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PubMed2005

Challenges and opportunities for enhancing biotechnology and technology transfer in developing countries.

Biotechnological innovation is gaining increased recognition as an important tool for improving global health. The challenge, however, lies in defining the role of technology transfer to develop therapies for diseases prevalent in developing countries. During the past decade, a large disparity emerged between the developed and developing world in accessing affordable medicines because of the pharmaceutical industry's focus on health areas bearing greatest profits. Discussed herein are several mechanisms that provide partial solutions to this challenge. The Office of Technology Transfer of the US National Institutes of Health has increased its technology licensing pertaining to neglected diseases to partners in developing regions. Establishing partnerships through the transfer of technologies and assisting indigenous institutions build R and D capacity may positively impact policies on protection of intellectual property rights and increase multinational company investments in lesser-developed countries. This will most probably result in the development of more accessible therapies for those in need.

Biotechnology↗

PubMed1999

Stabilizing the boundary between US politics and science: the role of the Office of Technology Transfer as a boundary organization.

The sociological study of boundary-work and the political-ecomomic approach of principal-agent theory can be complementary ways of examining the relationship between society and science: boundary-work provides the empirical nuance to the principal-agent scheme, and principal-agent theory provides structure to the thick boundary description. This paper motivates this complementarity to examine domestic technology transfer in the USA from the intramural laboratories of the US National Institutes of Health (NIH). It casts US policy for technology transfer in the principal-agent framework, in which politicians attempt to manage the moral hazard of the productivity of research by providing specific incentives to the agents for engaging in measurable research-based innovation. Such incentives alter the previously negotiated boundary between politics and science. The paper identifies the crucial role of the NIH Office of Technology Transfer (OTT) as a boundary organization, which medicates the new boundary negotiations in its routine work, and stabilizes the boundary by performing successfully as an agent for both politicians and scientists. The paper hypothesizes that boundary organizations like OTT are general phenomena at the boundary between politics and science.

Biotechnology↗

PubMed2002

The federal role in drug abuse technology transfer: a history and perspective.

The past 30 years have seen a focus on substance abuse research in association with the creation of federal agencies specifically mandated to guide that effort. While research has been well supported and largely productive, there has been increasing concern with the slow pace of adoption of the findings from that research. The history of those efforts suggests a long-standing concern with knowledge development, and a continuing reliance on print media to achieve knowledge application. Nonetheless, evidence from other human service fields, and increasingly from the substance abuse field, indicates interpersonal strategies are dramatically more effective in achieving the individual and organizational behavior change needed to achieve technology transfer. Argument is made that the federal government remains the best, if not the only resource for promoting technology transfer. A paradigm is described to further federal efforts in this area, and structural elements suggested for the achievement of technology transfer goals.

Government↗

PubMed1998

A case study in innovative outreach--combining training, research, and technology transfer to address real-world problems.

Outreach, training, technology transfer, and research are often treated as programmatically distinct activities. The interdisciplinary and applied aspects of the Superfund Basic Research Program offer an opportunity to explore different models. A case study is presented that describes a collaborative outreach effort that combines all of the above. It involves the University of California's Davis and Berkeley program projects, the University of California Systemwide Toxic Substances Research and Teaching Program, the U.S. Navy's civilian workforce at the former Mare Island Naval Shipyard, Vallejo, California (MINSY), a Department of Defense (DoD) Environmental Education Demonstration Grant program, and the Private Industry Council of Napa and Sonoma counties in California. The effort applied a Superfund-developed technology to a combined waste, radium and polychlorinated biphenyl contamination, stemming from a problematic removal action at an installation/restoration site at MINSY. The effort demonstrates that opportunities for similar collaborations are possible at DoD installations.

California↗

PubMed1995

Health care contracts in Britain and the United States: a case for technology transfer?

