Heat generated when cutting natural tooth enamel, composite resin model tooth enamel and glass-ceramic Typodont tooth.
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Animals↗
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[A study of palpation to determine premature tooth contact during tooth tapping. Part 3. Relationship between tooth displacement and ability to distinguish by palpation].
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Humans↗
[A study of palpation to determine premature tooth contact during tooth tapping. 2. Relationship between accelerated tooth vibration and ability to distinguish by palpation].
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Humans↗
[Single tooth implants made of aluminum oxide ceramic in the beagle lateral tooth area and for anterior tooth diastemata in the adolescent patient].
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Adolescent↗
Rapid maxillary expansion--tooth tissue-borne versus tooth-borne expanders: a computed tomography evaluation of dentoskeletal effects.
This study evaluated rapid maxillary expansion (RME) dentoskeletal effects by means of computed tomography (CT), comparing tooth tissue-borne and tooth-borne expanders. The sample comprised eight girls aged 11 to 14 years presenting Class I or II malocclusions with posterior unilateral or bilateral crossbite that were randomly divided into two treatment groups, palatal acrylic (Haas-type) and hygienic (Hyrax) expanders. All appliances were activated up to the full seven mm capacity of the expansion screw. The patients were subjected to a spiral CT scan before expansion and after a three-month retention period when the expander was removed. One-millimeter-thick axial sections were scanned parallel to the palatal plane, comprising the dentoalveolar area and the base of the maxilla up to the inferior third of the nasal cavity. Multiplanar reconstruction was used to measure maxillary transverse dimensions and posterior teeth inclination by means of a computerized method. The results showed that RME produced a significant increase in all measured transverse linear dimensions, decreasing in magnitude from dental arch to basal bone. The transverse increase at the level of the nasal floor corresponded to one-third of the amount of screw activation. Tooth-borne (Hyrax) and tooth tissue-borne (Haas-type) expanders tended to produce similar orthopedic effects. In both methods, RME led to buccal movement of the maxillary posterior teeth, by tipping and bodily translation. The second premolars displayed more buccal tipping than the appliance-supporting teeth. The tooth tissue-borne expander produced a greater change in the axial inclination of appliance-supporting teeth, especially first premolars, compared with the tooth-borne expander.
Adolescent↗
Oral clefts and syndromic forms of tooth agenesis as models for genetics of isolated tooth agenesis.
Genetic defects responsible for tooth agenesis are only now beginning to be uncovered. MSX1 and PAX9 have been associated with tooth agenesis in mice and humans, but interestingly for humans, these genes are associated with specific missing teeth. Mouse models also show that specific genes contribute to the development of specific types of teeth. A precise description of the phenotype specifying which teeth are missing has become fundamental. Mendelian segregation can be identified in families with tooth agenesis, but heterogenous or multiple genes may be responsible for the development of specific types of teeth agenesis in humans. Data from animal models are still very complex, and the human embryology is still poorly understood. Oral clefts and syndromic forms of tooth agenesis may be the best models for isolated tooth agenesis. In the future, a precise description of the missing teeth in syndromes involving tooth agenesis may be useful.
Animals↗
Tooth brushing and oral health: how frequently and when should tooth brushing be performed?
This review shows that there is consensus in the literature that (meticulous) tooth brushing once per day is sufficient to maintain oral health and to prevent caries and periodontal diseases. Tooth brushing is also regarded as an important vehicle for application of anti-caries agents, such as fluorides. However, most patients are not able to achieve sufficient plaque removal by performing oral hygiene measures at home. Therefore, tooth brushing twice daily is recommended by most of the dentists in order to improve plaque control. This rule is followed by most of the patients taking care for their oral health and has shown to be effective in maintenance of oral health in numerous studies. Study of the literature gives no clear evidence as to the optimal time-point of tooth brushing (before or after meals). However, in order to eliminate food impaction and to shorten the duration of sucrose impact by tooth cleaning after meals seems to be recommendable. Although--with our current knowledge of potential harm due to brushing of erosively altered and softened tooth surfaces--giving advice on a more individual basis is recommended for patients suffering from erosion.
Dental Caries↗
Tooth brushing, tooth wear and dentine hypersensitivity--are they associated?
