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PubMed1996

The Irma dream, self-analysis, and self-supervision.

The Irma dream has special historical significance. Erikson and others have placed it in historical, social, and cultural context. The manifest dream was elaborated in terms of analytic surface with analysis of form and content, patterns and movement in time and space, etc. There are, however, limits to textual reinterpretations. Further psychobiographic consideration of the Irma dream highlights issues of transference, countertransference and their sources in unconscious conflict and trauma. The Irma dream was initially a secret dream which represented the initiation of a self-analytic and supervisory process. Freud's revealing the dream and imagining the commemoration of the discovery of "the secret of the dream" marked the termination of formal self-analysis within analysis interminable.

Countertransference↗
PubMed1996

[The "Tractatus de balneis Germaniae" by Caspar Schober (around 1530). On the status of early balneology in Germany between mineral source analysis and corresponding reports].

Caspar Schober, an Austrian physician of the early 16th century, wrote a treatise concerning the most famous German spas. In this treatise he describes a method to analyse the hot springs in Gastein to know their therapeutic effects. With this description he is one of the first scientific authors in Germany dealing with the modern analysis of hot springs used by the Italian balneologists; in fact he is writing in the same textual paradigm as Menghus Blanchellus in his "Consilium de balneo Villae'. The second part of his treatise about the spas of Baden near Vienna, Markgrafenbad, Wiesbaden, Aachen, Wildbad in the Black Forest, Pfäfers and Baden in Switzerland depends on a hitherto unknown latin redaction of the "Tractatus de balneis naturalibus' of Felix Hemmerli, probably written by the Munich physician Johannes Hartlieb.

Austria↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The clinical application of the nursing process in selected acute care settings: a professional mirage.

The nursing process is the problem solving framework purported to be used in a multiplicity of health care settings. Although its use is widespread in educational and clinical settings, some nurse clinicians display negative attitudes towards its use and state that it is incongruent with nursing practice. To date, there has been no study cited that has examined it use within clinical settings to determine the substance of these claims. Using grounded theory methodology, this study examined the clinical application of the nursing process in acute care hospital settings. Data were obtained from semi-structured interviews with predominantly nurse clinicians (n = 27), participant field observations of nurse clinicians, and in-depth audits of patient records. Textual data were managed using NUD-IST and analysed using constant comparative method. Data generation and analysis proceeded simultaneously using open coding, theoretical coding, and selective coding techniques until saturation was achieved. Nurses in this study experienced the basic social problem of being in a state of "Unknowing" that was linked to a number of factors, such as, the existence of a fragmented and inconsistent method of determining and communicating patient care and work conditions of immense change and uncertainty. The findings revealed several problems with the clinical application of the nursing process and illustrated that the espoused theory was unable to be clinically applied.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1995

Free text analysis.

In the context of hospital information systems (HIS) medical free text analysis is reviewed with respect to current automated approaches to literature retrieval, case retrieval and fact retrieval from textual data in the patient record. The Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) project has enormously stimulated current research. It is expected that UMLS knowledge sources and SNOMED III (which need a translation into other languages as soon as possible) as well as the conceptual graphs formalism, could become standards to utilize free text information contained in HIS databases.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed1994

The telephone interview as a data collection method.

The interview is one of the most frequently used methods of collecting qualitative data. This paper offers a description of how the telephone interview may be used to collect data in both qualitative and quantitative studies. It offers a description of how to plan and use the telephone as a means of collecting data and justifies the use of this method. The paper also describes and illustrates how textual data that arises from the use of telephone interviews may be analysed by computer. Two approaches to analysis are outlined: (1) simple drawing together of responses to questions and (2) the searching for categories within the data and the organisation of text within those categories. The paper identifies limitations of the approach to data collection and points to further reading on the topic.

Humans↗
PubMed1995

FOLD: integrated analysis and display of protein secondary structure.

FOLD, a computer program for the definition and analysis of protein secondary structure, is described. Algorithms implemented in the software are reviewed. These include methods for the identification of simple features such as hydrogen bonds, alpha helices, beta strands, beta bulges, and beta and psi turns. Techniques are also described for the definition and analysis of higher-order structures, such as beta hairpins, beta sheets and their topology, and beta barrels. In addition to considerable textual output the program supports visualization of protein secondary structure in either an atom-based display style or one reproducing the characteristics of a so-called ribbon drawing.

Computer Graphics↗
PubMed1994

Textual prompts as an antecedent cue self-management strategy for persons with mild disabilities.

Providing learners written task analyses to be used as textual prompts was examined as a self-management strategy for persons with mild disabilities. Initially, modeling, corrective verbal feedback, and contingent descriptive praise were employed to train participants to use the written task analysis to perform one home maintenance task. Subsequently, participants were tested on their use of different task analyses combined with general feedback to perform two novel home maintenance tasks. No training was provided on how to use these new task analyses. Either a multiple baseline or a multiple probe across settings experimental design was used to control extraneous variables. Results indicated that the written task analyses served as self-administered textual prompts and, along with general feedback, provided stimulus control for the second and third tasks. When the self-management task analyses and general feedback were withdrawn, transfer of stimulus control occurred to the natural discriminative stimuli for the majority of tasks. The research suggests that written task analyses, as presented in the present study, may have utility for the self-management of instruction by persons with mild disabilities.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

On-line information sources on chemical substances.

