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PubMed2003

The inappropriate smile and zygomatic muscle activity.

Long-term recording of activity of the zygomatic muscle, the most important mimic muscle involved in smiling, was performed in 22 disorganized type schizophrenic patients with inappropriate smiles and 15 normal subjects in two separate experiments. During inappropriate smiles, the zygomatic muscle exhibited waxing and waning bursts of activity with an amplitude of 75 to 120 microV, which could not be distinguished from the activity observed during usual smiling in normal subjects. However, the duration of such activity tended to be longer when compared to that in usual smiling by normal subjects as well as by schizophrenic patients. In contrast to usual smiles, inappropriate smiles decreased with personal contact. When asked about their thoughts during smiling shortly after inappropriate smiles, more patients reported that they thought of nothing at all or something not necessarily pleasant rather than something pleasant that would be expected to induce smiling.

Antipsychotic Agents↗
PubMed1994

The effect of smiling and of head tilting on person perception.

This study investigated the effect of smiling and of head tilting on person perception. Brazilian undergraduates (N = 322) judged a slide of a male or female stimulus person, smiling or not, and with the head tilted or not. The independent variables were (a) subject's gender, (b) stimulus person's gender; (c) head posture (tilted vs. upright), and (d) facial expression (no smile, closed smile, upper smile, or broad smile). The dependent variables were 12 adjective pairs for judging personality traits on a 7-point semantic differential scale. Adding a smile resulted generally in more favorable perceptions of the stimulus persons. Head posture had a weaker effect than smiling. Smiling produced generally positive evaluations, whereas head tilting led to negative evaluations on several traits.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Attributions of guilt and punishment as functions of physical attractiveness and smiling.

The authors found an interaction between sex of participant and sex of defendant in the leniency bias toward a smiling defendant. Differences occurred for male participants when levying punishment for a smiling male defendant vs. a smiling female defendant and for a smiling male defendant vs. a nonsmiling male defendant, whereas differences did not occur for female participants. The authors found moderating effects of physical attractiveness and smiling between guilt and punishment. The only significant positive relationship between guilt and punishment occurred for the defendant whom participants rated low in physical attractiveness and who was not smiling. When guilty, the smiling and unattractive defendant received less punishment than did the smiling and attractive defendant. The authors discussed complex relationships between physical attractiveness, smiling, guilt, and punishment.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

A simple and quantitative method for three-dimensional measurement of normal smiles.

Smile reconstruction is one of the most challenging fields in plastic surgery. An understanding of the normal smile is essential in planning surgery for facial paralysis. The purpose of this study was to suggest a simple and quantitative method for the 3-dimensional analysis of smiles and to establish a basis for smile reconstruction in facial paralysis patients. The smiles of 50 volunteers (25 men and 25 women) were observed using a 6-mm digital video camera. Each subject had 10 points marked on the lips and nasolabial creases. Video editing programs were used to capture images of the resting and maximum smiles. The opacity of the image of maximum smile was adjusted and was merged with the resting image so that the migration of the points could be observed in 1 image. The migration distance (in millimeters) and the direction (in degrees) between each point were measured in frontal and both lateral views, and thus 3-dimensional vectors (x, y, z scalars) were obtained. The scalar values were converted to the values of a spherical coordinate system (distance, angle alpha and beta). Our work may offer a simple and quantitative method for measuring the smile and accurate guidance for reconstructive surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The effects of smiling or crying facial expressions on grip strength, measured with a hand dynamometer and the bi-digital O-ring test.

The effects of smiling or crying facial expressions on grip strength and the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test were evaluated in this study. Ten right-handed basketball players (age group 18-28) were included in the study. Grip strength was measured with a Riester hand dynamometer and the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test successively, after the players had looked at the drawing of a "crying face" for 5 seconds from a distance of 40 cm at the eye level. Immediately afterwards they were shown the drawing of a "smiling face" and were asked to grip with the same condition. Once all 10 players carried out this experiment, the order in which the drawings were shown was reversed. We then proceeded to measure the same variables, using the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test. The statistics obtained thereby were subjected to Pearsons correlation coefficient and paired t-test. Using a hand dynamometer and the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test, it was found that, in both tests, the "smiling face" drawing (first crying, then smiling face: with hand dynamometer, it increased from 8.34+/-0.97 kg to 9.18+/-0.9 kg; t=5.39,p=0.0001) increased the grip strength of the basketball players, and the "crying face" drawing (first smiling face, then crying face: with hand dynamometer it decreased from 9.35 +/- 0.90 kg to 8.51+/- 0.96 kg; t=9.81, p=0.0001) decreased the grip strength. Exposure to the smiling face drawing increased the grip strength, and exposure to the crying face decreased it, in every subject tested in this group. Similar effects were observed with the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test (first crying, then smiling: it increased from -2.80 +/- 1.13 to 2.20 +/- 1.32; t=33.54, p=0.0001; first smiling then crying: it decreased from 2.40 +/- 1.34 to -2.20 +/- 1.62; t = 15.06, p=0.0001).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[The Temporal Smile. Speech therapy for facial palsy patients after temporal lengthening myoplasty].

