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PubMed2026

Bioinformatics in crop research: using genomic data for crop improvement.

Sustainable crop development aims to maintain or increase yields while reducing environmental impact and managing the challenges imposed by climate change. As the global population grows and arable land becomes scarcer, the integration of molecular breeding with bioinformatics has emerged as an effective strategy for long-term crop improvement. Bioinformatics enables researchers to analyze and interpret the vast quantities of genetic data generated by high-throughput sequencing, making it possible to identify molecular markers, candidate genes, and regulatory networks linked to specific agronomic traits, which breeders then translate into focused, ecologically sustainable breeding programs. This approach has enabled major progress across several fronts: the identification of genes conferring resistance to biotic stressors (pests, pathogens) and abiotic stressors (drought, salinity, heat); the development of nutrient-efficient, low-input crop varieties; the improvement of agronomic performance and nutritional quality through identification of yield- and quality-related genes; and the conservation and deployment of genetic diversity to safeguard long-term breeding sustainability. By combining genomic data with precision breeding techniques, researchers are developing crops that are better adapted to a growing population and a changing climate, positioning the integration of molecular breeding and bioinformatics as a central pillar of future global food security.

bioinformatics↗
PubMed1976

Prophylactic effects of phenytoin, phenobarbital, and carbamazepine examined in kindling cat preparations.

Prophylactic effects of phenobarbital, phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin), and carbamazepine were examined in amygdaloid kindling preparations in cats. Daily electrical stimulation was delivered at the time of peak plasma levels. Comparative examination of the chronological pattern of the clinical seizure development, after discharge growth, and formation of distant independent spike foci was made between periods of kindling with chronic drug administration and of rekindling without drugs. Both phenobarbital and carbamazepine were effective, but phenytoin was totally ineffective. Prophylactic action of phenobarbital and carbamazepine was mainly through the suppression of the development of motor seizures manifestations in the former and the same with the development of sustained after discharge in the latter. The kindling preparation appears to possess many desirable features as an ideal model of human epilepsy for the purpose of assessment and recruitment of potential antiepileptic drugs and development of a rational pharmacotherapeutic approach for the management and prevention of seizure disorder.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Norepinephrine release in isolated arteries induced by K-free solution.

Helical strips from arteries with a rich sympathetic innervation (rat tail and femoral, and dog mesenteric arteries) develop a sustained contracture when exposed to a K-free physiological salt solution (PSS). The contracture can be blocked by phentolamine and does not occur in arteries whose nerve terminals have been destroyed with 6-hydroxydopamine. The temporal relationship between force development and efflux of NE was determined. Helical strips of rat tail arteries or dog mesenteric arteries were incubated in PSS containing 1-norepinephrine-7-3H([3H]NE). They were then transferred to a superfusion system which allowed isometric recordings and collection of the superfusate for the estimation of [3H]NE content. Following exposure to a K-free PSS force development paralleled NE release and both parameters were potentiated by ouabain. These data demonstrate that this neurogenic mechanism plays a most important role in the K-free contracture of the vascular smooth muscle studied. It is in accord with the observation that NE is released by adrenergic nerves following inhibition of Na+-K+-ATPase.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Blood pressure and its significance in childhood.

Hypertension is an important accelerator of the atherosclerotic process. Detection in childhood may be important although longitudinal data are lacking of the prognosis of blood pressure measurement in childhood through adult life. The blood pressure of children should be measured. In populations where salt intake is high, values for blood pressure increase with age. Populations who eat small quantities of salt are relatively free from hypertension. There is an epidemiological argument for limiting salt intake in children. There are few data to indicate the level of blood pressure in children which should be treated. Children's blood pressures are labile and elevated levels are sustained only in a small minority. In these secondary causes, advice should be sought. In subjects with extreme persistent hypertension drug therapy should be considered; in subjects with values of blood pressure not so extremely raised surveillance should be maintained to prevent the development of sustained hypertension.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2026

Microbial decaprenoxanthin: From understanding an extremophile-derived C50 carotenoid to its bioprocessing for large-scale applications.

