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PubMed1992

[Analysis of factors influencing the recent decline in birth rate in Tokyo].

This study was undertaken in an attempt to find factors which affected the recent declining birth rate in Tokyo. Vital statistics of the female population, age 20-39, for the period of 1970 through 1985 for Tokyo were compared to national averages. Indices examined were birth rate, percentage of married women, birth rate for married women, and birth rate for married women by live birth order. Results thus obtained were as follows: 1. Birth rates for females aged 20-24 and 25-29 were largely dependent on percentages of married women rather than birth rates for married women both in Tokyo and in the nation as a whole, while the birth rates for females aged 30-34 and 35-39 were more dependent on birth rates for married women. 2. Percentages of married women aged 20-24 and 25-29 decreased during the observation period both in Tokyo and in the nation as a whole. 3. Birth rates for married women aged 30-34 and 35-39 dropped in the first 5 or 10 years of observation in both groups as a result of the reduction in high order live births. Thereafter, the decline changed to an upturn trend. 4. Yearly changes of birth rate, percentage of married women, birth rate for married women, birth rate for married women by live birth order, and birth rate of first child for married women appeared to have the same timing both in Tokyo and in Japan as a whole in each age category.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Genetic characterization of JC virus Tokyo-1 strain, a variant oncogenic in rodents.

The genome DNA of JC virus Tokyo-1 strain [JCV(Tokyo-1)], a variant oncogenic in rodents, was molecularly cloned directly from the brain of a Japanese patient with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and from tissue culture, and the restriction enzyme cleavage pattern and regulatory sequences were determined. The restriction pattern of the cloned JCV(Tokyo-1) DNA was different from those of JCVs previously reported in the United States and Germany. Also, the arrangement of the regulatory sequence was unique to this strain. Thus JCV(Tokyo-1) can be classified as a new subtype. The relationship between the restriction pattern and the regulatory sequence of JCV(Tokyo-1), and its characteristic oncogenicity, is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Long-term trend of chemical constituents in precipitation in Tokyo metropolitan area, Japan, from 1990 to 2002.

In order to understand the actual status and mechanism of acid rain, it is important to know the pH of precipitation and its chemical constituents on a continuous and regular basis over a wide area. This study examines acid rain over a wide area using an observational network in the Tokyo metropolitan area of Japan, and analyzes the major chemical constituents of every precipitation sample. Precipitation was collected continuously for a period of 12 years from June 1990 to May 2002 at several sampling sites in the Tokyo metropolitan area, and its pH and chemical constituent concentrations were measured. The average pH ranged from 4.23 to 4.62, clearly indicating acidification of precipitation over the entire Tokyo metropolitan area. A time-trend model was applied to describe temporal variations of chemical constituent concentrations, including annual change rate, seasonal variation, and precipitation effects. Seasonal and annual trends for the past 12 years were examined with the model, using the least squares method. Nonsea salt (nss)-Ca2+ shows a maximum value in early spring, a seasonality probably caused by calcium-rich particles in airborne yellow dust from Asia. Slightly decreasing annual trends of nss-SO4(2-) may correspond to the recent decreasing trend of atmospheric SO2 gas concentrations in the Tokyo metropolitan area. The annual trends of NO3-, NH4+, and nss-Ca2+ show a large site-to-site difference. The increasing NO3-, NH4+, and nss-Ca2+ concentrations at inland suburban sites may be caused by increases in their local sources such as vehicle traffic and municipal waste incineration. The annual change rate of H+ is slightly negative or almost zero at every site, so the acidification of precipitation has not become worse since 1990 over the Tokyo metropolitan area.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Clinico-epidemiological study of GBV-C/HGV infection in Tokyo metropolitan, and Nanjing and Yanbian cities in the People's Republic of China.

In the present study, we compared the molecular epidemiology of GBV-C/HGV co-infection and the clinical profiles in patients diagnosed with either type B or type C hepatitis virus infection from Nanjing in Southeast China and Yanbian in Northeast China, with those at the Nihon University Hospital in Tokyo. The patients included 97 men in Nanjing, 66 men and women in Yanbian, and 249 men and women at the Nihon University Hospital. GBV-C/HGV RNA was detected using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction as described by Abe et al. The prevalence of GBV-C/HGV co-infection in Nanjing, Yanbian, and Tokyo was 18.8, 23.3, and 3.5% in type B liver diseases, respectively, and 3.6, 11.1, 7.3% in type C liver diseases, respectively. A comparison of background factors between GBV-C/HGV RNA-positive and -negative patients revealed no significant differences in any parameter between Nanjing, Yanbian, and Tokyo. A phylogenic tree analysis of nucleotide sequences showed that the Nanjing strain was closely related to the Shanghai, Hong Kong, and Tokyo isolates, while the Yanbian isolate was closely related to the Korean, Mongolia, and Tokyo strains. These isolates were classified to the East Asian type of genotype 3. The results of the phylogenic tree analysis suggests that the GBV-C/HGV isolates from China and Japan have a common origin. Therefore, the prevalence of GBV-C/HGV infection may be geographically determined, irrespective of racial differences.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1990

Decrease in twinning rate in a hospital in Tokyo during World War II.