Information technology has brought about changes in the work patterns of researchers and scientists. After some hints on the on-line facilities needed to be connected to the international host computers, an analysis is made of some of the main automated sources available to retrieve information on chemical substances. Special emphasis is given to textual-numeric data banks, first reviewing the main chemical dictionaries, like Registry and Chemline, and then focusing on those sources that offer immediate information in case of emergency. Among the Toxnet files, produced and managed within the US National Library of Medicine Toxicology Information Program, play a very important role in offering publicly available data on toxicology and on hazardous chemicals. Therefore, the Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) and the Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS) are described for their relevance thereon. Other data banks produced in Europe, like the Environmental Chemicals Data Information Network (ECDIN) and the very specialized Major Hazard Incident Data Service (MHIDAS) are also briefly outlined. To integrate this overview on online information, the attention is then shifted on sources having the characteristic of reference databases: prestigious files covering the international scientific literature, as CA/Chemabs, Toxline/Toxlit, Embase, Medline are introduced. Implications of on-line technology in enhancing information access in the next future are discussed, pointing out the new tools created to meet the information needs of end-users.

Databases, Bibliographic↗
PubMed1990

Proposed standard for image cytometry data files.

A number of different types of computers running a variety of operating systems are presently used for the collection and analysis of image cytometry data. In order to facilitate the development of sharable data analysis programs, to allow for the transport of image cytometry data from one installation to another, and to provide a uniform and controlled means for including textual information in data files, this document describes a data storage format that is proposed as a standard for use in image cytometry. In this standard, data from an image measurement are stored in a minimum of two files. One file is written in ASCII to include information about the way the image data are written and optionally, information about the sample, experiment, equipment, etc. The image data are written separately into a binary file. This standard is proposed with the intention that it will be used internationally for the storage and handling of biomedical image cytometry data. The method of data storage described in this paper is similar to those methods published in American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) Report Number 10 and in ACR-NEMA Standards Publication Number 300-1985.

Electronic Data Processing↗
PubMed1996

TongueTwister: an integrated program for analyzing lickometer data.

The analysis of lickometer data is often rendered prohibitively tedious by the large volume of data generated by the typical experiment. TongueTwister is an integrated program for the rapid and automatic analysis, presentation, and summary of long- and medium-access data collected by lickometers or of brief-access data collected by multi-bottle lickometers such as the DiLog Instruments MS80. The program was written in C+2 for Macintosh computers, and analyzes data collected by MS-DOS PCs. It takes advantage of the Macintosh user interface to provide quick and convenient output from all the files of a single experimental session, and to export the data to third-party statistical software or other documents. It can batch-process data files by automatically opening and analyzing all the files in a directory; thus, the user can employ directories as a simple database for organizing experimental groups. When a lickometer data file is opened, a textual summary, a raster plot of the lick pattern, the cumulative licks, the lick rate, a histogram of inter-lick intervals, and a breakdown of the session by fractions are automatically calculated and displayed. When an MS80 brief-access file is opened, the lick pattern for each tube presentation and a textual summary of the mean values derived for each tube are automatically displayed. If a directory of files is opened, the mean values derived across all the individual files are calculated and graphed. Analysis parameters can be tailored to the investigator's liking. Tables or graphs can be saved to disk, or copied and pasted into other Macintosh programs for additional analysis. The program may also be used for general-purpose analysis of periodic event records.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Use of the QSR.NUD.IST computer program to identify how clinical midwife mentors view their work.

This paper looks at the use of a computer program (QSR.NUD.IST) to analyse qualitative data. The data are derived from interviews with clinical midwife mentors as part of an evaluation of a midwifery educational programme. An account is given of the content analysis of the data with reference to the literature, and then the way the programme was used to analyse the data a second time. A description is given of the way this programme in particular functions using the textual data as an example. The use of computers in general for analysing qualitative data is discussed in terms of their advantages and disadvantages. The results of the study are described briefly showing how the mentors view their role and responsibilities.

Data Interpretation, Statistical↗
PubMed1994

Quantitative audit of the content of histopathology reports.

An audit of histopathology reports presents the problem that the output is textual and difficult to quantify. This makes the definition of an adequate report subjective and susceptible to observer variation. A procedure has been developed which allows the quantitative analysis of reports and facilitates the development of local reporting guidelines. A topic is selected; the auditor then lists the possible details that may be included in the report and notes how many reports from a sample include each detail. The results are discussed at a departmental meeting with the aim of agreeing on reporting guidelines. At a later date another sample of reports can be analysed for compliance with the guidelines and compared with the previous reports. Problems with compliance can be discussed further and at the audit meeting the guidelines may be amended appropriately, thus completing the audit cycle. This method of audit has the advantage that the results are quantitative and that the group discussion and re-examination of the guidelines has educational value.

