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PubMed1993

Effect of a sodium benzoate-sodium bicarbonate compound on dental plaque formation.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a sodium benzoate-sodium bicarbonate (SBSB) compound on dental plaque formation and developing gingivitis. Eighteen subjects were given a prophylaxis and instruction in oral hygiene to establish plaque-free conditions and gingival health for the study baseline. They were randomly divided into three groups. Each participant was instructed to rinse twice daily with either a 0.15% chlorhexidine digluconate solution, the SBSB compound, or a placebo solution for 21 days. They refrained from all other oral hygiene procedures during this period. Plaque, gingival, and stain indices were scored at baseline and at days 7, 14, and 21 during the rinsing protocol. A significant increase in plaque accumulation was observed for the SBSB compound and placebo groups in days 7 through 21. No increase in plaque accumulation was observed in the chlorhexidine group. An increase in gingival inflammation was observed in all groups, with no significant differences between groups. Significant increases in gingival bleeding occurrence compared to baseline were found in the chlorhexidine group by day 21, in the SBSB compound group by day 7, and in the placebo group by day 14. The present study did not disclose any plaque or gingivitis inhibiting effects of the SBSB compound.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Uptake and persistence of the vertebrate pesticide, sodium monofluoroacetate (compound 1080), in plants of cultural importance.

Field research was undertaken to determine if naturally occurring plants utilised by a Maori (the indigenous people of New Zealand) community for food and medicine would take up the toxin sodium monofluoroacetate (Compound 1080) from baits used to control the brush-tailed possum Trichosurus vulpecula. Single baits were placed at the base of individual plants of two species, pikopiko (Asplenium bulbiferum) and karamuramu (Coprosma robusta). Plants were sampled at various times up to 56 days, and samples analyzed for 1080 content. No 1080 was detected in any of the pikopiko samples, whereas 1080 was detected in karamuramu, at a maximum concentration of 5 ppb after 7 days, and 2.5 ppb after 14 days. This concentration decreased to zero at 28 days, indicating that while karamuramu was shown to take up 1080, it was not persistent. The results of this study suggest there is negligible risk of humans being poisoned by consuming plants that have taken up 1080 from baits. To allay community concerns that minute concentrations of 1080 might influence the medicinal properties of plants, it is suggested a withholding period of 30 days after 1080 control operations could be adopted.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of sodium monofluoroacetate (compound 1080) in tissues and baits as its benzyl ester by reaction-capillary gas chromatography.

A reaction-capillary gas-chromatographic procedure using photo-ionization (PID) or flame-ionization (FID) detection was developed for the determination of sodium monofluoroacetate (compound 1080), a pesticide, in tissues and baits. Fluoroacetic acid from tissue (1 g) and bait (10 g) extracts was first partitioned into ethyl acetate and then into 0.5 M benzyldimethylphenylammonium hydroxide. Benzylation was achieved by pyrolysis of the quaternary ammonium salt in the injection port. Chloroacetic acid was used as the internal standard. A linear relationship (r = 0.999) was observed between the peak area ratio of the substrate/internal standard and the fluoroacetic acid concentration. The detection limit for compound 1080 using the described analytical procedure, was 15 micrograms/kg with PID and 100 micrograms/kg with FID.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Inorganic and organic fluoride concentrations in tissues after the oral administration of sodium monofluoroacetate (Compound 1080) to rats.

Male rats were used to study the inorganic (ionic) and organic fluoride concentrations in plasma, liver, kidneys and stomach content after oral doses of 0, 2.2, 3.5, 4.0, 5.0 and 7.0 mg sodium monofluoroacetate (SMFA, Compound 1080)/kg body weight. Tissue and plasma ionic fluoride concentrations were observed to be higher in all rats given SMFA as compared to rats in the control group. This observation suggests in vivo defluorination of SMFA. Homogenates of liver obtained from SMFA poisoned rats showed significant increases in ionic fluoride concentration during a 6-day storage period at +4 degrees C, with the total fluoride concentration (ionic and organic) remaining constant. The average percentages of distribution of SMFA (organic fluoride) in plasma, liver, and kidneys were 7.05, 5.07 and 1.68, respectively. Plasma and tissue SMFA concentrations were generally lower than the corresponding stomach fluid SMFA concentrations for all dosage groups. Lethal concentration of SMFA in the liquid stomach content was in the range 84.9--189 micrograms/ml, corresponding to total (ionic and organic) fluoride concentrations in the range of 16.1--36 micrograms/ml.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Genotoxicity of two arsenic compounds in germ cells and somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster.