Decaprenoxanthin (DPXT) is an unusual bacterial C50 carotenoid that has historically received limited attention despite its well-defined structure. For decades, carotenoid research and industrial development have been dominated by C40 carotenoids, leaving longer-chain carotenoids largely overlooked. Recent discoveries, particularly from microorganisms inhabiting Antarctic and other extreme environments, have repositioned DPXT as an adaptive pigment shaped by intense environmental pressures. Its extended polyene chain and membrane-associated behavior suggest roles in membrane stabilization and protection against ultraviolet radiation and oxidative stress, features that may hold relevance for food and biotechnological applications. This review integrates historical and recent knowledge on DPXT, covering its structural characteristics, biosynthetic pathways, ecological function, and emerging technological relevance. Special attention is given to microbial sources, particularly Actinomycetota from extreme environments, and to recent advances in microbial genomics, metabolic engineering, and sustainable bioprocess development that enable the production and exploration of C50 carotenoids beyond their native extremophilic context. The analysis highlights DPXT as a representative example of stress-resilient carotenoids, with physicochemical and membrane-interacting properties that may offer advantages for future food and biotechnological systems. Although significant challenges remain in cultivation strategies, yield optimization, and downstream recovery, advances in microbial cell factories and green extraction technologies open new opportunities for valorizing C50 carotenoids. This review bridges extremophile microbiology, carotenoid biochemistry, and sustainable food innovation, positioning DPXT as an emerging molecule that may expand the functional and structural landscape of carotenoids relevant to food science.

Carotenoids↗
PubMed1978

Early platelet consumption in pre-eclampsia.

One hundred and thirty-one women with chronic hypertension were studied serially during pregnancy to determine the sequence of events in the development of superimposed pre-eclampsia and to discover the time of onset. Twenty-seven women developed a sustained rise in plasma urate concentrations, which began at about 28 weeks' gestation and which is characteristic of pre-eclampsia. The mean platelet count was already significantly reduced and continued to fall until delivery, which was on average at 36 weeks' gestation. A comparable but smaller decrease in platelet count was seen in 55 women who had borderline but consistent increases in plasma urate concentrations. In 49 women whose plasma urate concentrations remained steady the platelet count did not change significantly before delivery. The reduced platelet count in women who develop pre-eclampsia suggests that increased platelet consumption is an early feature of the disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Use of the uricase-inhibited rat as an animal model in toxicology.

An accessible, reproducible, and inexpensive animal model for toxicologic evaluation of hyperuricemic conditions has been required for some time. A number of authors have tried to develop such a model by administering high doses of uric acid to various animal species (dog, rabbit, rat) but the potent liver uricase in these species prevented development of sustained hyperuricemia. Johnson et al. [4], Stavric et al. [5], and a number of other investigators [72, 75] successfully used potassium oxonate [63] to block the effect of hepatic uricase and to produce hyperuricemia in rats [4, 5, 68, 69, 72, 74, 76, 80], rabbits [66], mongrel dogs [67], mice [65], and pigs [64]. The oxonate-treated rat can serve as a useful animal model not only in investigation of the uric acid nephropathy, but also in a number of other toxicologic evaluations connected with uric acid. This model has been used to evaluate drugs that affect uric acid excretion, to determine which dietary factors affect serum urates, or to evaluate possible therapeutic agents in certain disorders associated with uric acid. The same model could also be used by behavioral scientists, for whom research on uric acid has become increasingly popular in recent years [33, 137]. The ideal uricase inhibitor for induction of hyperuricemia would be one which is irreversible, noncompetitive, and relatively nontoxic, so that its activity would be independent of high levels of uric acid, and effective inhibition could be attained at low dosage levels. Oxonic acid is not an ideal uricase inhibitor, because it is competitive and is eliminated from the body relatively rapidly. Although relatively nontoxic, oxonic acid and its salts are foreign substances that could interfere with some other metabolic systems. The possibility exists that an ideal, or at least a better inhibitor, could be developed by appropriate substitutions on the molecule of oxonic acid or by introducing different types of compounds such as derivatives of diazohypoxanthines, barbiturates, or similar substances. Until such improvements on the uricase-inhibited rat models are available, potassium oxonate, which is easily obtainable, can be used as an effective inhibitor of uricase in vivo.

