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PubMed2004

Prehistoric Sado Island populations of Sus scrofa distinguished from contemporary Japanese wild boar by ancient mitochondrial DNA.

Ancient mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mainly from Jomon Period Sus scrofa bone specimens (6,100-1,700 years old) was examined to clarify the genetic relationships between prehistoric and contemporary S. scrofa on Hokkaido, Honshu, Sado, and Izu islands of the Japanese Archipelago. Phylogenetic analysis of the mtDNA control region (574 bp) and analysis of pairwise nucleotide differences between prehistoric and contemporary S. scrofa sequences showed the following relationships between these groups: (1) a group genetically similar to contemporary Japanese wild boars was found mainly on Honshu Island, Hokkaido Island, and the Izu Islands, and (2) a monophyletic group distinct from contemporary Japanese wild boars was found on Sado Island. These results suggest that prehistoric people introduced S. scrofa from Honshu Island to Hokkaido Island and the Izu Islands. The estimated divergence times between the prehistoric Sado group and the other prehistoric S. scrofa is approximately congruent with the geological isolation of Sado Island from Honshu Island. Our results suggest that this extinct S. scrofa population was present on Sado Island as recently as around 2,000 years ago.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dietary vitamin D toxicity in a household of pot-bellied pigs (Sus scrofa).

Vitamin D intoxication developed in Vietnamese Pot-Bellied Pigs (Sus scrofa) fed 2 commercially available swine rations. Pronounced hypercalcemia and a history incompatible with other causes of hypercalcemia led to confirmation of this diagnosis by plasma vitamin D metabolite analysis in 2 affected animals as compared to a control animal. Feed sample analysis suggested the diet as the likely source of toxicity.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2003

Helminth parasites of the wild boar, Sus scrofa, in Luristan province, western Iran and their public health significance.

Seven helminth species were obtained from 12 wild boars (Sus scrofa) during a survey from 2000 to 2001 in Luristan province, western Iran. These species include the cestode larvae Cysticercus tenuicollis (25%), C. cellulosae (8.3%), the nematodes Metastrongylus apri (41.6%), M. pudendotectus (16.6%), M. salmi (8.3%), Trichuris suis (8.3%) and the acanthocephalan Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus (41.6%). No trematodes were found. Seven wild boars (58.3%) were identified as having at least one helminth species. A single infection was detected in 16.6% of cases, but a three species infection covered the highest rank (25%). All these helminths have been reported from other areas of Iran including the north, northeast and southwest, but not in Luristan. Among seven helminths identified, at least three species are transmissible to humans. The public health significance of these helminths is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

A systematic study of brain base arteries in the wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa).

This study aimed at describing and systematizing the arteries of the base of the brain of the wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa). Thirty-three heads were used, of which 30 were injected with latex, and three with acrylic dental resin through the common carotid arteries. The brain carotid artery arose from the rostral epidural rete mirabile, and divided into a rostral and a caudal branch. The rostral branch gave off the middle cerebral artery and then continued as rostral cerebral artery. The latter branched into lateral rhinal, internal ethmoidal and medial rhinal arteries. The rostral cerebral artery joined its contralateral homologue, becoming the single rostral inter-hemispheric artery. The caudal branch emitted the caudal cerebral artery and the tectal arteries, and then fused with the branch of the opposite antimere, joining the basilar artery. The rostral cerebellar arteries derived from this point. The basilar artery originated from the anastomosis between the arteries derived from the caudal epidural rete mirabile of each antimere. The basilar artery extended rostrally, giving off as main collateral branch the caudal cerebellar artery. The basilar artery presented a significant decrease in diameter before joining the caudal branches of the brain carotid arteries. The cerebral arterial circle was rostrally and caudally closed.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Ultrastructure of spermiogenesis and the spermatozoon of Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus (Pallas, 1781) (Acanthocephala: Archiacanthocephala), a parasite of the wild boar Sus scrofa.

The present paper describes the ultrastructure of spermiogenesis and the spermatozoon of Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus, an acanthocephalan parasite of the wild boar Sus scrofa. At the beginning of spermatogenesis, spermatocytes exhibit synaptonemal complexes and 2 centrioles. In the spermatid, only 1 centriole remains, generating a flagellum with a 9+2 pattern. Another ultrastructural feature observed during the spermiogenesis of M. hirudinaceus is the condensation of the chromatin, forming a "honeycomb" structure in the old spermatid and a homogeneous, electron-dense structure in the spermatozoon. The mature spermatozoon of M. hirudinaceus presents a reversed anatomy, as has been described previously in other species of the Acanthocephala. The spermatozoon is divided into 2 parts: an axoneme, and a nucleocytoplasmic derivative. The spermatozoon flagellum exhibits a 9+2 or 9+0 pattern. The process of spermiogenesis and the ultrastructural organization of the spermatozoon of M. hirudinaceus are compared with available data regarding other acanthocephalan species.

Acanthocephala↗
PubMed2005

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in wild pigs (Sus scrofa) from Spain.