One unexpected point of convergence between the British and North American health care systems is the increased use of negotiated contracts to govern relationships between purchasers and providers. In Britain, the internal market reforms introduced a special regime of National Health Service (NHS) contracts; in the United States there has been a move from disorganization towards integration with the emergence of larger purchasing coalitions and provider organizations. While, in the past, US patients were simply billed for services or assigned claims to the provider, it is now common for payment to be made directly from purchaser to provider and for the terms of these transactions to be set out in contracts. This paper draws on the reading of contracts, interviews with contracting parties, and ongoing research on NHS contracting in Wales to compare contracting practice within the two systems. It examines how the very different environments of the public, hierarchically-regulated NHS and the private health care market of the US influence the detailed content of contract clauses. The analysis passes over similarities, different solutions to common problems, and fundamental differences of approach, before considering the possibilities for transfers of contracting 'technology'.

Contract Services↗

PubMed1988

Quantitative management techniques in dietetics: improving practice through technology transfer.

A content analysis of articles appearing chronologically in the Journal of The American Dietetic Association since its inception in 1925 reveals the breadth and depth of management practice in the dietetic profession. This historical review highlights the introduction, demonstration, and adoption of management tools and techniques in the profession, with particular emphasis on quantitative management science techniques. Seven classifications of management science techniques were used for the content analysis. Although applications of forecasting, simulation, linear programming, and queuing models have been reported in the Journal, a gap is evident between the demonstration of management science techniques and operational use of these techniques in dietetic practice. Dietetic researchers, practitioners, and educators have vital roles in facilitating the transfer of quantitative management science technology into operational dietetic practice. Assessment of the state-of-the-art of dietetic management practice relative to proven quantitative management science techniques reveals the need for improved technology transfer to enhance professional ability in both tactical and strategic decision making.

Dietetics↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Methodology for NASA technology transfer in medicine.

A major tenet of NASA's program for technology transfer in medicine is the active involvement of clinicans, the medical device industry, and government health agencies in the transfer process. To ensure availability of the NASA technology to the entire medical community, NASA's methodology emphasizes projects that lead to the development of commercially available medical products incorporating NASA technology. The development of an improved artificial sphincter is an example of a successful transfer of aerospace technology to medicine. Early collaboration between the medical device industry and NASA was critical to the success of this effort to reduce patient risk and health care costs by the incorporation of high-reliability aerospace components in a new prosthesis.

Equipment Design↗

PubMed2001

Technology transfer with system analysis, design, decision making, and impact (Survey-2000) in acute care hospitals in the United States.

This paper provides the results of the Survey-2000 measuring technology transfer for management information systems in health care. The relationships with systems approaches, user involvement, usersatisfaction, and decision-making were measured and are presented. The survey also measured the levels Internet and Intranet presents in acute care hospitals, which will be discussed in future articles. The depth of the survey includes e-commerce for both business to business and customers. These results are compared, where appropriate, with results from survey 1997 and changes are discussed. This information will provide benchmarks for hospitals to plan their network technology position and to set goals. This is the first of three articles based upon the results of the Srvey-2000. Readers are referred to a prior article by the author that discusses the survey design and provides a tutorial on technology transfer in acute care hospitals.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed1983

AHA committee report. Ethics of biomedical technology transfer Committee on Ethics.

Modern biomedical research creates a cascade of startlingly effective forms of diagnostics and therapeutics. Modern communication makes public awareness immediate and public demand insatiable. Many of these new advances, because of expense, sophistication, inaccessibility, or latent danger, must be considered scarce. The Ethics Committee of the American Heart Association recognizes the ethical allocation of these scarce resources as the most difficult, demanding, and unresolved problem facing the American Medical profession. It is apparent that the genesis of the problem is in another area fraught with different but equally complex ethical problems, that of the development and transfer of biomedical technology. The following statement is an analysis of the ethics of the development and transfer of biomedical technology which serves as a foundation for the further consideration of the ethical allocation of scarce medical resources.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗

PubMed1978

Technology transfer: from space exploration to occupational therapy.