Two arsenic compounds, sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) and sodium arsenate (Na2HAsO4), were tested for their possible genotoxicity in germinal and somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster. For germinal cells, the sex-linked recessive lethal test (SLRLT) and the sex chromosome loss test (SCLT) were used. In both tests, a brood scheme of 2-3-3 days was employed. Two routes of administration were used for the SLRLT: adult male injection (0.38, 0.77 mM for sodium arsenite; and 0.54, 1.08 mM for sodium arsenate) and larval feeding (0.008, 0.01, 0.02 mM for sodium arsenite; and 0.01, 0.02 mM for sodium arsenate). For the SCLT the compounds were injected into males. Controls were treated with a solution of 5% sucrose which was employed as solvent. The somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) was run in the w+/w eye assay as well as in the mwh +/+ flr3 wing test, employing the standard and insecticide-resistant strains. In both tests, third instar larvae were treated for 6 hr with sodium arsenite (0.38, 0.77, 1.15 mM), and sodium arsenate (0.54, 1.34, 2.69 mM). In the SLRLT, both compounds were positive, but they were negative in the SCLT. The genotoxicity of both compounds was localized mainly in somatic cells, in agreement with reports on the carcinogenic potential of arsenical compounds. Sodium arsenite was an order of magnitude more toxic and mutagenic than sodium arsenate. This study confirms the reliability of the Drosophila in vivo system to test the genotoxicity of environmental compounds.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Efficacies of plant phenolic compounds on sodium butyrate induced anti-tumour activity.

The ability of the differentiation inducing agent sodium butyrate (NaB) alone or combined with plant-derived phenolic compounds to produce growth inhibition in human erythroleukemic cells was investigated. As a single agent, curcumin produced a marked inhibition of proliferation indicated by its low concentration used. The effect of phenolics on the cell cycle could probably contribute to the augmented antiproliferative activity of NaB. The present data show that quercetin produced synergistic effect in terms of cell killing in association with NaB. Both curcumin and ferulic acid potentiated NaB-induced reduction of cell number. When NaB was added before exposure to graded doses of quercetin it did induce a greater inhibitory effect. The combination of NaB and quercetin seems less effective on S180 ascites tumour cells. As a single agent quercetin was found to be the most efficacious on S180 tumour model.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

The relative partitioning of neutral and ionised compounds in sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles measured by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography.

The rational use of micelles in quantitative structure-activity and quantitative structure-permeation relationships implies a good knowledge of the nature of recognition forces underlying solute-micelle association. The aims of this study were to unravel the intermolecular interaction forces responsible for the association of neutral and ionised compounds with negatively charged sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles, using micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC). The MEKC capacity factors (log k(MEKC)) of 36 neutral model solutes were analysed by linear solvation free-energy relationships (LSERs). The results indicate that the size and H-bond acceptor strength of solutes are mainly responsible for their MEKC retention. Compared to n-octanol, the SDS micelles are more cohesive and stronger H-bond donors. Strong attractive electrostatic interactions govern solute-micelle association for positively charged compounds and micelles of the opposite charge, whereas repulsive electrostatic interactions occur between negatively charged solutes and micelles of the same charge. The capacity factors measured for the ionised forms of the acids and bases under study (log k(MEKC)(I)) indeed lie on two distinct plateau, about -1.0 for the former and about 2.0 for the latter and depend on the solute's charge more than on its chemical structure. Thus, the derivation of a diff(log k(MEKC)(N-I)) value, defined as the difference between the log k(MEKC) values of the neutral and charged species, strongly correlates with the respective log k(MEKC)(N) value and does not afford additional information.

Chromatography, Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Liquid chromatographic determination of sodium fluoroacetate (Compound 1080) in meat baits and formulations.