Aggression↗
PubMed2026

Functional analysis of down-regulated CYP6AE gene clusters involved in the insecticidal mechanism of lycorine against Spodoptera litura.

BACKGROUND: Plants have evolved abundant defensive secondary metabolites to resist insect herbivores. Lycorine is an alkaloid with insecticidal activity from Amaryllidaceae plants, which the destructive pest Spodoptera litura naturally avoids. Cytochrome P450 enzymes are central to xenobiotic detoxification in insects, but the mechanism by which lycorine acts against S. litura remains unknown. This study aimed to reveal the toxic mechanism of lycorine focusing on P450-mediated detoxification. RESULTS: Lycorine exhibited substantial toxicity to first-instar S. litura larvae (LD50 = 0.55 μg larva-1). Subsequently, when fifth-instar larvae were exposed to a sublethal dose (LD30) of lycorine, Lyc disrupted metabolic pathways, damaged Malpighian tubules, and induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, lycorine strongly repressed a CYP6AE gene cluster (CYP6AE47, CYP6AE50, CYP6AE70, CYP6AE138 and CYP6AE139) and decreased total P450 activity to 45% in the Malpighian tubules. RNAi co-silencing of these cluster genes increased larval mortality (+30%) under lycorine treatment. Finally, molecular docking and microscale thermophoresis analyses further confirmed direct binding between Lyc and this CYP6AE gene cluster, with the strongest affinity observed for CYP6AE47 (Kd = 518.5 nM). A key residue, ARG170, may be vital for the interaction between Lyc and CYP6AE47. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that the insecticidal mechanism of Lyc involves suppressing the expression and function of a CYP6AE gene cluster, thereby impairing detoxification capacity, which leads to Lyc accumulation and larval mortality. Elucidation of the detoxification system-targeted mechanism for this plant-derived compound provides a foundation for developing novel, sustainable pest management strategies against S. litura and potentially other noctuid pests. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Functional analysis of the role of a wound-induced leucine aminopeptidase gene homologue isolated from Rorippa indica in aphid herbivory.

Leucine aminopeptidases (LAPs) are multifunctional enzymes with roles in both defence and development. In plants, they are reported to be induced by wound-inflicting Lepidopteran insects and regulate wound response pathways leading to an effective defence response. Infestation by Hemipteran mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (L.) Kaltenbach has been reported to induce wound response as well as a wound-responsive Arabidopsis thaliana Lap1 homologue (RI01; GenBank Accession: JK034053) in Rorippa indica (L.) Hiern. This is interesting as Hemipteran insects like aphids are assumed to inflict minimal wounding. In the present study, starting with the RI01 sequence information, we isolated the full length (1566 bp) sequence of a novel R. indica Lap (RiLap) gene, performed in silico analyses and developed transgenic R. indica plants with suppressed RiLAP activity by expressing a 565 bp antisense fragment of RiLap cDNA. We found that the isolated RiLAP is an acidic LAP of M17 family and suppressing it causes a significant increase in aphid herbivory but reduction in total chlorophyll content and possibly photosynthetic capacity in aphid infested transgenic plants of the T1 generation. These findings though preliminary suggest that RiLap could have a role in deterring aphids by acting as a regulatory protein simultaneously balancing defence response and photosynthetic capacity or plant growth. Noting the dearth of research in this area, this pilot study will be useful for designing future in depth analyses in understanding the role of Laps in defence response against Hemipteran insects. The study has implications in the development of sustainable pest management avenues.

Leucyl Aminopeptidase↗
PubMed1979

A comparison of the inhibitory effect of cinnarizine and papaverine on the noradrenaline- and calcium-evoked contraction of isolated rabbit aorta and mesenteric arteries.

