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PubMed1987

Social perception and communication skills among schizophrenics and nonschizophrenics.

This study examined the performance of both schizophrenic (N = 13) and nonschizophrenic patients (N = 7), as well as that of a nonpatient contrast group (N = 18), on standardized measures of both social perception and social skill. Social judgment and self-perception also were examined. Schizophrenics were less skillful and less socially perceptive than members of both other groups. Members of the nonschizophrenic patient group also were significantly impaired on the dependent measures when compared to contrast subjects. Results point to the multi-component nature of skills deficits in schizophrenics. Implications for assessment and treatment programs on communication skills training with schizophrenics are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Social perception from visual cues: role of the STS region.

Social perception refers to initial stages in the processing of information that culminates in the accurate analysis of the dispositions and intentions of other individuals. Single-cell recordings in monkeys, and neurophysiological and neuroimaging studies in humans, reveal that cerebral cortex in and near the superior temporal sulcus (STS) region is an important component of this perceptual system. In monkeys and humans, the STS region is activated by movements of the eyes, mouth, hands and body, suggesting that it is involved in analysis of biological motion. However, it is also activated by static images of the face and body, suggesting that it is sensitive to implied motion and more generally to stimuli that signal the actions of another individual. Subsequent analysis of socially relevant stimuli is carried out in the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex, which supports a three-structure model proposed by Brothers. The homology of human and monkey areas involved in social perception, and the functional interrelationships between the STS region and the ventral face area, are unresolved issues.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Grasping the intentions of others: the perceived intentionality of an action influences activity in the superior temporal sulcus during social perception.

An explication of the neural substrates for social perception is an important component in the emerging field of social cognitive neuroscience and is relevant to the field of cognitive neuroscience as a whole. Prior studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that passive viewing of biological motion (Pelphrey, Mitchell, et al., 2003; Puce et al., 1998) activates the posterior superior temporal sulcus (STS ) region. Furthermore, recent evidence has shown that the perceived context of observed gaze shifts (Pelphrey, Singerman, et al., 2003; Pelphrey et al., 2004) modulates STS activity. Here, using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging at 4 T, we investigated brain activity in response to passive viewing of goal- and nongoal-directed reaching-to-grasp movements. Participants viewed an animated character making reaching-to-grasp movements either toward (correct) or away (incorrect) from a blinking dial. Both conditions evoked significant posterior STS activity that was strongly right lateralized. By examining the time course of the blood oxygenation level-dependent response from areas of activation, we observed a functional dissociation. Incorrect trials evoked significantly greater activity in the STS than did correct trials, while an area posterior and inferior to the STS (likely corresponding to the MT/ V5 complex) responded equally to correct and incorrect movements. Parietal cortical regions, including the superior parietal lobule and the anterior intraparietal sulcus, also responded equally to correct and incorrect movements, but showed evidence for differential responding based on the hand and arm (left or right) of the animated character used to make the reaching-to-grasp movement. The results of this study further suggest that a region of the right posterior STS is involved in analyzing the intentions of other people's actions and that activity in this region is sensitive to the context of observed biological motions.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

TASIT: A new clinical tool for assessing social perception after traumatic brain injury.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a clinically sensitive test of social perception for people with traumatic brain injury (TBI). DESIGN: An assessment tool comprising videotaped vignettes and response probes was developed in successive stages and tested on both normal participants and those with TBI. SUBJECTS: A total of 169 normal adults and 7 adults with severe TBI (pilot studies), 283 normal adults, and 12 people with severe TBI (main studies). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: "The Awareness of Social Inference Test" (TASIT) comprises videotaped vignettes of everyday social interactions and has three parts, each with alternate forms. The Emotion Evaluation Test (EET) assesses recognition of spontaneous emotional expression (happy, surprised, sad, anxious, angry, disgusted, and neutral). The Social Inference-Minimal (SI-M) test assesses comprehension of sincere versus sarcastic exchanges, whereas the Social Inference-Enriched test (SI-E) assesses lies versus sarcasm. In both SI-M and SI-E speaker demeanor (voice, facial expression) indicate the intended meaning of the exchange. In addition, the SI-E vignettes have other contextual clues that reveal the speakers' intentions. Performance on SI-E and SI-E is assessed via four standard questions per item probing for understanding of the emotions, intentions, beliefs, and meanings of the speakers and their exchanges. RESULTS: Groups taken from the pool of 283 normal adults achieved a high level of performance on all aspects of the test with some influence from both education and intelligence. The 12 people with TBI were poorer at judging emotions than were matched controls, with particular difficulties recognizing neutral items, fear, and disgust. They were as capable as matched controls when understanding sincere exchanges and lies but had difficulty with sarcasm. CONCLUSIONS: TASIT is straightforward for people with a normal range of social skills while being sensitive to social perception deficits after traumatic brain injury.