Sera collected from 507 hunter-killed wild pigs (Sus scrofa) between 1993 and 2004 from five geographic regions in northern Spain and seven regions in southern Spain were assayed for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii by the modified agglutination test (MAT). Antibodies to T. gondii were detected in 185 (38.4%) of 507 pigs with titers of 1:25 in 71, 1:50 in 111 and > or =1:500 in 3; seroprevalence was significantly higher (P<0.05) in pigs from southern regions. Seroprevalence was density dependent; it was higher in pigs from high stocking per hectare and availability of forage. Statistically significant differences were not observed between T. gondii seroprevalence and hunting estates (open versus fenced), sex or age. Serological results indicate a widespread exposure to T. gondii among Spanish wild boars, suggesting that this population could represent a public health risk for persons that handle or consume raw or undercooked infected wild pig meat.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1995

Localization of landmarks and bands in the karotype of Sus scrofa domestica. Comparison between different classifications.

Representative RBG-banded chromosomes of Sus scrofa domestica and diagrammatic representation of the banding patterns at the 600 band stage are presented. Comparison between different classification systems has been performed. It is suggested that the data presented can be applied to gene mapping, localization of chromosome aberrations, comparative cytogenetics, and translation between different classification systems.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[The development of the gene pool in the microevolution of Sus scrofa and the role of heterozygosity in the breed-forming process].

The gene pool formation of the modem domestic breeds of pig Sus scrofa domestica and their genesis based on hybridization of wild ancestral forms of the European and Asian origin were studied using molecular immunogenetic methods. Males of the European and Central Asian S. scrofa subspecies (S. s. scrofa and S. s. nigripes were hybridized with domestic pigs of the Swedish Landrace and Vietnamese Black Masked breeds. In addition, we examined the genotypic structure of 65 wild, aboriginal, and local populations as well as cultured breeds, including the stock breeds with different levels of selection. Frequencies of alleles and suballelles of the chromosome 4 locus controlling antigens of the L blood group system were analyzed. The origin of marker suballeles of the European and Asian origin was estimated in the most widespread world pig breeds. Unexpectedly, a strikingly high frequency of the Asian elements was found in the most productive European and American breeds, as well as in the best breeds of Russia and other CIS countries. Only one form of heterozygosity (bcgi/bdfi) was found in a population of wild European ancestors, whereas domestic pig breeds displayed heterozygosity for far more numerous suballeles of the locus studied. Animals heterozygous for alleles of the European and Asian origin showed higher adaptivity and fertility.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Mitsuokella apri sp. nov., a novel species of the family Selenomonadaceae isolated from faeces of a wild boar (Sus scrofa).

A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, obligately anaerobic strain, designated WILCCON 0060T, was isolated from the faecal sample of a wild boar (Sus scrofa)&#xa0;collected on the Island of Ubin (Pulau Ubin), Singapore (1.4126&#xb0;N, 103.9577&#xb0;E). Phylogenetic and comparative analyses based on 16S rRNA gene and whole-genome sequences indicated that strain WILCCON 0060T belongs to the genus Mitsuokella, within the family Selenomonadaceae. Notably, the average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain WILCCON 0060T and the type strains of two existing Mitsuokella species, Mitsuokella multacida DSM 20544T and Mitsuokella jalaludinii DSM 13811T, only ranged from 84.6-84.9% and 24.1-24.7%, respectively, both well below the recommended species delineation thresholds of 95.0% and 70.0%. Supported by additional physiological, biochemical and genomic differences, these findings collectively indicate that strain WILCCON 0060T represents a novel species within the genus Mitsuokella. We propose the species name Mitsuokella apri sp. nov., pertaining the isolation of the type strain WILCCON 0060T (=&#x2009;DSM 120052T&#x2009;=&#x2009;LMG 33761T) from a faecal sample of a wild boar.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Isolation and characterisation of an Aujeszky's disease virus naturally infecting a wild boar (Sus scrofa).

Isolation of Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) from an injured, female wild boar (Sus scrofa), shot dead by hunters, in an area adjacent to the Abruzzo National Park is reported. The brain was submitted for attempted virus isolation following episodes of mortality in several dogs and cats fed with meat from the wild boar. Virus was isolated on first passage from the brain of the wild boar. The restriction fragment length polymorphism profile of the isolate was assessed as a type I. The role of stress in reactivating latent ADV in wild boars, the possibility of transmitting infection to endangered species such as bears (Ursus arctos), wolves (Canis lupus), wild cats (Felis silvestris) and lynx (Lynx lynx), present in the Abruzzo National Park and the possible role of wild boars as reservoirs for ADV is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Periodontal disease in feral pigs (Sus scrofa) from Queensland, Australia.