The inhibitory effects of cinnarizine and papaverine on the noradrenaline- and Ca-induced contraction of the rabbit thoracic aorta and mesenteric arteries have been compared. Papaverine was equally effective in reducing the contractile response evoked from both thoracic aorta and mesenteric arteries by the two modes of stimulation. Cinnarizine blocked the Ca-evoked contraction of the depolarized vessels but was less effective against the noradrenaline-induced contraction of the mesenteric arteries and even failed to antagonize the response of the thoracic aorta to noradrenaline. In Ca-free medium noradrenaline (10-5 M) evoked a fast non-sustained contraction. After readmission of CaCl2 a slow sustained contraction developed. In mesenteric arteries exposed to noradrenaline, cinnarizine selectively blocked the Ca0 dependent response while papaverine inhibited the initial fast response more than the Ca0 dependent one. These results suggest that cinnarizine and papaverine antagonize vascular contraction by different mechanisms. Cinnarizine seems to act by reducing membrane permeability to extracellular calcium. Papaverine inhibits the contraction by a main action on intracellular sequestration of activator calcium and to a lesser degree by an action similar to that of cinnarizine.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Borderline hypertension. An overview.

Borderline hypertension is widespread. Though the increased blood pressure appears to be innocent, and upon rest frequently returns to the normal range, signs of complex and profound alteration of the physiologic control of the circulation can already be found. The pathophysiology of borderline hypertension is of particular interest since it may reveal clues about the processes which initiate the hypertension rather than the consequences of the primary blood pressure elevation. Patients with borderline hypertension are at a higher risk of developing future sustained hypertension and its consequences. The risk, however, is not sufficient to justify treatment in all cases. Patients must be followed to observe blood pressure trends and treatment attempted in the selected minority which has the highest risk. The determination of risk is based on repeated measurements of blood pressure and on the assessment of risk factors for atherosclerosis and for future hypertension.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2026

N6-methyladenine DNA modification modulates pathogen virulence in nematodes.

Understanding the global regulatory mechanisms that control pathogen virulence gene expression is essential for elucidating the molecular basis of pathogenicity. N6-methyladenine (6 mA) plays a crucial role in regulating gene expression in response to various environmental stresses; however, its role in pathogen virulence remains largely unexplored. Here, we report the widespread occurrence of 6 mA across 17 nematode isolates and map its genomic landscape in six notorious agriculturally important pathogen root-knot nematodes (RKNs). We demonstrated that 6 mA is characterized by a conserved GAG motif across nematodes, but exhibits species-specific distribution patterns and distinct effects on gene expression. In particular, its enrichment in transposable elements (TEs) differs between polyploid and diploid nematodes, suggesting lineage-specific epigenetic regulation potentially associated with polyploidy. We further identified two functional 6 mA demethylases, MiNMAD-1 and MiNMAD-2, and confirmed their catalytic activity and active sites. Host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) of minmad-1 significantly increased plant resistance to three polyploid RKN species. A detailed functional analysis revealed that minmad-1 knockdown broadly affected gene expression during the parasitic stage, including genes involved in virulence, thereby reducing nematode infectivity. Together, our findings suggest 6 mA demethylase as a key epigenetic regulator of RKNs' virulence, providing new insights into nematode biology and offering promising targets for the development of sustainable control strategies.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

From ecological threats to environmental solutions: a critical review of invasive plant species for heavy metal phytoremediation.