A liquid chromatographic (LC) method is described for the determination of sodium fluoroacetate in meat baits and formulations. Baits were extracted with water, ultrafiltered, partitioned into butanone, back-partitioned into dilute base, and diluted with acetonitrile. Aqueous formulations of 1080 were diluted with acetonitrile. The solutions were esterified with p-bromophenacyl bromide, using crown ether catalysis, and chromatographed on a 10 micron reverse phase column. Ultraviolet absorbance was monitored at 260 nm. Samples spiked to contain 1 mg and 10 mg 1080/100 g meat gave recoveries of 84.0-103.4%.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Effects of combined treatment with phenolic compounds and sodium nitrite on two-stage carcinogenesis and cell proliferation in the rat stomach.

The effects of combined treatment with NaNO2 and phenolic compounds on N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) stomach carcinogenesis were investigated in F344 rats. In the first experiment, groups of 15-20 male rats were treated with an intragastric dose of 150 mg/kg body weight of MNNG, and starting 1 wk later, were given 2.0% butylated hydroxyanisole, 0.8% catechol, 2.0% 3-methoxycatechol or basal diet either alone or in combination with 0.2% NaNO2 in the drinking water until they were killed at week 52. All three antioxidants significantly enhanced forestomach carcinogenesis without any effect of additional NaNO2 treatment. However, in the absence of MNNG pretreatment, the grade of forestomach hyperplasia in the catechol and 3-methoxycatechol groups was significantly increased by the combined treatment with NaNO2. In a second experiment, the combined effects of various phenolic compounds and NaNO2 on cell proliferation in the upper digestive tract were examined. Groups of 5 rats were given one of 24 phenolic compounds or basal diet either alone or in combination with 0.3% NaNO2 for 4 weeks and then killed. Particularly strong enhancing effects in terms of thickness of the forestomach mucosa were seen with t-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), catechol, gallic acid, 1,2,4-benzenetriol, dl-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-alanine and hydroquinone in combination with NaNO2. In the glandular stomach, similar enhancing effects were evident in 11 cases, and in the esophagus with phenol, TBHQ and gallic acid. These results demonstrate that NaNO2 can augment cell proliferation induced in the stomach epithelium by various phenolic compounds.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[Determination of content of chlorpromazine hydrochloride in compound metamizole sodium microenema by acid-dye colorimetric method].

An acid-dye colormetric method was described for the determination of chlorpromazine hydrochloride in the compound preparation. The method was based on the reaction of chlorpromazine hydrochloride with methyl orange, to form a yellow complex, which then was extracted by chloroform and exhibited a maximum absorption at 424 nm. The optimal conditions for determination were selected by orthogonal design test. The linear range of this method was 20-120 micrograms/ml (r = 0.9997). The average recovery of the three sample solutions of different concentrations was 99.72% +/- 0.46% (n = 6). The other ingredients of preparation do not interfere with chlorpromazine determination. This method is more sensitive and accurate and can be used for quality control of this compound preparation.

Chlorpromazine↗
PubMed1992

Antitumor activity of some ruthenium derivatives in human colon cancer cell lines in vitro.

Six ruthenium derivatives were evaluated in vitro in two human colon cancer cell lines (SW707 and SW948) utilizing the microculture tetrazolium test (MTT) and cell counting with a Coulter Counter. The ruthenium compound sodium-(tetrachloroimidazoledimethylsulfoxideruthenate)- bisdimethylsulfoxide (Na(RuDMSOimCl4)) showed the best efficacy in inhibiting cell proliferation of both colon cancer cell lines followed by the other DMSO ruthenium compound sodium-(tetrachloroindazoledimethylsulfoxideruthenate) - bisdimethylsulfoxide (Na(RuDMSOIndCl4)), as demonstrated by IC50 values (80 and 90 micrograms/ml in SW707 and SW948 cell lines for Na(RuDMSOImCl4); 155 and 165 micrograms/ml in SW707 and SW948 cell lines for Na(RuDMSOIndCl4), respectively). Out of the ruthenium derivatives without DMSO, transindazolium - [tetrachlorobis(1H - indazole)ruthenate (III,N2)] (HInd[RuInd2Cl4(N2)]), was as active as its DMSO-containing congener whereas trans-imidazolium- [tetrachlorobisimidazoleruthenate)(III)], (HIm(RuIm2Cl4)) was less active, as shown by the IC50 values: (HIm (RuIm2Cl4) = 250 and 260 micrograms/ml in cell lines SW707 and SW948; HInd[RuInd2Cl4(N2)] = 110 and greater than 200 micrograms/ml in cell lines SW707 and SW948, respectively). The other ruthenium derivatives containing pyrazole and triazole as ligands (trans - pyrazolium (tetrachlorobispyrazoleruthenate) (III), PzH(RuPz2Cl4) and triazolium(tetrachlorobistriazoleruthenate) (III), TrH(RuTr2Cl4)) were active only at high concentrations that cannot be regarded as realistic in vivo, as shown by the respective IC50 values: (PzH(RuPz2Cl4) = 1056 and 750 micrograms/ml in cell lines SW707 and SW948; TrH(RuTr2Cl4) = 350 and 300 micrograms/ml in cell lines SW707 and SW948). The promising activity of ruthenium compounds with DMSO, indazole and imidazole as ligands should be evaluated in vivo for elucidating their possible role in the treatment of colorectal cancer.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed1981