In order to investigate changes in twinning rate during World War II and postwar years, when the people in Tokyo suffered from malnutrition, about 80,000 delivery records during 1924-86 at one hospital in downtown Tokyo were examined. The twinning rate decreased from 1.47% in the 1920s to 0.81% in the 1980s. During the 1940s, the rate was 1.03% for 1940-42 and 0.94% for 1948-49, but it dropped down to 0.70% for 1943-47. In 1945, when Tokyo was heavily bombed repeatedly to be burnt out, and the people suffered from severe malnutrition, only one case of twinning was found among 305 maternities at this hospital (0.33%). While the mean birth weight of term singleton babies was 2953 g in 1940-41, it decreased to 2918 g in 1943-47, especially to 2856 g in 1945. This change in birth weight evidenced that the nutritional conditions in Tokyo became worse in 1943-47. This report suggests that the twinning rate decreased also during this period in Tokyo when the people suffered from malnutrition.

Female↗
PubMed1995

The role of fibrinogen D domain intermolecular association sites in the polymerization of fibrin and fibrinogen Tokyo II (gamma 275 Arg-->Cys).

Intermolecular end-to-middle domain pairing between a thrombin-exposed 'A' polymerization site in the central 'E' domain of fibrin, and a constitutive complementary 'a' site in each outer 'D' domain ('D:E'), is necessary but not alone sufficient for normal fibrin assembly, as judged from previous studies of a congenital dysfibrinogen, Tokyo II (gamma 275 arg-->cys), which showed defective fibrin clot assembly and a normal D:E interaction (Matsuda, M., M. Baba, K. Morimoto, and C. Nakamikawa, 1983. J. Clin. Invest. 72:1034-1041). In addition to the 'a' polymerization site, two other constitutive intermolecular association sites on fibrinogen D domains have been defined: between gamma chain regions containing the carboxy-terminal factor XIIIa crosslinking site ('gamma XL:gamma XL'); and between sites located at the outer ends of each molecule ('D:D') (Mosesson, M. W., K. R. Siebenlist, J. F. Hainfeld, and J. S. Wall, manuscript submitted for publication). We evaluated the function of these sites in Tokyo II fibrinogen, and confirmed that there was a normal fibrin D:E interaction, as determined from a normal fibrin crosslinking rate in the presence of factor XIIIa. We also found a normal gamma XL: gamma XL interaction, as assessed by a normal fibrinogen crosslinking rate. Judging from electron microscopic images, factor XIIIa-crosslinked Tokyo II fibrinogen failed to form elongated double-stranded fibrils like normal fibrinogen. Instead, it formed aggregated disordered collections of molecules, with occasional short fibrillar segments. In addition, Tokyo II fibrin formed an abnormal, extensively branched clot network containing many tapered terminating fibers. These findings indicate that the Tokyo II fibrinogen defect results in a functionally abnormal D:D self-association site, and that a normal D:D site interaction is required, in addition to D:E, for normal fibrin or fibrinogen assembly.

Binding Sites↗
PubMed2004

Thrombophilic dysfibrinogen Tokyo V with the amino acid substitution of gammaAla327Thr: formation of fragile but fibrinolysis-resistant fibrin clots and its relevance to arterial thromboembolism.

Thrombophilic dysfibrinogen Tokyo V was identified in a 43-year-old man with recurrent thromboembolism. Based on analyses of the patient fibrinogen genes, the amino acid sequence of the aberrant fibrinogen peptide, and deglycosylation experiments, fibrinogen Tokyo V was shown to have an amino acid substitution of gamma Ala327Thr and possibly extra glycosylation at gamma Asn325 because the mutation confers the N-linked glycosylation consensus sequence Asn-X-Thr. The mutation resulted in impaired function and hypofibrinogenemia (hypodysfibrinogen). Polymerization of fibrin monomers derived from patient fibrinogen was severely impaired with a partial correction in the presence of calcium, resulting in very low clottability. Additionally, a large amount of soluble cross-linked fibrin was formed upon thrombin treatment in the presence of factor XIII and calcium. However, Tokyo V-derived fibrin was resistant to degradation by tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)-catalyzed plasmin digestion. The structure of Tokyo V fibrin appeared severely perturbed, since there are large pores inside the tangled fibrin networks and fiber ends at the boundaries. Taken together, these data suggest that Tokyo V fibrin clots are fragile, so that fibrinolysis-resistant insoluble fibrin and soluble fibrin polymers may be released to the circulation, partly accounting for the recurrent embolic episodes in the patient.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Epizootiological study of hantavirus infection among Rattus norvegicus in Tokyo Bay area, Japan.