We present our approach to speech therapy developed for patients with definitive peripheral facial palsy treated by temporal lengthening myoplasty. The main goal is to rehabilitate smiling function, a major component in social communication codes, by transferring labial and jugal functions to the transferred temporal muscle. Several phases are involved. The first phase, termed the Mandibular Smile involves mobilization of the mandible (original function of the temporal) by contraction of the transferred temporal and inducing an elevation of the commissura labiorum. The second phase, the Voluntary Temporal Smile is obtained by contraction of the temporal independently of mandibular movement which remains under voluntary control. The smile produces should become as symmetrical as possible. Finally, the last phase is designed to achieve a spontaneous smile independent of mandibular movement Spontaneous Temporal Smile. Temporal contraction should produce both a "real" expressive smile and good quality articulate speech, saliva evacuation, prehension, and labial junction. Acquisition of the Temporal Smile involves cerebral plasticity implying rehabilitation processes both on the peripheral and central levels.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Sixteen keys for building a youthful smile].

The present study aims at establishing elements for diagnosis and construction of a harmonious, balanced, desirable and durably young smile. Once the importance of a harmonious smile in today's society has been studied, smile is analyzed under two aspects. One considers it in its own unitary structure, the other in its living immediate environment: the face. Sixteen key rules have been defined to characterize and analyze it. Those various "keys of smile" will enable the practitioner to construct it in positioning the maxillary teeth in a facial balance, thus meeting the criteria of esthetics and appeal so much wanted by our patients. Taking into account the criterion of general aging of the face, the smiles thus realized will remain young for a longer period of time. Three principles of analysis have been used to achieve this task: the observation in "dynamic" situation (as opposed to a "static" frozen study), the reference to particular measurements for each case (as opposed to measurements refering to statistics tables), and the evaluation of the interlabial space at rest of the case considered. This leads to the definition of the measurement of the "golden section dynamic smile" (G.S.D.S.) and a reminder of the measurement of "the constant of ideal smile" (C.I.S.). Adorned with such smiles, our patients will benefit from a real feeling of well-being which they will communicate to their circle of friends and acquaintances for their greatest delight.

Dental Arch↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A new approach to smiling deformity: cutting of the superior part of the orbicularis oris.

A diagnosis of an aesthetic smiling deformity, which is functional rather than anatomic, is essential for provision of the best treatment in rhinoplasty. Smiling deformity consists of three elements: (a) the nasal tip tending to retrodisplace and rotate inferiorly; (b) the lower part of the upper lip moving superiorly; and (c) a horizontal groove occurring in the midphiltral area. An active depressor septi and orbicularis muscle can accentuate a drooping nasal tip and shorten the upper lip during smiling. Downward movement of the nasal tip and a sharper nasolabial angle usually are aesthetically unpleasant. During the study period (January 2000 to January 2004), the authors identified 38 patients with smiling deformities, 16 of whom underwent dissection and transposition of the paired depressor septi during rhinoplasty. The remaining 22 patients experienced hyperactivity of both the depressor septi and orbicularis muscles, as diagnosed by a descending nasal tip and a shortened upper lip at animation. These patients underwent a modification of the depressor septi and orbicularis muscles. No relapse was evident up to 2 years postoperatively. Repositioning of the depressor septi nasi muscle improved only mild cases. However, modification of the orbicularis and depressor septi muscles was a valuable adjunct to rhinoplasty for moderate and severe forms of smiling deformity. The new approach for smiling deformity provided an aesthetically pleasant appearance for the patient both at rest and when smiling.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Specific impairment of smiling increases the severity of depressive symptoms in patients with facial neuromuscular disorders.