Brain Damage, Chronic↗
PubMed1993

Combined effects of severity of cleft impairment and facial attractiveness on social perception: an experimental study.

Children and adolescents provided their impressions of stimulus faces that systematically varied in attractiveness and severity of cleft impairment. The results indicated that facial attractiveness is a consistent characteristic of cleft-impaired faces. However, facial attractiveness did not moderate the negative impact of cleft impairment on social perception. Reduced severity of impairment did moderate the negativity of social perception. The implications of these findings for our understanding of the effects of cleft impairment on social perceptions are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The role of 'shared representations' in social perception and empathy: an fMRI study.

Evidence suggests that we use the same mechanisms for both producing and perceiving actions. Such 'shared representations' may also underlie social perception and empathy. However, this idea raises some important and as yet unresolved questions: (i) how do we distinguish other-orientated empathic responses from a self-orientated reactions such as personal distress and (ii) what are the neural substrates underpinning these processes? We employed event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to explore whether 'shared representations' were recruited to decode dynamic social stimuli in 12 healthy volunteers. We used an adapted version of the Profile of Non-Verbal Sensitivity (Rosenthal, H., Hall, J.A., DiMatteo, M.R., Rogers, P.L., Archer, D., (1979). Sensitivity to nonverbal communication: the PONS test. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore) which taps social perception using brief silent video clips. Participants chose one of two words that best described the state conveyed by the actor, or in the control condition using the same clips, the word describing which parts of the body were visible (non-social labelling). Off-line self-report measures of empathy and personal distress engendered by thoughts about others, were also given along with an experimentally-derived index of the degree of self-other overlap during social perception. Brain activation specific to the main experimental condition was found in the inferior frontal gyrus (BA44) and premotor areas (BA6) consistent with the use of 'shared representations'. Somatosensory areas such as the insula and supramarginal gyrus (BA40) were also activated suggesting that participants constructed a qualitative representation of the target state. Activity in the rostral anterior cingulate was associated with self-reports of personal distress and increased blood flow to the anterior cingulate (BA24) and inferior parietal cortex (BA40) was related to self-other overlap.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Social perceptions and borderline personality disorder: the relation to mood disorders.

We used the Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB) to compare the social perceptions of borderline, unipolar, and bipolar-depressed inpatients. As predicted, borderline subjects differed from bipolar-depressed and unipolar subjects in their social perceptions. Borderline subjects viewed their relationships to their mother, hospital staff, and other patients as more hostile and autonomous than did mood disordered subjects. The results are discussed in terms of an integrative theory of borderline personality that considers the psychobiology of interpersonal relationships and attachment disruptions.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Taking an "intentional stance" on eye-gaze shifts: a functional neuroimaging study of social perception in children.

During middle childhood, children develop an increasing understanding of intentions and other social information conveyed through dynamic facial cues such as changes in eye-gaze direction. Recent work in our laboratory has focused on using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in adults to map the neural circuitry subserving the visual analysis of others' actions and the intentions underlying these actions. In these studies, the superior temporal sulcus (STS) region has been continually implicated in processing shifts in eye gaze. Further, these studies have indicated that STS activity is modulated by the context within which eye-gaze shifts occur, suggesting that this region is involved in social perception via its role in the analysis of the intentions of observed actions. Still, no studies have investigated the neural circuitry supporting eye-gaze processing in children. We used event-related fMRI to examine brain activity in 7- to 10-year-old healthy children observing an animated virtual actor who shifted her eyes towards either a target object or empty space. Consistent with prior studies in adults, the STS, middle temporal gyrus, and inferior parietal lobule were sensitive to the intentions underlying the stimulus character's eye movements. These findings suggest that the neural circuitry underlying the processing of eye gaze and the detection of intentions conveyed through shifts in eye gaze in children are similar to that found previously in adults. We discuss these findings and potential implications for mapping the neurodevelopment of the social cognition and social perception abnormalities characteristic of autism.