Heavy metal contamination represents a persistent environmental challenge threatening ecosystem stability, agricultural productivity, and human health. Therefore, the development of sustainable and cost-effective remediation strategies is essential. Phytoremediation, an environmentally compatible approach that utilizes plants and their associated biological processes to reduce contaminant mobility, bioavailability, and toxicity, has gained increasing attention as an alternative to conventional remediation techniques. Among potential phytoremediation candidates, invasive plant species (IPS) have attracted interest due to their rapid growth, high biomass production, extensive root systems, physiological plasticity, and tolerance to stressful environments, including heavy metal contamination. Species such as Alternanthera philoxeroides, Arundo donax, Eichhornia crassipes, and Pistia stratiotes have demonstrated potential for metal uptake, accumulation, immobilization, or tolerance in contaminated ecosystems. This review critically examines the role of invasive plants in heavy metal phytoremediation by evaluating the physiological, biochemical, and ecological traits that influence remediation outcomes. Key mechanisms, including phytoextraction, phytostabilization, rhizosphere-mediated processes, and plant-microbe interactions, are discussed using evidence from contaminated soil and aquatic environments. The potential advantages of invasive plants, particularly their high biomass production and environmental adaptability, are evaluated alongside ecological concerns associated with their utilization. Importantly, invasion success does not necessarily translate into remediation success, and the effectiveness of invasive plants depends on contaminant characteristics, ecosystem conditions, and management practices. Major challenges, including uncontrolled spread, ecosystem disruption, contaminated biomass management, and limited field-scale validation, are critically assessed. Overall, invasive plants represent context-dependent remediation resources rather than universal solutions. Their application requires integrated risk assessment, containment strategies, long-term monitoring, and evidence-based management frameworks to maximize remediation benefits while minimizing ecological risks.

Contamination↗
PubMed2026

Potato Black Scurf and Stem Canker: Pathogen Biology, Global Distribution, and Traditional and Modern Diagnostics.

Rhizoctonia solani is a soil- and seed-borne fungal pathogen of potatoes. It is a persistent threat to potato production worldwide. The symptoms appear as black scurf on tubers and stem canker, causing severe yield and quality losses of potatoes. The pathogen reproduces asexually via hyphae and sclerotia. Its genetic diversity is organized into anastomosis groups (AGs), with AG3-PT being the predominant group on potato. The global trade of seed potatoes is very important for agricultural development; however, it has facilitated the dissemination of the pathogen across regions. Moreover, disease development is affected by environmental and agronomic factors, causing variable symptom severity and differential economic impacts. Given the pathogen's genetic complexity, accurate diagnosis is very important, necessitating a transition from traditional culture-based and biochemical methods toward molecular, genomic, and emerging digital technologies. Methods such as PCR, isothermal amplification, sequencing, sensor-based biosensing, and artificial intelligence-driven imaging have improved the detection, quantification, and noninvasive monitoring of the pathogen. Combining these diagnostic methods into a tiered framework will be helpful for precision disease surveillance, informed disease management decision-making, and the development of sustainable potato production systems.

black scurf↗
PubMed1976

9. PSRO review of long-term care utilization and quality.

PSROs will require a broad range of information with which to develop and sustain the review process for long-term care institutions. The general approach to PSRO review of long-term care described here has been approved by the National Professional Standards Review Council. In implementing this approach, the Bureau of Quality Assurance recognizes that long-term care review is in an evolutionary state, and will initiate a series of demonstrations designed to test and refine various acceptable approaches, rather than require a single uniform methodology for PSRO use. The test period will provide the Bureau with an opportunity to fully assess the feasibility, costs, and impact on the quality of care of various approaches. The basic elements of long-term care review remain unchanged. A general outline of the currently proposed PSRO long-term care review system is described in the middle section of the paper.

Government Agencies↗
PubMed2026

Characterization of putatively lytic bacteriophages able to infect Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri and identification of novel putative exopolysaccharide depolymerases.

