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PubMed2001

College students with tattoos and piercings: motives, family experiences, personality factors, and perception by others.

The motives, family experiences, and personality characteristics of 341 college students with and without tattoos or piercings were studied. Participants completed Lippa's 1991 measures of the Big Five personality factors, a shortened version of the Body Cathexis Scale, a series of questions about their childhood experiences, and questions about risk-taking behaviors. In addition, reasons to have or not have body modifications and the perceptions of people with body modifications were investigated. Of the 116 men and 186 women, 25% and 33%, respectively, had at least one tattoo or body piercing. There were very few differences in the childhood experiences or personality characteristics of people with or without body modifications. Although people with body modifications did not differ from people without modifications on the Big Five personality measures, people without modifications perceived people with modifications as much different from themselves on these measures. These results indicate that tattoos and piercings in college students are associated with significantly more risk-taking behavior, greater use of alcohol and marijuana, and less social conformity. However, the traditional stereotype that body modifications are indicators of social or personal pathology does not describe contemporary college students.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

A comparison of continuous and episodic drinkers using the MCMI, MMPI, and ALCEVAL-R.

This study was designed to identify clinically meaningful differences between continuous and episodic drinkers who were entering inpatient treatment (N = 125) on the basis of information from intake administrations of the revised Alcohol Evaluation Instrument, the Million Clinical Multiaxial Inventory, and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Separate discriminant analyses based upon (a) the MCMI and ALCEVAL-R and (b) MMPI and ALCEVAL-R yielded correct classification rates of 86% and 85%, respectively. Both analyses suggest that continuous drinkers may be characterized by greater confused and disorganized thinking, agitation, and cynicism and distrust in interpersonal relationships than are episodic drinkers. In contrast, episodic drinkers appear to have somewhat more socially conforming attitudes that may inhibit daily social drinking. Despite this, episodic drinking was associated with a higher divorce rate (71% vs. 32%) and less occupational stability.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Coping styles in abstainers from alcohol.

The present study investigates the Millon Behavior Health Inventory basic coping styles, mental absorption (Tellegen Absorption Scale), sensation seeking (Arnett Inventory of Sensation Seeking, AISS) and affect inhibition (Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, MC-SDS), in a group of abstainers from alcohol (n = 55) compared to an age-equivalent group of moderate drinkers (n = 176). The abstainers had significantly higher scores on one of the repressive coping styles (respectful) and significantly lower scores on sociability. There were no differences on the other basic coping styles. The abstainer group had lower AISS scores and higher MC-SDS scores. There were no significant differences between abstainers and drinkers in mental absorption. The results suggest that abstainers from alcohol may have adopted an affect-inhibiting, passive-ambivalent coping style associated with denial of hostility, rigid impulse control and social conformity.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1987

Impact of cultural pressures on self-reports of actual and approved hand use.

A total of 389 Nigerian undergraduates completed 60-item handedness questionnaires requiring them either to indicate which hand they would prefer to use or which hand they thought should be used by people generally to perform each task. Results indicated minimal differences between Muslim and Christian students for personal hand preference, but that Muslims were more strongly insistent upon use of the right hand by people generally for the majority of tasks. Factor analyses of both sets of data identified factors relating both to the nature of the activities themselves and to social conformity pressures.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Psychological findings in a group of patients with perioral dermatitis].

Female patients suffering from perioral dermatitis were given the Raven Test, two personality inventories (MMPI and FPI) and the Rorschach Test. The results of these four tests show statistically significant differences from controls, indicating emotional immaturity combined with high intelligence level, inability to achieve satisfactory interpersonal relationships contrasting with an overemphasis upon social conformity, and a tendency to 'hysteriform' reactions.

Dermatitis↗
PubMed2002

Early adolescent marijuana use: risks for the transition to young adulthood.

BACKGROUND: This study assessed the relationship of early adolescent marijuana use to performance of developmental tasks integral to the transition to young adulthood. The tasks concerned intimacy, education, and work and social conformity. METHODS: African American (N = 617) and Puerto Rican (N = 531) youths completed questionnaires in their classrooms. Five years later they were individually interviewed. Logistic regression analysis estimated the increased likelihood that early marijuana users would make an inadequate transition to young adult social roles. RESULTS: Analyses examining the association between early marijuana use and 20 outcome variables found significant relationships for 10 of them: (a) having lower educational and occupational expectations; (b) being suspended or expelled from school, fired from jobs, 'high' at school or work, collecting welfare; and (c) rebelliousness, not participating in productive activities, not attending church, and being an unmarried parent. Marijuana use was not related to any of the intimate relationship measures. These finding emerged with controls on gender, ethnicity, age and mother's education. CONCLUSIONS: Among African Americans and Puerto Ricans, early marijuana use predicts less adequate performance on some developmental tasks integral to becoming an independent young adult. Marijuana is not a benign drug and is associated with future risks for the individual and society at large.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Field-dependence factors in American Indian and Caucasian obesity.