Humans↗
PubMed1995

Effects of inconsistent pictures on remembering text.

An experiment was conducted to examine whether a consistent or an inconsistent picture would facilitate recall of text when recall was tested under two conditions involving a consistent or an inconsistent picture. Analyses indicated that recall in the inconsistent-picture condition was better than that in the consistent-picture condition for missing sentences but not for complete sentences of text. This result suggests that an inconsistent picture may facilitate processing of textual information more elaborately than do consistent pictures.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The portrayal of the menstruating woman in menstrual product advertisements.

Because menstrual product advertisements act as mediators of a subset of meanings of femininity linked to menstruation, we performed a comparative conceptual analysis of these advertisements to explicate media-constructed realities of contemporary women. We sought to understand the portrayed women's definition of menstruation and their status as menstruating women. Textual and conceptual analyses led us to conclude that the portrayed women, in an attempt to avoid others' discovery of their menstruation, employed a complex menstrual management system, which often includes feminized menstrual products, to act as an antidote to a tainted state of femininity.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1993

The Rancho EMG analyzer: a computerized system for gait analysis.

This paper describes a computer system which accurately defines the EMG patterns of the lower extremities during gait. Footswitches are used to identify the temporal relationships and determine the phases of the gait cycle. Fine wire electrodes, inserted in the desired muscles of the patient being tested, provide EMG signals for comparison with a normal database. The system is also usable with surface electrodes when an appropriate normal database for surface electrodes is incorporated. Descriptive qualifiers (such as 'premature onset', 'delayed cessation', 'no clinically significant EMG', 'continuous activity' etc.) are used to produce a clinically relevant printed (textual) report. The intensity filtered average (IFA) of the EMG is shown graphically with the representative profile of each stride. The IFAs for all muscles tested can be plotted together (up to six on a page) and the graphic representation of the 'raw' EMG can be produced. The methods of generating the normal database by creating time-adjusted mean profiles (TAMP) are enumerated. The clinical use of the system is discussed. A detailed analysis of 31 of the most recent patient tests for which the system was used provides an indication of its accuracy. For 86% of the 428 muscle tests examined, the EMG analyser was considered to have given the correct result as compared with a visual analysis of the raw EMG record by a trained expert. Recommendations for the use and future improvements of the EMG analyser are made.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Extraction of SNOMED concepts from medical record texts.

Clinicians have traditionally documented patient data using natural language text. With the increasing prevalence of computer systems in health care, an increasing amount of medical record text will be stored electronically. However, for such textual documents to be indexed, shared, and processed adequately by computers, it will be important to be able to identify concepts in the documents using a common medical terminology. Automated methods for extracting concepts in a standard terminology would enhance retrieval and analysis of medical record data. This paper discusses a method for extracting concepts from medical record documents using the medical terminology SNOMED-III (Systematized Nomenclature of Human and Veterinary Medicine, Version III). The technique employs a linear least squares fit that maps training set phrases to SNOMED concepts. This mapping can be used for unknown text inputs in the same domain as the training set to predict SNOMED concepts that are contained in the document. We have implemented the method in the domain of congestive heart failure for history and physical exam texts. Our system has a reasonable response time. We tested the system over a range of thresholds. The system performed with 90% sensitivity and 83% specificity at the lowest threshold, and 42% sensitivity and 99.9% specificity at the highest threshold.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1996

DAPAS, a computerised workplace for Digital Acquisition and Processing of Analog Signals, with up to two gigabytes data per registration.

A comprehensive and flexible arrangement for Digital long-term Acquisition and Processing of Analog Signals (DAPAS) has been developed. It is especially designed for neurophysiological laboratories and mainly based on IBM-compatible PC components. A/D converters are used, which allow sampling rates of up to 100 kHz (up to 16 bits, 1-16 channels). Signals are stored continuously on DOS devices and on a fast tape streamer, which uses standard video-8 tapes, and which is 2.8 times faster than DAT-based systems. As the recording speed is adapted to the sampling rate, one tape allows recording times of (uncompressed) data acquired at a sampling rate of 100 or 10 kHz of 6.8 and 68 h, respectively. Using a coprocessor-video device, recordings may be scrolled on- or off-line on the screen. In addition, up to eight multi-channel oscilloscopes are displayed simultaneously. DAPAS allows the use of a conventional matrix printer which can act as an inertia-free multi-pen recorder. Defined stored signals are recalled by means of a time code or textual markers. All sections of recordings lasting milliseconds to hours may be displayed within seconds. DAPAS supports export filters for further processing. Thus, this system replaces analog devices (multi-pen recorder, oscilloscope, data recorder), and enables quick, complete digital processing and analysis of neurophysiological data.

Action Potentials↗