Evidence suggests that patients suffer the painful symptoms of dentine hypersensitivity when dentine is exposed and the dentinal tubule system is opened to the oral cavity to allow stimuli to trigger a neural response in the pulp via a hydrodynamic mechanism. The processes needed to localise lesions of dentine hypersensitivity include loss of enamel and/or gingival recession. Whilst tooth brushing with or without toothpaste appears to cause minimal wear to enamel (in the absence of acids), circumstantial evidence implicates tooth brushing with gingival recession and exposure of dentine. Other tooth wear processes, notably attrition and acid erosion, cause loss of enamel and can expose dentine. Therefore, sensitivity may result. How lesions of dentine hypersensitivity are initiated is a matter of conjecture and based on extrapolating data from studies, mainly in vitro, to effect in vivo. Again, this circumstantial type of evidence suggests that abrasion by some toothpastes and erosion by dietary acid could open the tubule system. Little is known about the actual effect of de-sensitising toothpastes on lesions of dentine hypersensitivity even though they are formulated to either occlude dentinal tubules or block the neural response in the pulp. Clinical studies have produced contradictory findings for the efficacy of products and there have been extremely few evidence-based reviews. In conclusion, available evidence supports a probable link of tooth brushing, with or without toothpaste and an acidic diet, to both tooth wear and dentine hypersensitivity, and also suggests that dentine hypersensitivity is a tooth wear phenomenon. Although there is a need for more direct clinical and scientific evidence for these associations, it is recommended that they be taken into consideration when planning management strategies for the dentine hypersensitivity sufferer.
Journal Article↗
[A study on tooth preparation by means of the newly developed parallelometer and its educational effect, with primary regard to convergence angles of abutment tooth].
Proper tooth preparation is one of the fundamental requirements in crown & bridge prosthodontics. However, it is difficult for students in particular to prepare adequate convergence angles of abutment tooth in the limited environment of patient's mouth. Therefore, the parallelometer was developed to improve the preparations as a supplementary device which informs the person by a signal of alarming simultaneously when a bur is not properly installed to convergence angles of abutment tooth. Sixty subjects were selected from students of Kanagawa Dental College and they were divided into two groups (A and B) to prepare abutment tooth of lower right 1st molar for full cast crown on typodont mounted into the manikin. A preliminary training was performed for once without the parallelometer for group A and with it for group B prior to a comparative experiment. The following results were obtained with primary regard to convergence angles of abutment tooth. 1. Related to each of four convergence angles, group B is superior to group A in all mean values with a statistical significance (P less than 0.01). 2. Related to a total of four convergence angles by the maximum number of subjects, group B is also superior to group A in a mean value by about ten degrees. 3. A newly developed parallelometer proved to be an efficient supplementary device for training of students to master a technique of preparation for adequate abutment tooth.
Crowns↗
Prevalence of periodontal pocketing and tooth mobility according to tooth types in Nigerians--a pilot study.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the occurrence of periodontal pocketing and tooth mobility according to the tooth types in the mouth. There is a paucity of knowledge concerning which tooth types are more prone to periodontal disease from the review of literature. The study sample comprised 255 subjects, age ranged 16 years to 74 years. These subjects were those referred to the Periodontology Clinic of the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, for one form of periodontal disease or the other. All the teeth were tested for periodontal pocketing using William's periodontal probe (Astir Intermedica, Kensington, London) and for tooth mobility using the Miller's Mobility Index method. The study showed that prevalence of tooth mobility is in this descending order--lower incisors, upper incisors, upper first molars, upper second molars, lower first and second molar, the premolars and lastly, the canines with the least occurrence on the upper left canines. This order is slightly different for prevalence of periodontal pocketing. The teeth most affected by pocketing were the upper second molars, followed by upper first molars, lower second molars with the least being the canines. It is suggested that exceptional care be given to these most susceptible teeth for periodontal disease in the mouth in order to prevent the development of irreversible damage of the periodontium.
Adolescent↗
Tooth by tooth survival analysis of dental health in girls with epilepsy.