Compared urban obese and non-obese American Indians and Caucasians on the Group Embedded Figures Test (N = 160). Results indicated an apparent relationship between obesity and field-dependence for Caucasians, but not for American Indians. American Indians were more field-dependent than Caucasians overall, which implies a social conformity factor. These results suggest that psychological factors related to obesity vary across ethnic groups because of apparent cultural differences.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

'Rakter dosh'--corrupting blood: The challenges of preventing thalassemia in Bengal, India.

Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder that has been receiving increasing attention in India. However, prevention of thalassemia in India continues to be difficult despite efforts of public health professionals and the government. Using West Bengal as a case study, this paper attempts to unravel some of the barriers to the prevention campaign and the consequent under utilization of the program. Lack of access, low awareness, low-risk perception and poverty are all important proximate constraints; however, one of the greatest barriers to the program is rooted in cultural notions of blood, marriage, identity, personhood and kinship in Bengali society. Blood is so deeply valued in the Bengali kinship system that this genetic mutation is perceived to be corrupting the blood (rakter dosh). Being a thalassemia carrier (i.e., having thalassemia minor) renders an individual unfit as a suitable marriage partner because of beliefs related to purity of blood, its association with the continuity of the lineage, and subsequent transmission of desirable traits to future generations. The risk of non-marriage affects women disproportionately, and parents are not inclined to test their daughters because of the possibility of not being able to marry them off to eligible suitors. The stigma associated with having thalassemia minor (TMI) is a deterrent to the disclosure of thalassemia status as well as to testing. Using anthropological theories and ethnographic methods, this paper focuses on the gendered process by which the diagnosis of a thalassemia carrier 'spoils' identities, thereby creating a disjuncture between the goals of the prevention program and people's need for social conformity, and ultimately between medical desirability and social desirability. The paper also suggests policies for enhancing the utilization of the program. Finally the conclusions from this study have potential applications for public health prevention programs that confront problems of stigma in program acceptability.

Blood↗
PubMed1997

The impact of personality and religion on attitude towards substance use among 13-15 year olds.

A sample of 11,173 13-15 year old secondary school pupils completed a scale of attitude towards substance use alongside the short form of the Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, measures of personal religiosity and an index of denominational identity. The data demonstrate that a negative attitude toward substance use is associated with tendermindedness, introversion, stability and social conformity. Personal religiosity and membership of Protestant sects are also positively correlated with rejection of substance use, even after controlling for individual differences in personality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

[Misanthropic effects of civilization].

Increase of cool distance in social relations entails not only higher consciousness of human being but also a shift from primary ingenuous emotional spontaneity of behavior to intellectually controlled thinking and striving. With progress of civilisation, social conformity is dissolving. That causes a clash between contradictory impulses: unruly urge for freedom and independence on the one hand, and insatiable yearning for harmonic community, that means, for imperturbable warm-hearted human relations on the other. In the same measure as modern men are growing unable to endure those restrictions which are unavoidable in every society, hostile motions are obstructing formation and maintenance of durable confidential contacts. In the end, estrangement and, at last, total disintegration of social structures will be conjured up.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Firstborn preference and attitudes toward using sex selection technology.

The authors investigated sex preferences for firstborn children and (a) pro- technology attitudes and willingness to use sex selection technology (SST) and (b) social conformity. College students (N = 469; 239 women, 230 men) answered demographic questions and questions on technology usage and personal preferences and completed a measure of conformity. Findings revealed a significant overall preference for firstborn males, a specific preference of potential SST users for firstborn sons, and a greater willingness of African American students, compared with White students, to use SST. No correlation was found between conformity and potential SST use. Logistic regression results suggested that protechnology attitudes may be predictive of firstborn preferences. Implications of the findings are discussed in relation to gender equality and population sex ratios.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Effects of incentive size and timing on response rates to a follow-up wave of a longitudinal mailed survey.

Young adults who had previously participated in a longitudinal survey of youth were sent a questionnaire. They were randomly assigned to receive a $20 prepayment, a $20 postpayment, or a $25 postpayment for participation in the latest survey. Those in the large incentive condition were 7 percentage points more likely to return a survey than those in the smaller, postpayment group. Prepayment had a smaller, less reliable effect. Effects of incentive magnitude and timing were consistent at each month of the study period; only better high school grades distinguished early responders from late responders. Nonresponders had characteristics suggestive of low social conformity and were more likely than responders to be African American and male and have low SES. The discussion centers on motivations for participating in research and differences in the incentives likely to promote continued response versus initial study enrollment.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Predictors of polydrug use among four ethnic groups: a 12-year longitudinal study.