Aging↗
PubMed2006

Social perception of speech in individuals with oropharyngeal reconstruction.

Oral cancer affects approximately 5% of the Canadian population every year. One option for treatment of oropharyngeal cancer includes resection of the diseased tissue with primary reconstruction of the defect using a microvascular free flap, followed by post-operative adjuvant radiation therapy. The aim of reconstructive surgery is to maintain functional speech and swallowing. While the literature provides support for the maintenance of speech intelligibility following reconstructive procedures, certain aspects of resonance may be altered when the palatal structures are involved. Little is known about the effect of such alterations on the perception of speakers who have been treated with microvascular free flap reconstruction. Social perception is a process in which we infer attributes of others, with the speech signal playing an integral part in attribution. The purpose of this study was to explore the social perceptions formed about speakers both before and after surgery for oropharyngeal cancer. The results of this study revealed that positive perceptions of speakers significantly diminished as a result of surgery and negative perceptions increased. Certain variables, such as degree of resection of the soft palate and base of tongue, and sex of the speaker, had influence on the results. This research suggests that intelligibility measurements of speech, although useful, do not provide a complete indication of the social impact of reconstructive surgery on patients with oropharyngeal resections.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Sex typing and the social perception of gender stereotypic and nonstereotypic behavior: the uniqueness of feminine males.

The social perception of masculine, feminine, androgynous and undifferentiated males was examined. Preadolescent boys (n = 251) were shown a video film portraying a male target playing either a masculine game with boys, a feminine game with girls, a neutral game with boys, or a neutral game with girls and were required to make a variety of inferences about him. All 4 groups made similar cognitive stereotypic inferences that varied in accordance with the gender stereotypic nature of the target's behavior. However, for the affective judgments (e.g., liking the target and wanting to engage in activities with him), the feminine males showed a pattern of inferences that was not only different from other sex role orientations, but often the reverse. The implications of these results for S. L. Bem's gender schema theory (1981) and H. Markus's self schema theory (H. Markus, M. Crane, S. L. Bernstein, & M. Siladi, 1982) are discussed.

Child↗
PubMed2004

Tracking the timecourse of social perception: the effects of racial cues on event-related brain potentials.

Event-related potentials were used to track social perception processes associated with viewing faces of racial ingroup and outgroup members. Activity associated with three distinct processes was detected. First, peaking at approximately 170 ms, faces were distinguished from nonface stimuli. Second, peaking at approximately 250 ms, ingroup members were differentiated from outgroup members, with a larger component suggesting greater attention to ingroup members. This effect may reflect the spontaneous application of a deeper level of processing to ingroup members. Third, peaking at approximately 520 ms, evaluative differentiation of ingroup and outgroup members occurred, with greater ingroup bias displayed by those with higher levels of prejudice on an explicit measure. Together, the results demonstrate the promise of using neural processes to track the presence, timing, and degree of activation of components relevant to social perception, prejudice, and stereotyping.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Social perceptions of cancer and their impacts: implications for nursing practice arising from the literature.

Social perceptions of cancer and their impacts: implications for nursing practice arising from the literature At the millennium cancer still holds a special mystique and is imbued with socio-cultural meanings, which extend far beyond the rational, scientific and biological facts of the disease. Excessive fear and dread may cause family and friends to display avoidance or overprotective behaviours to the ill person, who may subsequently perceive dissatisfaction with social support. Drawing on a literature review this paper explores the impact of cancer on social relationships. Interpersonal strain in relationship is often explained in the stigmatization of the illness and this concept is explored through contemporary social theorizing. These findings have direct implications for nursing practice where the goal of care is to enhance the support relationship.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

Social perception in children with autism: an attentional deficit?