Interaction of alkylmercuric compounds with sodium selenite. I. Metabolism of ethylmercuric chloride administered alone and in combination with sodium selenite in rats.

The effect of sodium selenite administered intragastrically in repeated doses to rats receiving ethylmercuric chloride po in various repeated doses (0.25 or 2.5 mg Hg/kg) on the excretion, whole-body retention, and organ distribution of mercury was studied. Selenium was found to affect the distribution of ethylmercury among tissues and subcellular fractions of the kidneys and liver as well as its binding to proteins of soluble fractions in these organs. Similarities and differences between the effect of interaction of sodium selenite with ethylmercuric chloride and methylmercury as well as inorganic mercury are also discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Solubilization of cholesterol and polycyclic aromatic compounds into sodium bile salt micelles (part 2).

The aqueous solubility of cholesterol was determined over the temperature range from 288.2 to 318.2 K with intervals of 5 K by the enzymatic method. The solubility was (3.7+/-0.3)x10(-8) mol dm(-3) (average +/- S.D.) at 308.2 K. The maximum additive concentrations of cholesterol into the aqueous micellar solutions of sodium deoxycholate (NaDC), sodium ursodeoxycholate (NaUDC), and sodium cholate (NaC) were spectrophotometrically determined at different temperatures. The cholesterol solubility increased in the order of NaUDC<NaC<NaDC; for example, 0.10 for NaUDC, 0.61 for NaC, and 2.99 mmol dm(-3) for NaDC at the concentration of 60 mmol dm(-3) and at 308.2 K. The same solubilization experiments were made at 308.2 K using polycyclic aromatic compounds (benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, pyrene) as a reference. Their solubility increase for the bile salts was in the same order as above. Thermodynamic analysis was made for the solubilization, where a micelle was regarded as a chemical species. The average number of solubilizate per micelle was less than unity throughout the experiments. From the Gibbs energy change for solubilization at the different mean aggregation numbers, the function of bile salt micelles was discussed from the viewpoint of molecular structure of solubilizates. The DeltaG(0) value for cholesterol was most negative among the solubilizates studied, which reflected that solubilization of cholesterol into bile salt micelles brought about largest thermodynamic stabilization.

Anthracenes↗
PubMed1994

Peri-operative effect of major gastrointestinal surgery on serum magnesium.

This study investigates the changes in serum magnesium levels after major gastrointestinal surgery and evaluates if Plasma-Lyte 148 used as maintenance fluid influences these changes in the peri-operative period. Thirty patients presenting for procedures ranging from anterior rectal resection to thoraco-abdominal cardio-oesophagectomy were randomly allocated into two groups, one of which received compound sodium lactate solution as the maintenance crystalloid during the intra- and postoperative period, and the other Plasma-Lyte 148, a magnesium-containing crystalloid solution. Serum magnesium levels were measured pre-operatively, in the immediate recovery period and 24 h postoperatively. The results showed a statistically significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the magnesium levels in both groups. The reduction was less marked in the Plasma-Lyte group but this did not achieve statistical significance (p > 0.05) compared with the compound sodium lactate group.

Acetates↗