The technologies developed for the United States space exploration program are frequently adapted for use in other fields, including occupational therapy. For example, technologies transferred from the space program to occupational therapy include a special foam material, developed for space vehicle seating, that is now used as a padding for orthopedic and prosthetic devices; and a control switch, developed for astronauts immobilized by the force of gravity, that has been adapted for use by paralyzed patients. These and similar space technology spinoffs and the several technology utilization programs that help provide new aerospace solutions to health-care problems are discussed in this article.

Biomedical Engineering↗

PubMed1996

Technology transfer: trends in the federalization of biomedical research.

Federal involvement in biomedical research has increased significantly in the postwar era, particularly throughout the 1980s and early 1990s. New federal laws and regulations now offer unprecedented opportunities to commercialize federally funded and conducted research, essentially creating a new field of "technology transfer" law. As a result, the biomedical research sector of the health care industry must master a number of relatively new and still developing federal laws, regulations, policies, and concerns that will probably continue to significantly affect its operations. To assist academic medical centers and others in understanding the federal presence in biomedical research, the authors give a short history of technology transfer laws and issues and summarize some of the current main areas of federal interest, including federal oversight of federally funded research, sponsored research agreements, conflict of interest, scientific misconduct, and the prospect of government price control over some biomedical inventions. The authors caution academic medical centers to realize that recent trends favoring deregulation and budget cutting could diminish federal involvement in the future. Thus, research institutions should keep abreast not only of existing rules and policies but of ongoing legislative and regulatory activities that portend possible changes.

Academies and Institutes↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Advances and perspectives in the field of gene transfer technology.

The American Society of Gene Therapy 9th annual meeting, held May 31 to June 4, 2006, in Baltimore (Maryland, U.S.A.), focused on several aspects of gene transfer technology, such as vector development of a wide variety of gene delivery systems, stem cell research, gene expression, engineering of cell and animal models for the study of several pathological conditions, genetic immunization procedures, immunogenicity of vectors and transgenes, insertional mutagenesis and last, but not least, clinical and preclinical studies. Some advances were reported in the field of gene transfer technology; however, safety issues, such as insertional mutagenesis, and improvement of vector design remain at the top of the agenda of gene therapists.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Transporting values by technology transfer.

The introduction of new medical technologies into a developing country is usually greeted with enthusiasm as the possible benefits become an object of great anticipation and provide new hope for therapy or relief. The prompt utilization of new discoveries and inventions by a medical practitioner serves as a positive indicator of high standing in the professional community. But the transfer of medical technology also involves a transfer of concomitant values. There is a danger that, in the process of adopting a particular technology, the user takes for granted the general utility and desirability of the implements and procedures under consideration without recognizing the socio-cultural peculiarities of the adopting country. A sensitivity to the social conditions and cultural traditions is important so that the emergence of new values can be examined critically and the transfer of necessary technology can be effected smoothly. In the Philippines, efforts to boost patronage of transplant technology appear to have overlooked this need for socio-cultural sensitivity. Legislative fiat cannot be used to override deep-seated values. There is a need to be more sensitive to the possible confrontation of values that the transfer of technology brings in order to avoid the erosion of indigenous socio-cultural values and minimize the intrusiveness of beneficial medical technology.

Altruism↗

PubMed1993

Anaesthesia monitoring: the human factors component of technology transfer.