The prevalence of antibodies against hantavirus in 413 rats (Rattus norvegicus) captured in eight regions of the Tokyo Bay area from 1983 to 1992 were examined by the indirect fluorescent antibody test. Antibody-positive rats were found in Tokyo Port in 1983 (34.8%), 1984 (25.9%), 1985 (22.0%) and 1986 (15.6%), in Kasai Seaside Park in 1989 (3.2%) and 1990 (4.2%) and in Chiba Port in 1990 (6.7%). In Tokyo Port, antibody-positive rats were found in any season in 1984 and 1985, and seroprevalences among two age groups, i. e., less than six months and six or more months of age were 18.1% and 28.4%, respectively. Three virus strains were isolated from rats captured on reclaimed land No. 13 in Tokyo Port in 1985 and named TQR-23, TQR-48 and TQR-50. These strains were antigenically identical with other rat strains, e. g., strain SR-11 and TR-352 but were discriminated from 76-118 strain by the neutralization test. Until 1990, persistence of hantavirus among rats inhabiting the Tokyo Bay area was demonstrated and hantavirus may be continuously prevalent in rats in this area.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Protective efficacy of BCG Tokyo 172 in the guinea pig model of pulmonary tuberculosis].

BCG Tokyo 172 strain was examined for its protective efficacy against pulmonary tuberculosis in a guinea pig model. Guinea pigs were vaccinated with an intradermal injection of 10(3) CFU of BCG Tokyo 172 strain. BCG Copenhagen 1331 was employed as a control strain. Eight weeks after the vaccination, the animals were infected with about 10 CFU of M. tuberculosis H37Rv by a respiratory route in an aerosol chamber. Five weeks after infection, the animals were euthanized and their spleens, lungs and livers were obtained for enumeration of M. tuberculosis H37Rv and histopathological examinations. The mean log10 CFU of M. tuberculosis H37Rv recovered from right lower lung lobes of guinea pigs vaccinated with BCG Tokyo 172 (frozen), BCG Tokyo 172 (freeze-dried), BCG Copenhagen 1331 (freeze-dried) and placebo were 4.72, 4.23, 4.35 and 5.76, respectively. The mean log10 CFU of the bacteria recovered from spleens were 2.11, 1.51, 1.37 and 5.90, respectively. There was a significant difference in bacterial recovery from both lung and spleen between the vaccinated and the non-vaccinated groups. No significant difference was seen among the groups vaccinated with different strains of BCG in any organ. The lungs exhibited just small granulomatous nodules and the spleens showed no granulomatous nodules in the BCG-vaccinated guinea pigs. On the other hand, the lungs and spleens from non-vaccinated guinea pigs showed much larger granulomatous nodules with central necrosis. These histopathological difference between the vaccinated and the non-vaccinated guinea pigs was consistent with the difference of bacterial growth between them. The results of this study have clearly indicated that BCG Tokyo 172 strain possesses a significant protective efficacy against M. tuberculosis as well as BCG Copenhagen 1331 strain. These results have also shown that the respiratory infection model in guinea pigs is very useful to evaluate efficacy of vaccines against pulmonary tuberculosis.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Interrenal stress responsiveness of marbled sole, Pleuronectes yokohamae, inhabiting Tokyo Bay.

The interrenal stress responsiveness of marbled sole (Pleuronectes yokohamae) captured in the interior (Tokyo) and at the mouth (the Uraga Strait; Uraga) of Tokyo Bay, in the coastal region of Onjuku (the eastern coastal region of Chiba prefecture; Pacific) and in Ishinomaki Bay (Ishinomaki) in Japan was investigated. That is, the effects of air-exposure on plasma cortisol and glucose levels in the fish from the four different regions, and the effect of in vitro ACTH treatment on cortisol release from the head kidney tissue of the fish held under resting conditions were examined. In this study, it was found that (i) there were no significant differences in plasma cortisol and glucose levels among the fish from the four different regions under resting conditions, (ii) each air-exposed fish increased plasma cortisol and glucose levels, (iii) the cortisol response in marbled sole inhabiting Tokyo Bay, in particular the interior, was lower, delayed and prolonged, and (iv) cortisol release from the head kidney to in vitro ACTH treatment was lower in the fish from Tokyo compared with the fish from the reference (not so polluted) sites, Pacific and Ishinomaki. These results suggest that marbled sole inhabiting Tokyo Bay, in particular the interior, have been altered in their responsiveness of cortisol-producing interrenal cells to the stressor in the hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1999

Disease patterns of the homeless in Tokyo.

