Regional population development and the service sector in Austria.
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Austria↗
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American fertility and industrial restructuring: a possible link.
Despite the fact that economic and demographic factors conventionally are considered to be integrally related, researchers have overlooked recent changes in the structure of the American economy that may have affected fertility in the US. This article seeks to raise questions and explores the possibility that recent processes of industrial restructuring have created new employment patterns and socioeconomic conditions which have influenced American fertility positively. Specifically, conditions of underemployment and unemployment, generated by the service and manufacturing sectors, may be conducive to increased fertility.
Americas↗
Family planning in the workplace in Jamaica.
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Americas↗
[International migration, agriculture, and development: reflections from some case studies].
The author examines the relationships among migration, agricultural development, and economic development in the labor-exporting countries of Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, and Turkey. She finds that "massive migration contributes much more to the growth of the service sector than to agricultural or industrial development in the countries of departure." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND FRE)
Africa↗
[Ethnic entrepreneurship in Montreal: some preliminary results].
"This research note presents a first sketch of a study we are undertaking on ethnic entrepreneurship [in Montreal]. It details first of all our theoretical framework and then presents some preliminary results. For this research, we are studying various ethnic groups, those in the majority as well as the minority. For each of them, we will analyze the impact that immigration status, sex, the industrial sector and urban context play on entrepreneurial activity." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)
Americas↗
Patterns of labor absorption by occupation in the Dominican Republic.
"The purpose of this article is to describe and analyze patterns of labor absorption by occupation in the Dominican Republic using national population census data." The author develops a measure that facilitates the identification of patterns of labor absorption into various occupations. The results, based on data for the period 1970-1981, show sharp differentials by sex and zone. It is found that the service sector is absorbing more workers but that agriculture is not, even in rural areas.
Agriculture↗
The deconcentration theoretical perspective as an explanation for recent changes in the West German migration system.
The author uses a deconcentration theory to explain shifts in migration that occurred in the Federal Republic of Germany during the 1980s. He finds that "a general redistribution of the West German population down the metropolitan size hierarchy occurred during the first half of the 1980s, and was not the result of (a net) out-migration from old industrial areas....A spatial deconcentration of manufacturing and service sector employment during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s allowed family-aged migrants to actualize their preferences for living in lower-density and small urban areas, and as a result a regional deconcentration of population became evident in the 1980s."
Age Factors↗
Prospects for service sector employment growth in non-metropolitan America.
"This paper focuses on how successfully non-metropolitan areas [in the United States] can compete for service-producing industry. Data on wage and salary employment for the 1969-84 period are used to assess how well non-metropolitan areas have been keeping up with metropolitan areas in expanding service jobs. Changes in patterns of employment growth in non-metropolitan and metropolitan service industries between 1969-76 and 1976-84 are described and these changes related to the growth pattern in goods-producing industries. In addition, data are used to identify the types of service activities that have concentrated in non-metropolitan areas."
Americas↗
Regional differences in labor demand in the United States.
The authors "present estimates of the elasticity of demand for labor [in the United States] by region for the manufacturing sector....A brief theoretical framework for analyzing the demand for labor is presented.... This framework is used to develop a model that is well suited to analyze interregional differences in the elasticity of demand for labor....[It is] shown that there are significant differences between regions in both substitution and output elasticities. This finding implies that there are significant differences in the total elasticity of demand for labor across regions; therefore, error may be expected when national demand elasticities are used to estimate regional responses to wage and output changes."
Americas↗
The relationships among labor-force participation, service-sector employment, and underemployment.
"In this study, it is argued [that] underemployment is both affected by and affects the labor-force participation rate (LFPR) and the level of service employment. Interestingly, the analysis reveals that service employment lowers the LFPR and raises underemployment. In turn, underemployment increases the LFPR as more secondary workers are pushed into the labor market in an effort to support their households. Thus, secondary workers are not pulled into the labor market by the availability of service jobs, but are rather pushed into these jobs by the condition of underemployment that is brought on by the growing concentration of low-paying service jobs....A three-equation simultaneous equation model is developed to test our hypotheses [and] three-stage least squares...estimates of this model for the 100 largest [U.S.] metropolitan areas are presented...."
Americas↗
Nursing in the 1980s and 1990s--a challenge for managers.
The 1980s have seen a significant number of pressures placed on the health care system and the nursing profession. Such pressures include an adverse economic climate, the impact of technology, the rise of consumerism, the transfer of basic nurse education into the tertiary education sector and the move to privatization in health care. These pressures require skills not previously expected of nurse administrators in order to effect a smooth transition through these times of change. Failure to manage effectively has led to staff shortages and increased industrial militancy, two symptoms present in Australia at the moment. An overview of the present climate in this country is presented for consideration of effective management practices for the future.
Community Participation↗
Population growth and economic development in the very long run: a simulation model of three revolutions.
The authors propose an economic model capable of simulating the 4 main historical stages of civilization: hunting, agricultural, industrial, and postindustrial. An output-maximizing society to respond to changes in factor endowments by switching technologies. Changes in factor proportions arise through population growth and capital accumulation. A slow rate of exogenous technical process is assumed. The model synthesizes Malthusian and Boserupian notions of the effect of population growth on per capita output. Initially the capital-diluting effect of population growth dominates. As population density increases, however, and a threshold is reached, the Boserupian effect becomes crucial, and a technological revolution occurs. The cycle is thereafter repeated. After the second economic revolution, however, the Malthusian constraint dissolves permanently, as population growth can continue without being constrained by diminishing returns to labor. By synthesizing Malthusian and Boserupian notions, the model is able to capture the salient features of economic development in the very long run.
