: group 1 (n = 18) followed the technical training programme; group 2 (n = 17) followed the proprioceptive programme; group 3 (n = 17) used orthosis. The players followed their respective programmes for the whole of the 1999-2000 season. Data were collected at the end of the season. RESULTS: The three preventive strategies were all effective in preventive further ankle sprain. Technical training was slightly more effective than the other two methods. Orthosis was not effective in athletes who had suffered ankle sprains more than three times during their careers. Under those circumstances, technical training and proprioceptive training were equally effective at preventive further sprains. CONCLUSIONS: Technical training and proprioceptive training are effective methods of preventing ankle sprain in volleyball players who have suffered this injury four or more times during their career. Orthosis appears effective only in players with fewer than four previous sprains.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Effect of technical traning program on intern physicians' and nurses' knowledge and attitudes regarding emergency contraceptives.

In spite of the effectiveness of modern contraceptives, unwanted pregnancies occur in large number throughout the world and many seek termination so emergency contraceptive methods can be used by women in the first few days, following unprotected intercourse to prevent unwanted pregnancy, induced abortion, and its consequences for women and couples. So this study was conducted to determine the effect of technical training program on upgrading a newly graduate physician and nurses knowledge and attitude regarding emergency contraceptives. The study included 50 intern physicians and 50 intern nurses who are working at El-Shatby maternity university hospital during 1st of march 2001. The study used pre and post test with no control group design. An interview questionnaire sheet was used to assess intern physician and nurses, knowledge about emergency contraceptives while 3 point Likert scale was used to assess the attitude of both groups (physician and nurses) were divided into two sub group. A four hours technical training program were implemented for each group separately on two successive days (2 hours/day). Before implementing the technical training program the study depicted a general lack of knowledge among all physician and nurses regarding emergency contraceptives. Methods added to that the majority of intern physician and nurses 70%, 84% respectively had negative attitude toward emergency contraceptives however, the technical training program had an obvious effect on intern physicians and nurses. Knowledge regarding emergency ,contraceptives. Although improving in the study subjects, Knowledge had a positive impact of their attitude toward emergency contraceptives.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[Participation of health centers in the training of technical and auxiliary personnel].

The authors propose that the training of technicians and auxiliaries for health institutions must be geared to the historic, economic, and cultural setting of the health problems in a given region. To this end, training and health establishments must set for themselves coordinated, specific objectives designed to meet the community's real health needs. They suggest that a training service be set up in health centers, with programs based on the participation of teachers and trainees and designed to bring the latter into direct contact with the health problems they will encounter in their future employment.

Allied Health Personnel↗
PubMed1993

Heuristics for scientific experimentation: a developmental study.

Scientific discovery involves search in a space of hypotheses and a space of experiments. We describe an investigation of developmental differences in the search constraint heuristics used in scientific reasoning. Sixty-four subjects (technically trained college students, community college students with little technical training, 6th graders, and 3rd graders) were taught how to use a programmable robot. Then they were presented with a new operation, provided with a hypothesis about how it might work, and asked to conduct experiments to discover how the new operation really did work. The suggested hypothesis was always incorrect, as subjects could discover if they wrote informative experiments, and it was either plausible or implausible. The rule for how the unknown operation actually worked was either very similar or very dissimilar to the given hypothesis. Children focused primarily on plausible hypotheses, conducted a limited set of experiments, designed experiments that were difficult to interpret, and were unable to induce implausible (but correct) hypotheses from data. Adults were much better than children in discovering implausible rules. The performance deficits we found were not simply the result of children's inadequate encoding or mnemonic skills. Instead, the adults appear to use domain-general skills that go beyond the logic of confirmation and disconfirmation and deal with the coordination of search in two spaces: a space of hypotheses and a space of experiments.

Adolescent↗