In recent years, homelessness has been recognized as a growing urban social problem in various countries throughout the world. The health problems of the homeless are considerable. The purpose of this study was to elicit, with sociodemographic profiles, the disease patterns among Tokyo's homeless. The subjects were 1,938 men who stayed at a welfare institution from 1992 to 1996. Diagnosed diseases/injuries and sociodemographic profiles were analyzed. The disease patterns of the homeless were compared to those of the male general population. Of the subjects, 8.3% were admitted to the hospital; 64.0% received outpatient care. Their observed morbidity rates by disease category were greater than those of the male general population in both Japan and Tokyo. Comorbidity of alcoholic psychosis/alcohol-dependent syndrome to both liver disease and pulmonary tuberculosis were greater than the average (P < .01). Construction work brought a higher risk of pulmonary tuberculosis (odds ratio = 2.0) and dorsopathies (odds ratio = 1.4) than did other jobs (P < .05). Disease patterns among the homeless in Tokyo were characterized by alcoholic psychosis/alcohol-dependence syndrome; liver disease; pulmonary tuberculosis; diabetes mellitus; fractures, dislocations, sprains, strains; hypertension; and cerebrovascular disease. Although the sociodemographic backgrounds of Tokyo's homeless have become more diverse, the principal occupation of the homeless was unskilled daily construction work, which underlay the characteristics of their disease patterns.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Outcome of schizophrenia in a non-industrialized society: comparative study between Bali and Tokyo.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to contrast the outcome of schizophrenic patients between Bali and Tokyo, the former being a non-industrialized society and the latter an industrialized society in Asia. METHOD: A total of 51 Balinese schizophrenics and 40 schizophrenics in Tokyo were evaluated by five outcome measures at a 5-year follow-up. RESULTS: No significant difference was found in the mean scores of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Eguma's Social Adjustment Scale and the re-admission rates between the subjects in the two sites. The cumulative length of stay in hospital during the 5-year period was significantly shorter in Bali. The percentage of subjects on psychiatric medication at the follow-up was significantly lower in Bali than that in Tokyo. CONCLUSION: Although the clinical outcome of schizophrenics in Bali was not superior to that in Tokyo, the subjects in Bali tended to be able to live in society without neuroleptic medication.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

A transcultural study of psychopharmacotherapy for schizophrenia of neuroleptic treatment between Tokyo and Bali.

We made a comparison of drug treatment for the patients with schizophrenia between two psychiatric hospitals in Tokyo, Japan, and Bali, Indonesia. An initial preliminary, cross-sectional study revealed that the mean daily dose of neuroleptics was significantly higher in Tokyo than it was in Bali. A second, longitudinal, study showed that the mean neuroleptic dose for newly admitted patients in the acute phase was higher, and the number of patients receiving maintenance treatment after discharge larger in Tokyo, while the mean duration of hospitalization was shorter, and the re-admission rate 1 year after discharge lower in Bali. These findings suggest that the course of schizophrenia is more favorable in Bali. As a result of lower dose of neuroleptics, the prevalence of tardic dyskinesia was much lower in Bali than it was in Tokyo.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Biochemical and molecular characterization of Salmonella serovar enteritidis phage type 4 isolated from food poisoning outbreaks in Tokyo].