Depressive symptoms and related emotional distress are prevalent among patients with facial neuromuscular disorders, and the psychological distress impacts the functional disabilities associated with the facial impairment. A specific impairment in the ability to smile may elevate the risk for depression, with patients experiencing a reduced physiological feedback associated with smiling as well as the social consequences of the inability to communicate positive emotion. We tested the hypothesis that specific impairments in the ability to smile increase the severity of depressive symptoms in patients with facial neuromuscular disorders. Twenty-nine consecutive patients (mean age, 50.2 years; SD, 17.0 years; range, 18-81 years) with a facial neuromuscular disorder, who volunteered and completed all of the assessment measures participated. Facial neuromuscular impairments were assessed using multiple measures of facial motility and dysfunction, and emotional functioning was assessed using self-report measures of depression, anxiety, and positive and negative affect. Severity of global facial impairment was statistically controlled in evaluating the association between specific impairment in smiling and the degree of depressive symptoms. Separate hierarchical linear regression analyses indicated the specific impairment of smiling contributed to the prediction of depression (R(2) =.41, df = 3,25, p =.00) and anxiety (R(2) =.35, df = 3,25, p =.00), controlling first for the contribution of global impairment and facial physical disability. The specific impairment of smiling did not contribute to the prediction of positive emotional experience. Specific impairment of smiling and physical disability, but not global impairment of facial motion, were key predictors of depression in patients with facial neuromuscular disorders. The results emphasize the need to assess and treat depression and anxiety in patients with a facial neuromuscular disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The effects of buccal corridor spaces and arch form on smile esthetics.

PURPOSE: An attractive, well-balanced smile is a paramount treatment objective of modern orthodontic therapy. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of buccal corridor spaces (BCS) and arch form on smile esthetics as perceived by laypeople, general dentists, and orthodontists. MATERIAL: Photographs of 20 women treated by 2 orthodontists were collected: 1 group had narrow tapered or tapered arch forms, and the other had normal to broad arch forms. Photographs of 10 untreated women served as a control sample. All photographs showed the subjects smiling. The photographs were digitized and evaluated for BCS. Then, photographs with BCS were altered to eliminate the dark triangular areas, and those without BCS were altered by the addition of dark triangular areas at the lateral aspects of the smile. The altered photographs were randomized into a survey with the 30 original photographs. Three groups of raters (dentists, orthodontists, and laypeople) used a visual analogue scale to rate the photographs. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in smile scores related to BCS for all samples and for all viewers. Dentists rated broader arch forms as more esthetic than untreated arch forms. Orthodontists rated broader arch forms as more esthetic than narrow tapered arch forms and untreated arch forms. Lay people showed no preference of arch form. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that the presence of BCS does not influence smile esthetics. However, there are differences in how dentists, orthodontists, and laypeople evaluate smiles and in what arch form each group prefers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Cortical adaptation to restoration of smiling after free muscle transfer innervated by the nerve to the masseter.

BACKGROUND: The child with Möbius syndrome presenting for facial reanimation presents a difficult challenge. When bilateral paralysis and paresis preclude use of the contralateral facial nerve, the authors' preferred donor nerve for reinnervation of free muscle transfer is a branch of the trigeminal nerve, the ipsilateral nerve to the masseter. METHODS: The authors have used a branch of the trigeminal nerve as a donor for three children with Möbius syndrome. RESULTS: Of three children with Möbius syndrome, two are now able to smile independently of jaw closure. One child is now 2.6 years past bilateral free gracilis transfers completed at age 13.2 years. The second child is 8.2 years past free gracilis transfer to the left side of the face performed at age 7.6 years. The third child is 5.6 years past bilateral facial reanimation with free latissimus and free gracilis flaps completed at age 13.4 years. This child is not able to smile independently of jaw closure. The two who are able to smile independently of jaw closure demonstrated maximum excursion of the lateral commissure on the affected sides when asked to smile without biting; however, they demonstrated minimal excursion of the lateral commissure on the affected sides when asked to bite without trying to smile. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that smiling independently of jaw closure is attainable with reanimation to the masseteric branch, refuting previous speculations. Early age at operation and absence of complete bilateral paralysis in these two children may have contributed to cortical adaptation to smiling.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1998

Ictal smile.

PURPOSE: Smiling is sometimes manifested during partial seizures. Its value for localizing the epileptogenic focus is not known. We analyzed smiling as an ictal manifestation possibly useful for seizure localization. METHODS: We reviewed patients referred to the video-EEG monitoring unit who presented a smile as part of their critical symptoms. Ictal smile was defined as an accordant expression accompanied by other characteristic epileptic symptoms and ictal EEG activity. RESULTS: Five of 86 patients experienced partial seizures with an ictal smile. We observed smiling during parietal (two patients) and temporal lobe (three patients) seizures. The right hemisphere appeared to be involved with greater frequency. CONCLUSIONS: Ictal smile is an uncommon manifestation of partial seizures involving temporal or parietal lobes, localized mainly on the right hemisphere.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Sex differences over age groups in self-posed smiling in photographs.