Periodontal lesions were present in 26 of 107 feral pigs (Sus scrofa) that were shot in southern Queensland. The severity of the lesions varied from gingivitis to extensive destruction of the alveolus and its contents. Examination of slaughtered domestic pigs revealed a similar prevalence of lesions (12 of 52). Only cheek teeth were affected, and molars were affected more frequently than premolars. In both feral and domestic pigs, prevalence of periodontal disease affecting bone increased with age. Although periodontal disease is recognized as a common and often serious problem in many mammalian species, both domestic and wild, it has rarely been recorded in the pig. It is considered that the most severe lesions would have interfered with mastication but that the contribution of the disease to mortality of feral pigs in Australia is probably not great.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The feral pig (Sus scrofa, Suidae) in Cocos Island, Costa Rica: Rootings, soil alterations and erosion].

Feral pigs (Sus scrofa) are of the most damaging exotic vertebrates, specially on oceanic island native communities. Feral pigs inhabit Cocos Island since 1793 and there are around 400-500 individuals. In order to quantify the impacts of the feral pigs at Cocos Island. I calculated the effect of the rooting activity and its influence on the natural erosion. During one year I walked, monthly, 15 km on trails estimating rooted area by transect and rooting recurrence. During eight months I compared erosion rates with and without rootings. I estimated the annual rooting rate between 10 and 20% of the total island surface. The rooted area was the only measured variable which correlated with the soil erosion rate. The erosion rate without rootings was 23.6 kg/ha/year and with rootings was 200.4 kg/ha/year (P < 0.01). The disturbances provoked by the rootings were not scattered homogeneously through the island. The rootings, together with the natural landslides, dominate the soil disturbance pattern at Cocos Island. This study suggests that the presence of feral pigs produces more erosion than the one that would naturally occur without feral pigs at Cocos Island.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

[Isolation of a phosphoprotein from preeruptive dentin from molars of domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus)].

Isolation of a phosphoprotein from dentin of pre-eruptive molars of Sus scrofa domesticus. A protein with a relative molecular mass of 60,000 kD was isolated from dentin of unerupted pig molars. The electrophoretically homogeneous protein was identified as phosphoprotein with a specific staining procedure. The phosphorylation degree is 75%. The amino-acid composition and the molecular mass were compared with values of other species.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Necropsy and coprology in wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Livorno Mountain Park (Tuscany, Central Italy).

The present research analyses the reliability of coprological tests, both quantitative and qualitative, as indicators of the parasite burden of hosts, using data from wild boars (Sus scrofa) living in Livorno Mountain Park (Tuscany, Central Italy). In the case of intestinal strongyles, which turned out to be the dominant helminths of wild boars, the qualitative coprological test appears as a bad predictor of the real parasite situation of the herds, due to the high number of false negative results (34 animals out of 68). On the other hand, the positive predictive value of the test is high (90%). The quantitative test is significantly correlated with the individual parasite burden of wild boars.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

A serological survey of Brucella spp. in free-ranging wild boar (Sus scrofa leucomystax) in Shikoku, Japan.

Brucella, a causative agent of brucellosis and facultative intracellular pathogen, has been isolated recently from a variety of wild mammals. In this study, serum samples from 115 Japanese wild boar (Sus Scrofa leucomystax) killed by hunters in the 4 Prefectures of Shikoku, Japan were tested for antibodies to Brucella spp. by means of the tube agglutination test (TAT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using antigens extracted with n-lauroylsarcosine. In 9 of the 115 samples (7.8%) antibodies to Brucella spp. were detected by TAT and ELISA. These results suggest that wild boar in Shikoku may be exposed to Brucella spp. or other cross-reactive pathogen infection.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1983

Cell cycle time and possible early DNA replication in C-band regions in the domestic pig (Sus scrofa) lymphocytes.

Dynamic cell replication studies on peripheric blood lymphocytes cultured from the domestic pig (Sus scrofa) were performed. Replication started after 18-24 hr in culture and the cell cycle time was about 8-10 hr. Chromosomes from cells at first division showed C-banded-like regions. This finding suggests the occurrence of early DNA replication zones within the constitutive heterochromatin of the pig chromosomes.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

A quantitative trait locus for oleic fatty acid content on Sus scrofa chromosome 7.

A partial genome scan using microsatellite markers was conducted to detect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for 10 fatty acid contents of backfat on 15 chromosomes in a porcine resource population. Two QTLs were discovered on Sus scrofa chromosome 4 (SSC4) and SSC7. The QTL on SSC4 was located between marker loci sw1336 and sw512, and this QTL was detected (P < 0.05) only for linoleic acid. Its position was in proximity of those mapped for linoleic acid content in previous studies. The QTL on SSC7 was mapped between markers swr1343 and sw2155, and it was significant (P < 0.05) only for oleic acid. A novelty of the QTL for oleic acid was suggested because the QTL was located far from any other QTLs previously mapped for fatness traits. The QTL on SSC7 explained 19% of phenotypic variation for oleic acid content. Further studies on fine mapping and positional comparative candidate gene analysis would be the next step toward better understanding of the genetic architecture of fatty acid contents.

Animals↗