Agriculture↗
Assessing comprehensive nursing performance: the objective structured clinical assessment (OSCA). Part 2--Report of the evaluation project.
Part 1 of this paper described the development of an assessment strategy used to measure the clinical performance of student nurses undertaking preparation for practice within the tertiary education sector. The challenge of developing an appropriate technique in assessment to accommodate a comprehensive nursing register was described. Features of the design and implementation were also provided. Part 2 describes an evaluation project developed by the staff and supported by a research grant from the New South Wales (NSW) Nurses Registration Board. The aim of the study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Objective Structured Clinical Assessment (OSCA) technique. The research design incorporated the use of triangulated data: student questionnaires, judgments made by a panel of experts and an analysis of the statistical correlation between the students' results in the OSCA and results in other areas of assessment.
Clinical Competence↗
Service class migration in England and Wales, 1980-81: identifying gender-specific mobility patterns.
"Gendered patterns of service class migration were observed between the metropolitan counties and regional remainders within England and Wales using 1981 Census data. Observed flows were analysed in terms of the north-south migration divide and counterurbanization, and were compared to estimates derived from gravity models. More service class men than expected moved from metropolitan to non-metropolitan areas and between non-metropolitan areas. Women were less likely to move into non-metropolitan areas and were especially attracted to metropolitan destinations, notably London. These women were also more mobile within the South than service class men. It is suggested that these contrasting patterns reflect the differential geography of women's employment." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND GER)
Demography↗
Loss and recovery of reactivity to noxious stimuli in monkeys with primary spinothalamic cordotomies, followed by secondary and tertiary lesions of other cord sectors.
Cebus albifrons monkeys were trained to escape electrical stimulation of either leg at five intensities, spanning a range from mild tingle to intense but tolerable pain, as judged by human observers who experienced the same stimuli. The average duration of stimulation received by the animals at each intensity was plotted for each leg during the period required for recovery of responsiveness to noxious electrical stimulation following ventrolateral spinal cordotomy. Recovery of escape responding was observed similarly following subsequent lesions to the spinal cord, in an attempt to define the pathways that subserve pain conduction after readjustment from cordotomies that produced substantial deficits of escape behaviour. The most enduring elevations of duration of stimulation by lesion I (left cordotomy) were produced by lesions that involved all of the ventrolateral column and most or all of one or both ventral columns. Secondary lesions of the dorsal columns, Lissauer's tract and the dorsolateral columns, in various combinations, did not produce long-term effects on escape responding. In contrast, a complete ventral hemisection produced a pronounced bilateral deficit that did not recover fully over three hundred and five post-operative days. The major conclusions are: (1) that the dorsal pathways do not play a major role in the rostral conduction of information critical for pain perception in monkeys, even though these pathways receive input from high threshold receptors; and (2) in order to produce a lasting decrease of pain sensitivity in primates by spinal surgery, the lesion must be bilateral and must involve both the ventrolateral and ventral columns.
Animals↗
Cost-effectiveness of strategies to reduce mother-to-child HIV transmission in Mexico, a low-prevalence setting.
OBJECTIVE: To estimate and compare the cost-effectiveness of selected interventions to reduce mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV in Mexico. METHODS: A spreadsheet-based model was used to examine five scenarios, each estimated using both zidovudine (ZDV) and nevirapine (NVP). Scenarios differ according to coverage, type of voluntary counselling and testing (VCT), restriction to women at higher risk, and whether rapid testing is offered at delivery. Averted adult infections due to VCT are also estimated, as are savings due to averted treatment costs. Results are reported as cost per child infection prevented, net of averted treatment costs (C/CIP). RESULTS: Among 958294 women attending public antenatal clinics, increasing VCT coverage from 4% to 85% is estimated to prevent 102 paediatric and 8 adult infections at a C/CIP of US dollars 42517 using ZDV. In the most restrictive scenario (III), 46 paediatric infections are prevented with a C/CIP of US dollars 39220. Use of NVP increases C/CIP because the reduced drug cost is more than offset by its reduced assumed effectiveness. The cost of detecting infected women (approximately 90% of total) far exceeds treatment costs in such a low-prevalence setting. CONCLUSION: Minimization of MTCT costs in low-prevalence settings should focus on VCT costs rather than drug costs. Even the most cost-effective scenario modelled compares unfavourably with other, highly cost-effective maternal/child interventions that still do not reach many Mexicans. However, it compares favourably against several therapeutic maternal/child interventions available in the public sector's tertiary care hospitals.
AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
The significance of secondary school education for education and training of nurses in South Africa.
This paper examines current basic nursing education in South Africa and suggests that problems in the secondary school education of Black recruits affect their later training potential as professional nurses. It reports the move towards the transfer of nurse training into higher education from 1986 in South Africa. Black nurses' learning and studying difficulties are considered in the light of their high failure rate in the South African Nursing Council qualifying examinations. It is agreed that in order to prepare the high number of qualified Black nurses required by South Africa within the tertiary education sector from 1986, special attention would need to be paid to secondary education provision for Blacks.
Black or African American↗
Statistical estimation of socio-economic factors affecting migration in W. Europe.
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Demography↗