Resistance to change in monitoring practices from within the anaesthesiology community is a formidable obstacle, and coercive and exhortatory solutions are likely to be unsuccessful in some situations. An analysis of publications about technology transfer and professional obsolescence, and application of this data to the practice of anaesthesia, reveals various stresses that technology transfer from research areas to the work-place may induce in vulnerable anaesthesiologists and account for their attitudes. It is suggested that the invaluable pronouncements of high profile anaesthesiologist groups must be supplemented by supportive behaviour by physicians and administrators at an institutional level. The human factors issues to be addressed include: (i) Monitored data acquisition skills. (ii) Possibility of acting on monitored data. (iii) Assistance for personal insight into attitudinal difficulties that may be encountered. (iv) Data supporting the value of the device. (v) Ergonomically effective integration of the monitor into the work station. Alternatively the perceptions of potential users may accurately reflect changes in their status in the new work situation created by monitors, and decision making aids that may or may not be derived from them. Thus, plans to present job satisfaction in related clinical areas or to associate the proposed new system with evaluation of its effect on patient outcome will be necessary. In this way the clinician becomes involved in clinical research, a quality of personal and quality care development.

Anesthesia↗

PubMed2002

Technology transfer in dentistry: a network resource for clinicians, scientists, manufacturers and patients.

This paper heralds a new initiative to improve the rate of implementation of new and existing technologies within dental practice. The rationale behind the establishment of the Technology Transfer Network in Dentistry is described and the aims and intentions of the network are laid out. The relevance of the network to practising clinicians, scientists and manufacturers is described.

Dental Research↗

PubMed1997

Health-care technology transfer: expert and information systems for developing countries.

Computer-based technologies such as information systems and expert systems have an undoubted contribution to health-care development in developing countries. This paper addresses the appropriateness of these technologies for developing countries, the criteria to be used in selection of the technology to be transferred, and the need for a systematic approach to evaluation. A conceptual model for assessing transferability so as to achieve an effective transfer, has been introduced. This requires not only an attempt to amplify the role of information and expert systems in health-care improvement and for socio-economic development, but the analysis of prior experience in transferring these technologies to developing countries. Following this approach, and using operational research techniques such as the Analytic Hierarchy Process, a subjective assessment model has been described that can systematically guide decision-making about computer-based health-care technology to be transferred to developing countries.

Developing Countries↗

PubMed1996

Communications: technology transfer in the developed world.

Support for research is increasingly dependent upon the results of that research having relevance to society's needs and public benefits. This increase pressure to move research results out of the laboratory and into the user's hands. To facilitate this, a variety of technology transfer mechanisms have evolved to facilitate transfer of knowledge and processes. These mechanisms, in addition to their implied benefits for the researchers and the user, often have certain consequences which are unanticipated and cause transfer to fail or not meet expectations. Foremost, cultural change on the part of both private organizations and public laboratories is probably necessary to allow effective partnerships. Coupled with the transfer of knowledge is the opportunity to more effectively explain to society the benefits it receives for its investments in research. Such communication has not been especially successful for veterinary parasitology. However, the revolution in communication (e.g. rise of mass media, computer networks) presents new opportunities to parasitologists to more effectively communicate both technology and knowledge directly to the users, and also to inform supporters, policy-makers and the general public of the relevance and importance of veterinary parasitology in improving society's well-being. This review will discuss these new instruments of communication, the need to construct better messages, the benefits of technology transfer and the various means to meet the challenges associated with transferring research innovation to the user and the marketplace.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Aerospace technology transfer to breast cancer imaging.

In the United States in 1996, an estimated 44,560 women died of breast cancer, and 184,300 new cases were diagnosed. Advances in space technology are now making significant improvements in the imaging technologies used in managing this important foe. The first of these spinoffs, a digital spot mammography system used to perform stereotactic fine-needle breast biopsy, uses a backside-thinned CCD developed originally for the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrometer. This paper describes several successful biomedical applications which have resulted from collaborative technology transfer programs between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the National Cancer Institute (NCI), and the U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services Office on Women's Health (OWH). These programs have accelerated the introduction of direct digital mammography by two years. In follow-on work, RTI is now assisting the HHS Office on Women's Health to identify additional opportunities for transfer of aerospace, defense, and intelligence technologies to image-guided detection, diagnosis, and treatment of breast cancer. The technology identification and evaluation effort culminated in a May 1997 workshop, and the formative technology development partnerships are discussed.

Astronomical Phenomena↗