The present study was designed to investigate self-posed smiling behavior in photographs as a function of both sex and age. The photographs of 1,171 Brazilian middle-class people, taken in a wide variety of informal social settings were examined. Only 25.7% of the girls and 25.0% of the boys of 2- to 5-yrs-age group were seen smiling in the photographs. Older children, adolescents, and adults were much more expressive than young children. Furthermore, significantly more females were seen smiling than males. Females also smiled more expansively than males. Finally, smiling was less frequent among middle-aged and older groups, especially among males. The present study replicated the sex difference in self-posed smiling behavior consistently reported by American researchers examining college yearbook photographs. Further, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that, besides being associated with emotional experience, smiling has a strong social motivation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Smiling in photographs: childhood similarities between sexes become differences constant in adulthood.

Contemporary published photographs of 1639 children, 200 older teenagers, and 304 adults in North America were analyzed for the smiling pattern (full, partial, or none) exhibited by individuals by sex. For each of the three age groups and for both sexes, most individuals posed with a full smile. No statistically significant differences in smiling pattern were present between the sexes for photographs of children at preschool and grade-school age. By teenage years, and even more for the adults, there were statistically significant differences between the sexes with regard to a smiling facial expression. In those cases, more female than male subjects smiled fully, whereas more male than female subjects did not smile. Examination of photographs of well-known persons longitudinally through adulthood showed that individuals tended to be consistent in smiling pattern. There was no significant sex difference for this relative constancy of facial expression in posed photographs.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Characteristics of lip-mouth region in smiling position from 80 persons with acceptable faces and individual normal occlusions.

OBJECTIVE: The characteristics of lip-mouth region including the soft and hard tissues in smiling position with frontal fixed position photographic computer-aided analysis were studied. METHODS: The subjects were 80 persons (40 male and 40 females, age range: 17 to approximately 25 years) with acceptable faces and individual normal occlusions. The subjects were asked to take maximum smiling position to accept photographic measurement with computer-aided analysis. RESULTS: The maximum smile line could be divided into 3 categories: low smile line (16.25%), average smile line (68.75%), and high smile line (15%). CONCLUSION: The method adopting maximum smiling position to study the lip-month region is reproducible and comparable. This study would be helpful to provide a quantitative reference for clinical investigation, diagnosis, treatment and efficacy appraisal.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Smile production in older infants: the importance of a social recipient for the facial signal.

2 studies tested the hypothesis that infant smile production depends on the availability of a social recipient for the facial signal, as well as on appropriate internal events. We examined the effects of attentive and inattentive, familiar and unfamiliar social objects on smile production in 1 1/2-year-old infants outside of social interactions. Like adults, these infants directed a majority of the smiles produced during nonsocial activity to an attentive social object. Overall smiling frequency was much lower when the only potential recipient (the mother) was inattentive, but the effect did not appear to be mediated by negative emotion. Only smiles directed to mother were reduced: nonsocial smiling (at the toys) was not sensitive to mother's inattention, and when an attentive, friendly stranger was present, she was accepted as a substitute target for social smiles. We conclude that an open channel of social communication promotes the outward expression of internal affect in infants.

Attention↗
PubMed1995

Smiling and fussing in seven-month-old preterm and full-term black infants in the still-face situation.

We investigated emotional responses to the still-face paradigm in 7-month-old preterm and full-term black infants. Baby FACS criteria were used to code the duration and intensity of infant smiles and the presence or absence of cry faces and fussy vocalizations within each episode. Infants in both groups showed the still-face effect: a significant reduction in smiling from episode 1 (baseline) to episode 2 (maternal still-face) and partial return to baseline in episode 3 (recovery). A multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) for big smiles yielded significant main effects for group and episode and a significant group x episode interaction. Preterm infants spent less time than full-term infants displaying big smiles in episode 1 and a less pronounced decrease in big smiles in episode 2. Maternal depressive symptoms did not differ significantly between groups. Counter to our expectations, depressive symptoms were positively associated with small-to-medium smiles in the baseline episode but not with big smiles in any episode. These findings confirm the robustness of the still-face paradigm and its potential usefulness for research on individual as well as group differences in affective communication in infants.

Affect↗
PubMed2006

Effects of normal and perturbed social play on the duration and amplitude of different types of infant smiles.

Different types of smiling varying in amplitude of lip corner retraction were investigated during 2 mother-infant games--peekaboo and tickle--at 6 and 12 months and during normally occurring and perturbed games. Using Facial Action Coding System (FACS), infant smiles were coded as simple (lip corner retraction only), Duchenne (simple plus cheek raising), play (simple plus jaw drop), and duplay (Duchenne plus jaw drop). In addition, again using FACS, the amplitude of lip corner retraction was coded on a 5-point scale. Rather than a single smile expression that differs only in amplitude, the authors found a complex family of different smile expressions differing in their duration and amplitude as a function of game, setup versus climax of the game, and perturbation. Both type of smiling and amplitude of smiling appear to be controlled independently by the infant in relation to the context. These findings reveal systematic and context-specific nuances in infant smiles in the 2nd half of the first year.

Facial Expression↗