Research suggests that the attentional deficits found in children with autism may be related to impairments in social functioning (e.g., Courchesne et al., 1994a, 1994b; Lewy & Dawson, 1992; Schreibman & Lovaas, 1973). In the present investigation, 14 children with autism, 14 mentally handicapped, and 14 typically functioning children participated in a study designed to investigate the effects of number of social cues on the ability to interpret social situations. Participants were shown videotaped vignettes of child-child interactions in which the number of cues leading to the correct interpretation of the story varied from one to four (i.e., tone, content, nonverbal, or nonverbal with object). Subjects were then asked a series of questions which varied in degree of complexity. Overall, results indicated that children with autism performed as well as both groups of comparison subjects on general attention questions (i.e., identification of number and gender of interactants) and social perception questions relating to stories containing one cue. However, children with autism performed more poorly than both comparison groups on social perception questions relating to stories containing multiple cues. Results are discussed in terms of an attentional dysfunction hypothesis of autism.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Belief in a just world and social perception: evidence for automatic activation.

The authors tested the hypothesis that beliefs in a just world are automatically activated and used in social perception. Under the guise of a perceptual vigilance task, the authors exposed 34 undergraduate women preconsciously to words that were either rape-related or neutral. Immediately after the exposure, participants read a date scenario that was ambiguous with respect to the man's aggressiveness and the extent to which the woman was responsible for the man's behavior. Afterwards, all participants evaluated the target man and woman on an impression task. The primary finding was that participants holding stronger beliefs in a just world perceived the target woman more negatively after experiencing the rape-related prime words than after experiencing the neutral words. This pattern is consistent with a research literature that shows that believers in a just world will often "blame the victim" in cases of rape. The present findings are important because they provide evidence that general, orienting beliefs are automatically activated in a manner similar to that shown by stereotype beliefs. The authors discussed implications for social perception.

Affect↗
PubMed1997

Accurate social perception at zero acquaintance: the affordances of a Gibsonian approach.

We review research on accurate social perception at zero acquaintance and apply a Gibsonian ecological approach to redress several shortcomings. We argue that recent use of Brunswik's lens model to determine what physical qualities accurately communicate psychological traits has limited utility because it fails to consider the structured information provided by configural physical qualities that is central to Gibson's (1979) theory. We elaborate a developmental model of relationships between physical and psychological qualities that highlights research needed to identify configural physical qualities that may inform accurate perceptions. This model and tenets of the ecological theory yield several hypotheses regarding such qualities. Finally, we advocate the value of studying perceived affordances (opportunities for acting, interacting, or being acted upon) because this will focus attention on the neglected issue of contextual influences on social perception accuracy, and because affordances may be perceived more accurately than global personality traits.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Accuracy in social perception: contributions of facial and vocal information.

The validity of social perceptions was assessed on the basis of facial or vocal information. Specifically, impressions of stimulus persons' power and warmth were obtained on the basis of either a facial photograph or a voice recording. These were compared with the stimulus persons' self-reports along the same dimensions. Face- and voice-based impressions did predict self-view. The specific facial and vocal characteristics that mediated these links were also considered. Potential mechanisms that may yield the match between self-perceptions and impressions based on nonverbal cues are discussed.

Facial Expression↗
PubMed1992

Self-perception, social skills, adjustment, and inhibition in young adolescents with craniofacial anomalies.

This study examines the relationships between self-perception, social skills, overall adjustment, and social inhibition in 45 young adolescents with craniofacial anomalies (CFA). Self-perception, social skills, and inhibition scores are within the normal range while the average adjustment is 1.5 SD below the average. Regression analyses were conducted. Social skills and athletic competence are the best predictors of adjustment and accounted for 73.5% of the variance in adjustment. Adjustment of adolescents is associated with degree of inhibition, with more poorly adjusted adolescents displaying greater inhibition. Self-esteem did not predict to adjustment. The theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