Since 1989, outbreaks of Salmonella ser. Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) food poisoning have dramatically increased in Tokyo, and a total of 31 outbreaks has been reported in 1989. Twenty-one of these 31 outbreaks were caused by S. Enteritidis PT34, but 8 outbreaks were caused by S. Enteritidis PT4. After 1990 instead of SE PT34, food poisoning due to PT4, which was a very common phage type in the UK, has increased in Tokyo. Between 1989 and 1995, there were 144 food poisoning outbreaks caused by S. Enteritidis, and 64 of these outbreaks were by due to S. Enteritidis PT4, which was one of the main phage types in Tokyo. To characterize these strains of phage type (PT) 4,293 isolates from patients, and vehicle foods, eggs and environment in Tokyo were examined for plasmid DNA profiles, acid productivity from glycols (propylene and ethylene) and antimicrobial resistance patterns. Plasmid DNA was extracted by Kado's method, and analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. The acid productivity from propylene glycol or ethylene glycol were tested using Barsicow medium with 1% propylene glycol or ethylene glycol. Antimicrobial susceptibility to AM, CP, TC, SM, KM, NA, ST, FOM and NFLX was tested by the K-B disc method. The strains of PT4 were further subdivided into 9 types by those epidemiologic marker analysis. The prevalent pattern of PT4 strains was type A plasmid profile carrying only one plasmid (60 kb) and there were 2 kinds of antibiograms. One was SM resistant, while the other was susceptible. A total of 56 (87.5%) of 64 outbreaks was found to have been caused by these types of S. Enteritidis. Several kinds of egg-related foods were suspected as the vehicles of transmission among 24 outbreaks. Especially, in 5 outbreaks, S. Enteritidis strains were isolated both from patients and suspected food which were cooked with egg. This strongly suggests that these foods may be the potential source of infection in S. Enteritidis PT4 outbreaks.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1982

Development of a heart disease screening system for school children and its results in the Tokyo area in 1980.

After the revision of the School Health Law in Japan the systems for heart disease screening for school children showed a great advance and the computerized devices for automatic evaluation of selected leads ECG and PCG were developed rapidly and have been improved in Japan. Two systems of heart disease screening for school children have been developed, that is, the Tokyo system and the "ECG-PCG for all children system". The Tokyo system utilizes a questionnaire, a physical examination by school physicians and a chest X-ray for the primary screening procedure and ECG-PCG for the secondary procedure. The "ECG-PCG for all children system" utilizes a questionnaire, a chest X-ray and ECG-PCG. The superiority of the ECG-PCG system was shown in comparison with the Tokyo system. Nearly twice as many cases of congenital heart disease were detected by the ECG-PCG system as compared with the Tokyo system, and many cases were disclosed for the first time. The "ECG-PCG for all children system" will probably be more popular in the near future in accordance with the advance of computerized systems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Significance of rises in urinary bicarbonate contents and pH related with increased atmospheric carbon dioxide in Tokyo.

Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration was measured at several locations in Tokyo, for two weeks, in December, 1995 and 1996, and was found to be increased up to 550 ppm, while it was shown by us to be 450 ppm in December, 1994. These results demonstrate that atmospheric carbon dioxide is steadily increasing at faster rates in Tokyo than we expect, though it has been considered that the atmospheric carbon dioxide is still as much as 350 ppm. Bicarbonate concentration and pH of urine of 13 medical students in Tokyo were also measured for the same period in December of 1995 and 1996, and were found to be significantly increased compared with the values that were reported in the past. Furthermore, urinary bicarbonate and pH were extensively increased, when 4 and 5 students made 3-hour car trip in two different cars with all windows closed, where carbon dioxide was increased up to about 5000 ppm within 1 hour. These results support our previous hypothesis that the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide may be reflected by the increase of urinary bicarbonate and pH. Our results also suggest that the environmental situation is being seriously aggravated in Tokyo, year by year, in terms of atmospheric carbon dioxide.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology - past 22 years and its future.

The Tokyo Metropolitan Gerontology Center (TMGC) established the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology (TMIG) in 1972. The Institute, located adjacent to the Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital (TMGH) and close to several other nursing facilities of TMGC, aims to promote research on aging. TMIG, originally a part of the TMGC organization, became a foundation in 1981, independent from the Tokyo Metropolitan Government. TMIG, a representative institute of aging research in Japan, is briefly introduced herein.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Elevated serum vitellogenin levels and gonadal abnormalities in wild male flounder (Pleuronectes yokohamae) from Tokyo Bay, Japan.

Concentrations of vitellogenin (VTG) in serum of wild male flounder (Pleuronectes yokohamae) were investigated, as a biomarker for environmental estrogens in marine waters, from January 1997 to May 1998 in Tokyo Bay, Japan (n = 130) and from a reference site in Hokkaido, Japan, far from urban areas (about 40 km from Hakodate city) from March 1997 to June 1998 (n = 62). Statistically higher concentrations of serum VTG were detected in wild male flounder collected in Tokyo Bay (range: 25-2200 ng ml-1) compared to fish from Hokkaido (range: 31-91 ng ml-1) throughout the entire sampling period. Three out of 20 males collected off Haneda, in the inner part of Tokyo Bay, showed testes containing small numbers of oocytes. This intersex condition was not found among males collected from the reference site. This study suggests that the abnormally high levels of VTG and the presence of oocytes in the testis of male flounder collected from Tokyo Bay could be the effect of environmental estrogens.

Animals↗