AIM: The aim of this study was to analyse, tooth by tooth, the timing of caries attacks leading to dental restoration in girls with epilepsy. STUDY DESIGN: The series comprised 60 girls with epilepsy, 8-18 years old, treated in the Departments of Paediatrics or Neurology of the Oulu University Hospital. A group of healthy age matched girls served as control. METHODS: A tooth by tooth survival analysis of the time between tooth eruption and caries attacks to a stage leading to the restorations of the permanent teeth was conducted retrospectively using data from the dental health records with annual examinations. RESULTS: The rate of dental restorations placed due to caries was constantly higher in the girls with epilepsy than in their controls. STATISTICS: The difference was significant between the first molars (p=<0.03), second molars (p=<0.02) and central incisors (p=<0.02) in the maxilla. CONCLUSION: The present observation supports the hypothesis that factors related to epilepsy, the antiepileptic medication in particular, might increase the risk of caries.
Adolescent↗
Tooth development in Ambystoma mexicanum: phosphatase activities, calcium accumulation and cell proliferation in the tooth-forming tissues.
Prerequisites of tooth formation, cell proliferation in the tooth-forming tissues, calcium accumulation and the enzymatic activities of alkaline (ALP) and acid phosphatases (ACP) were investigated by immunohistochemical and histochemical methods in various developmental stages of the Mexican Axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum. During the growth of replacement teeth, the tooth-forming tissues continually recruit cells from the surrounding regions. The basal layer of the oral epithelium, the dental lamina and sometimes even the outer enamel epithelium provide cells for the differentiated inner enamel epithelium, in which the active ameloblasts are localized. The differentiating odontoblasts are derived from proliferating cells situated basally to the replacement teeth in the mesenchymal tissue. When differentiation has started and the cells have become functional, proliferative activity can no longer be observed. Calcium is accumulated close to the site of mineralization in the inner enamel epithelium and in the odontoblasts as it is in mammals, elasmobranchii and teleostei. The activities of ACP and ALP related to the mineralization of the replacement teeth are separated spatially and not sequentially as they are in mammals. However, the results indicate a similar function of these enzymatic components in relation to tooth formation and maturation of mineral deposition. Most of the substantial processes related to tooth formation reported from other vertebrates occur in a manner similar to that in Ambystoma mexicanum, but there also seem to be basic mechanisms present that are realised in a unique way in this urodele.
Acid Phosphatase↗
The human KROX-26/ZNF22 gene is expressed at sites of tooth formation and maps to the locus for permanent tooth agenesis (He-Zhao deficiency).
Tooth development is mediated by sequential and reciprocal interactions between dental epithelium and mesenchyme under the molecular control of secreted growth factors and responsive transcription factors. We have previously identified the transcription factor Krox-26 as a potential regulator of tooth formation in mice. The purpose of this study was to investigate a potentially similar role for the human KROX-26 orthologue. We cloned the KROX-26 gene and found its single mRNA transcript (2.4 kb) to be expressed in multiple adult tissues. During fetal development, KROX-26 is expressed in the epithelial component of the developing tooth organ during early bud and cap stages as well as in osteoblasts of craniofacial bone and the developing tongue. The KROX-26 gene was mapped to chromosome 10q11.21, a locus that has been associated with permanent tooth agenesis (He-Zhao deficiency). These results indicate a potential function for KROX-26 in the molecular regulation of tooth formation in humans.
Adult↗
[Anatomical studies on a supernumerary tooth considered to be a successional tooth of the lower first molar].
The purpose of this study is to investigate features of the successional tooth of the lower first molar. Materials investigated in this study deal with a supernumerary tooth formed at the distolingual deep part to the lower right first molar of a male patient aged twenty-four. It was observed with binocular microscopy and under X-ray. The occlusal surface of it was observed with scanning electron microscopy. Horizontal ground sections of it were prepared and observed with polarizing microscopy, fluorescent microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. It is thought that this supernumerary tooth is a true successional tooth of the lower first molar because it was formed at the distolingual deep part to the lower first molar and the fissure of it is Y-shaped and it has five cusps. It is considered that two impressions at buccal and distal surfaces of it isn't original hereditary features but was accidentally formed by pressures of mesial and distal roots of the lower first molar. The rough form of it has most resemblance to the lower second premolar and distal and lingual parts of it are smaller than that of the lower first molar. But fundamental features of the lower first molar are preserved in it. It is thought that the center of the molarization field of human lower successional teeth lies at the successional tooth of the lower first molar because the form of the occlusal surface of it is more complex and functional than those of the lower first and second premolars.
