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PubMed1999

Effects of Military Training Activities on Shrub-steppe Raptors in Southwestern Idaho, USA.

/ Between 1991 and 1994, we assessed relative abundance, nesting success, and distribution of ferruginous hawks (Buteo regalis), northern harriers (Circus cyaneus), burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia), and short-eared owls (Asio flammeus) inside and outside a military training site in the Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area, southwestern Idaho. The Orchard Training Area is used primarily for armored vehicle training and artillery firing by the Idaho Army National Guard. Relative abundance of nesting pairs inside and outside the training site was not significantly different from 1991 to 1993 but was significantly higher on the training site in 1994 (P &le 0.03). Nesting success varied among years but was not significantly different inside and outside the training site (P > 0.26). In 1994, short-eared owl and burrowing owl nests were significantly closer to firing ranges used early in the spring before owls laid eggs than were random points (P < 0.001). In 1993, distances from occupied burrowing owl nests to firing ranges used early in the year were similar to those from random points to the same firing ranges (P = 0.16). Military activity contributed to some nesting failures from 1992 to 1994, but some pairs nested successfully near military activity. KEY WORDS: Distribution; Military impacts; Nesting success; Raptors; Relative abundance; Shrub-steppe

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

Vigorous, aerobic exercise versus general motor training activities: effects on maladaptive and stereotypic behaviors of adults with both autism and mental retardation.

Examined the effects of antecedent exercise conditions on maladaptive and stereotypic behaviors in 6 adults with both autism and moderate to profound mental retardation. The behaviors were observed in a controlled environment before and after 2 exercise and 1 non-exercise conditions. From the original group of 6 participants, 2 were selected subsequently to participate in aerobic exercise immediately before performing a community-integrated vocational task. Only antecedent aerobic exercise significantly reduced maladaptive and stereotypic behaviors in the controlled setting. Neither of the less vigorous antecedent conditions did. When aerobic exercise preceded the vocational task, similar reductions were observed. There were individual differences in response to antecedent exercise. Use of antecedent aerobic exercise to reduce maladaptive and stereotypic behaviors of adults with both autism and mental retardation is supported.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2005

Essential newborn care training activities: 8 years of experience in Eastern European, Caucasian and Central Asian countries.

There is still an alarming gap in neonatal healthcare and outcome between Western and Eastern European countries and the former USSR countries in particular. Most of the causes of neonatal mortality and morbidity can be prevented or managed by simple cost-effective interventions aimed at improving quality of healthcare, health system organisation and family and community participation. Training of health professionals and health policy-makers in the field of essential neonatal care and breastfeeding promotion is one of the cornerstones of the World Health Organization (WHO) initiatives Making Pregnancy Safer (MPS) and Promoting Effective Perinatal Care (PEPC) - the latter specifically tailored to the European Region - aimed at ensuring safe pregnancy and childbirth through ensuring the availability, access and use of quality skilled care. After 8 years of experience of training in essential neonatal care, positive changes in planning for and delivering neonatal care are taking place, even in challenging contexts, and this model of intervention should be further implemented in the region.

Asia, Central↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The distribution in real time of the spike train activity in the cortical neurons of cats during learning].

Analysis of the dynamics of distribution of coincident impulses in pairs of neurons revealed modifications in the structure of neuronal interaction in the process of learning. In electrodefensive sound conditioning coincident paired impulses of the neurons in cat's motor cortex were timed to the moment of the conditioned stimulus presentation. In food-procuring time conditioning coincident impulses were concentrated around the moment of the reinforcement administration. The described temporal pattern of coincident impulse distribution is considered as a manifestation of a conditioned reaction at the level of neuronal interaction. This conclusion is confirmed by the finding that coincident impulses may be grouped within the period of expected conditioned reaction even in the absence of the defensive or food-procuring movement in well-trained cats.

Acoustic Stimulation↗