We examined adolescent risk and protective constructs associated with adult polydrug use among four ethnic groups. Both mean and relational differences among the constructs were examined by ethnic group. Teenage polydrug use was a significant predictor of adult polydrug use for Caucasians, African-Americans, and Latinos. Although this relationship was not evident for Asians, teenage alcohol use increased adult cigarette use, and early religiosity increased adult alcohol use. Early parental support/bonding predicted less adult Polydrug Use for Caucasians. For Latinos, general social conformity and low liberalism decreased cigarette use as an adult. In general, the implications of the results are that prevention strategies should emphasize the reduction of teenage drug use to decrease adult polydrug use among Caucasians, Latinos, and African-Americans. Future research should examine other possible risk and protective conditions related to adult polydrug use among diverse populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

A California Q-set alexithymia prototype and its relationship to ego-control and ego-resiliency.

The primary purposes of the present study were to use the Q-sort method to develop a measure of alexithymia and to locate the construct within a two-dimensional (ego-control and ego-resiliency) model of personality. Thirteen professional judges described the characteristics of the alexithymic personality with the 100-item California Q-set. Scores from the sorts were aggregated to form the Alexithymia Prototype, which had a Spearman-Brown reliability of 0.99. Alexithymic people were described as having difficulties experiencing and expressing emotion, lacking imagination, and being literal, socially conforming, and utilitarian; they lack insight, are humorless, and experience meaninglessness; and anxiety and tension find outlet in bodily symptoms. This description is consistent, for the most part, with modern formulations of the alexithymia construct. In the language of the two-dimensional personality model, alexithymic individuals appear to be overcontrolling and lacking ego-resiliency (i.e., constricted, anxious, rigid, and withdrawn). We, therefore, compared the Alexithymia Prototype with two independently developed prototypes, Overcontrol and Ego-Resiliency. The Q-correlations between alexithymia and overcontrol and between alexithymia and ego-resiliency were 0.45 and -0.70, respectively. Although item analyses confirmed moderate overlap between alexithymia and overcontrol and considerable overlap between alexithymia and lacking ego-resiliency (ego-brittle), item differences suggest that alexithymia, indeed, is a unique personality construct.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

Influences of family and friends on client progress during drug abuse treatment.

Relationships with family and friends by 439 heroin addicts during the first 3 months of drug abuse treatment were examined in relation to behavioral improvements of clients. Family conflict and peer deviance were significant predictors of injection frequency and illegal activity during treatment, and reductions in family conflict were associated with lower drug use, injection frequency, and illegal activity during treatment. These results provide support for treatment emphasis on helping clients reduce conflict among family members, improve dysfunctional relationships with peers, and replace deviant friendships with others that encourage treatment participation and conformance to social norms.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Conformism moderates the relations between values, anticipated regret, and behavior.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the moderating effect of Conformism values on the relations between other values and behavior. The authors expected people low, but not high, in Conformism to behave in a manner that is consistent with their personal values related to self-transcendence versus self-enhancement. In Study 1 (N = 199), such values predicted actual altruistic behavior, as estimated by other-reports, but only if Conformism values were low. In Study 2 (N = 189), only people who considered Conformism values to be relatively unimportant showed expected connections between self-transcendence values and anticipated regret in hypothetical scenarios having negative consequences. The data are interpreted as supporting the view that (a) anticipated regret motivates value-consistent behavior, (b) self-transcendence values in particular are connected to altruistic behavior and to anticipated regret, but (c) conformity to social norms moderates these connections.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Noras on the road: family and marriage of lesbian women in Shanghai.

During the past decade, we have witnessed the rise of Shanghai as a new metropolitan centre in China. The city has also become one of the most vibrant sites of lesbian community in the country. The author interviewed 20 lesbian women in the city in 2005. It is found that almost all of the women interviewed are experiencing the pressure of social conformity most severely from their immediate family, and the social expectation of marriage. In this paper, the author demonstrates the conflicts of family and marriage that many of the informants have encountered and how the hegemony of heterosexuality is still securely reproduced and carried out through the discourses of family and marriage in contemporary urban China, and finally, how the informants deal with the controls enacted by the institution of heterosexuality. doi:10.1300/ J155v10n03_06.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Effectiveness of communication and relationship skills training for men in substance abuse treatment.

Although the importance of gender-sensitive programming for women has been acknowledged, few studies have examined outcomes from male-centered interventions in substance abuse treatment programs. Data were collected from 122 male clients in a court-mandated residential treatment program who participated in a study of a psychoeducational group intervention for men. The intervention (Time Out! For Men) addressed communication skills, sexuality, gender socialization, and intimacy. Participation in the training resulted in significant increases in knowledge and social conformity, along with reductions in attitudes that may be associated with rigid socialization and gender-role conflict. The results provide support for the utility of male-targeted programming in substance abuse treatment settings.

Adolescent↗