Adult↗
Tooth-by-tooth survival analysis of the first caries attack in different age cohorts and health centers in Finland.
The aims of this study were to test the hypothesis that existing patient records serve as a source of data for survival analysis of dental health and to develop a system for routinely conducted survival analysis of dental health from tooth eruption to first caries attack. Patient records for three cohorts were collected from four towns in Finland: Oulu, Turku, Kuopio, and Kemi. The study population comprised 2103 children born and living in these towns. The Kaplan-Meier curves for dental caries were drawn separately for each tooth and for the maxilla and mandible (for each age cohort). Placements of the first restoration of all teeth in each age cohort were investigated. The 1960 cohort had an extremely high post-eruptive morbidity in all teeth. The 1970 cohort had relatively high immediate post-eruptive morbidity in both molars, but much lower than that of the 1960 cohort. The filling increment rates for second molars were lower than those of the first molars in the 1970 cohort. Characteristic of the 1980 cohort was a rapid increase in the caries increment of the premolars and second molars 4 years after eruption. The results indicate a big difference in tooth-by-tooth dental health in Finland. A huge decline in caries attack was seen from the 1960 cohort to the 1980 cohort, but a deterioration of dental health in premolars and second molars is clearly seen in the 1980 cohort in the 1990s.
Adolescent↗
Influence of changes of tooth temperature on reflex and central activity evoked by stimulation of tooth pulp afferents.
The importance of the temperature of the dentine was studied in teeth prepared for electrical stimulation. During experiments with the mouth open, the temperature of teeth covered by cement was normal. The digastric EMG and the brainstem--evoked response following electrical stimulation of the tooth pulp as well as the threshold for eliciting a jaw-opening response remained constant throughout prolonged experiments. However, heat produced by the cement used to fixate the tooth electrodes could have damaged the tooth if the dentine temperature had exceeded 45 degrees C. A careful preparation of the tooth pulp by repeated application of thin layers of cement allowed an adequate preparation without damage to tooth pulp afferents.
Animals↗
A systematic review of the consequences of premature birth on palatal morphology, dental occlusion, tooth-crown dimensions, and tooth maturity and eruption.
This systematic review addresses the question whether prematurity results in alteration of palatal morphology, dental occlusion, tooth-crown dimensions, and tooth maturation. A literature survey from the PubMed database covering the period from January 1966 to November 2002 used the Medical Subject Headings terms "infant, premature," and "infant, low birth weight" in combination with "jaws," "dental physiology," "dentition," and "tooth abnormalities." Controlled studies written in English and with definitions of premature birth according to the World Health Organization were selected. Two reviewers selected and extracted the data independently and also assessed the quality of the studies. The search strategy resulted in 113 articles, of which 13 met the inclusion criteria. Scientific evidence was found for altered palatal morphology in the short term among the premature children, and oral intubation was a contributing factor to the alterations. If corrected age was considered for the premature children, no delay in dental development and eruption was found compared with normally born children. Thus, the early birth of premature children must be taken in account when planning for orthodontic treatment. Because of the contradictory results and lack of longitudinal studies, the scientific evidence was too weak to answer the questions whether premature birth causes permanent alteration of palatal morphology, alteration of dental occlusion, and altered tooth-crown dimensions. To answer these questions and obtain reliable scientific evidence whether premature children are at risk for malocclusions from possible alterations of palatal morphology such as asymmetry and high arched palates, further well-designed controlled studies as well as longitudinal studies are needed.
Dental Research↗
The use of laser beams for measuring tooth mobility and tooth movements.
The laser reflexion method, a direct contactless measuring technique with a high accuracy, has been applied for clinical purposes. A prototype has been tested using a laser beam to illuminate a patient's tooth fixed to the equipment by an impression plate. The reflected patterns were thrown onto a screen with a coordinate system and photographically recorded, and the movement of the tooth has been geometrically calculated. The relapse tendency after orthodontic treatment of a patient with periodontal disease and parafunctions was studied by repeated measurements of the left medial upper incisor. By use of the method, it was possible to observe that the velocity of the studied tooth was highest during the 1st day and, besides the horizontal movement, a rotation of the tooth began at the end of the measuring period.
Adult↗