Asiatic citrus canker (ACC), caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (X. citri), leads to substantial economic losses in the global citrus industry, necessitating sustainable alternatives to conventional copper-based bactericides. In this study, we isolated and sequenced 72 putatively lytic bacteriophages (including 65 previously uncharacterized isolates from São Paulo, Brazil) and characterized their host range, stability and biocontrol potential. Genomic analysis revealed highly successful but low-diversity phage genomic signatures; 70 isolates shared ~95% DNA similarity and were closely related to the Japanese phage CP2, mirroring the clonal nature of the endemic X. citri population. These phages primarily belong to the Autographiviridae family, with the exception of the Schitoviridae isolate XacP77. Using HHsearch and AlphaFold structural modelling, we identified conserved tail-fibre genes predicted to encode putative exopolysaccharide depolymerases with structural homology to carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs), which may facilitate the degradation of the bacterial xanthan gum capsule during infection. While the phages exhibited robust stability across a wide pH range (4-11) and temperatures up to 55 °C, they were highly sensitive to UV exposure, reaching total inactivation after 160 s. Greenhouse assays demonstrated that treatment with phage P27 reduced ACC lesion production by 60%, pointing to the potential of these viruses and their candidate CBM-containing proteins as components of a sustainable biocontrol development within integrated pest management strategies for X. citri.

Xanthomonas↗
PubMed2026

Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation postbiotic supplementation on metagenomics of digital dermatitis lesions in lactating Holstein cows.

Digital dermatitis (DD) is the leading cause of lameness in cattle, posing major animal welfare and economic concerns. Effective prevention strategies are increasingly important given emerging antimicrobial resistance associated with common DD treatments. Supplementation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation postbiotics (SCFP) has been shown to enhance innate immunity and reduce DD lesion development. This study evaluated the effect of a commercial SCFP supplement on the microbial composition of DD lesions using shotgun metagenomic sequencing to characterize microbial communities and associated antimicrobial resistance genes. Beta diversity analysis revealed that stage M4 DD lesions from SCFP-supplemented cows had a trend for different microbial compositions compared with controls (P = 0.051). At the genus level, M2 lesions were found to have statistically significant lower abundance of the genera Desulfovibrio, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Anaerotignum, Caproicibacterium, and Bacteroides in the SCFP treatment group compared with the control (P < 0.05). M2 lesions from the SCFP treatment group were also found to have statistically significant higher abundance of the genera Fusobacterium, Citricoccus, Listeria, and Fundicoccus as compared with the control (P < 0.05). M4 lesions were found to have statistically significant lower abundance of the genera Blautia and Petrimonas in the SCFP treatment group compared with the control (P < 0.05). At the species level, M2 lesions were found to have statistically significant lower abundance of the species Desulfovibrio sp. G11, Anaerotignum sp. MB30-C6, Caproicibacterium argilliputei, and Prevotella intermedia in the SCFP treatment group compared with the control (P < 0.05). M2 lesions from the SCFP treatment group were also found to have statistically significant higher abundance of the species Fundicoccus culcitae and Helcococcus ovis as compared with the control (P < 0.05). Metagenomic analysis identified antimicrobial resistance genes associated with multiple antibiotics commonly used for DD treatment, including tetracyclines, lincosamides, and pleuromutilins. These findings demonstrate the potential for SCFP supplementation to alter the microbial composition of DD lesions while highlighting the ongoing concerns regarding antimicrobial resistance in DD management.IMPORTANCEDigital dermatitis (DD) causes substantial economic loss and welfare concerns in cattle production systems worldwide. Our findings show that dietary supplementation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation postbiotics (SCFP) has the potential to alter the microbial ecology of DD lesions. Importantly, this work identifies antimicrobial resistance genes within DD lesions, underscoring the limitations of antibiotic-based control strategies. By linking nutritional supplementation to changes in microbial communities and resistance gene profiles, this study advances understanding of non-antibiotic approaches to disease mitigation and supports the development of sustainable, microbiome-informed management practices in food animal production.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Cardiovascular and vomiting responses to a lethal intravenous dose of staphyloenterotoxin A in rhesus monkeys.

Effects of a single intravenous dose of highly purified staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA; 0.5 mg/kg) were studied in conscious rhesus monkeys. The mean survival time for four of five experimental monkeys was 8.7 h. Vomiting, pallor, abdominal distension, occasional diarrhea and dehydration were observed. Tachycardia and sustained hypotension developed prior to death. During vomiting, transient hypertension was induced.

Animals↗