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At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Effect of ratio of corn silage to grass-legume silage with high concentrate during dry period on milk production and health of dairy cows.

Four corn silage: gross legume silage: concentrate totally mixed diets 1) 75:25:0; 2) 48.75:16.25:35; 3) 50:50:0; and 4) 32.5:32.5:5.35 were fed to Holsteins in second and third lactation for two complete lactations. Cows fed diets 1 or 2 during dry period were fed diet 2 during lactation. Diets did not affect length of dry period or lactation, calf weight, milk protein percent, or milk fat percent. Feeding concentrate during dry period increased gain from .63 to 1.11 kg/day. Feeding higher grass-legume silage diets 3 and 4 increased gain during lactation from .25 to .35 kg/day. On a mature equivalent basis, cows fed high corn silage diets 1 and 2 produced more milk (7,105 versus 6,663 kg), protein (236 versus 216 kg), fat (267 versus 245 kg), solids-not-fat (612 versus 564 kg), and a higher solids-not-fat percent (8.62 versus 8.50%) than diets 3 and 4. Diets did not alter health or reproduction. Production and weight gains favored feeding diet 1 during dry period and diet 2 during lactation.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1979

Factors affecting the microbial and chemical composition of silage. IV. Effect of wilting on maize silage.

The effect of wilting on the microbial and chemical composition of ensiled maize plants was studied. Wilting stimulated high densities of lactic acid bacteria, with the decrease in counts of undesirable flora, i.e., yeasts, moulds, proteolytic and saccharolytic anaerobes, causing spoilage of silage. Moreover, wilting decreased the losses of dry matter, total acidity, and butyric acid content of silage. Accordingly, wilting proved to be a favourable treatment for the production of good quality silage from maize plants.

Acids↗
PubMed2001

Vector-free cloning of a bacterial endo-1,4-beta-glucanase in Lactobacillus plantarum and its effect on the acidifying activity in silage: use of recombinant cellulolytic Lactobacillus plantarum as silage inoculant.

In this research, the advantage of use of cellulolytic recombinant Lactobacillus plantarum as microbial inoculants for alfalfa silage fermentation was evaluated. To such purpose, two L. plantarum strains, one (L. plantarum Lp80) currently commercialised and the other (L. plantarum B41) suitable as silage microbial additive, were genetically modified by integration of celA gene, encoding an alkaline endo-1,4-beta-glucanase from Bacillus sp., in the chromosome, by means of a vector-free cloning technique. The heterologous gene was cloned in two fashions: preceded by two promoters (AC1 modification) or in translational coupling with a partial upstream ORF (AC2 modification). Therefore two different genetically modified organisms (GMOs) per each wild-type (WT), producing 43-59 U/l cellulase in 16 h, were examined. Thirty-five micro-ensiling experiments were carried out by inoculating the WT or the derived GMOs. L. plantarum B41AC1 cellulolytic clone exhibited significantly increased acidification capacity in silage samples incubated at 37 degrees C. No advantage of use was evident for the other GMOs.

Cellulase↗
PubMed1986

Adrenal response during periparturient period to adrenocorticotropin in dairy cattle fed corn silage and grass legume silage.

Glucocorticoid response to exogenous adrenocorticotropin was used as an indicator of stress in cows fed different diets ad libitum during the dry period and throughout lactation. Twenty-three Holstein cows were administered adrenocorticotropin at 2 d after initiation of the dry period and at 2 d and 35 d postpartum, and plasma glucocorticoid response was evaluated. Cows were fed diets using only corn silage as forage or mixed forage with or without supplemental concentrate. Mean basal plasma glucocorticoid concentrations were 6.1 ng/ml on d 2 after dry off, 4.7 ng/ml on d 2 postpartum, and 6.7 ng/ml on d 35. Cows on the 32.5:32.5:35 corn silage:grass-legume silage:concentrate diet had the lowest basal glucocorticoid concentrations on d 2 postpartum but highest concentrations on d 35 of lactation. Mean glucocorticoid response was 33.2 ng/ml on d 2 of lactation compared with 50.6 ng/ml on d 35 and 48.5 ng/ml plasma on d 2 following drying off. Diet interactions suggest that feed components may be involved with ability to tolerate stresses that occur during lactation and the dry period and thus may lead to altered adrenal function.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1995

Feeding patterns of lactating cows of three different breeds fed hay, corn silage, and grass silage.

Feeding behavior of 35 lactating cows of three different breeds (Holstein-Friesian = HF, Simmental = SI, and Jersey = JER) was compared in the present study. The cows were kept in a loose housing system and fed hay, corn silage (CS) and grass silage (GS) ad lib. Within 7 consecutive days, 2918 meals were recorded and analyzed: 2503 meals were eaten during the light phase (0430-2200), and 57% of these diurnal meals consisted of only one feedstuff (43% hay, 9% CS, 5% GS). During the dark phase, only 23% of the 415 meals consisted of hay alone, but 16% of CS and 21% of GS alone. This circadian distribution showed no breed differences, yet meal patterns did: HF and SI cows ate 11 meals per day, and JER cows ate more than 13 meals/day. Meal size was 9.8MJ, 7.9MJ, and 5.8MJ for HF, SI, and JER cows, respectively. HF cows had the highest 24 h energy intake and JER cows the lowest, but the latter spent the most time feeding. During the light phase all three breeds obtained the most energy from hay, followed by CS and GS. In contrast, during the dark phase most energy was derived from GS, and hay contributed the least. A significant premeal correlation was observed for cows of all breeds, in particular during the time with the highest feeding activity (0800-1300). During the dark phase no premeal correlation could be detected; instead a significant postmeal correlation appeared, in particular in HF and SI cows.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1978

Factors affecting the microbial and chemical composition of silage. III. Effect of urea additions on maize silage.

The effect of urea additions on the microbiological and chemical properties of silage, produced from young maize plants (Darawa stage), was studied. Urea treatments, i.e., 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, and 1.00%, stimulated higher densities of the desired microorganisms than the control, while undesired organisms showed lower counts (proteolytic and saccharolytic anaerobes). Addition of 0.25 to 0.50% or urea resulted in the production of high quality silage with pleasant small and high nutritive value, as confirmed by the various microbiological and chemical analyses conducted. Higher levels (0.75 and 1.00%) of urea decreased the quality of the product.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1990

[Occurrence of Fusarium species and their mycotoxins in corn silage. 5. Fusarium infestation in corn silage].

The internal mycoflora of silage maize plants was examined in several years. Average Fusarium infection of the maize plants was 10.4% and leaf sheaths and stalks were preferably colonized by the fungi. During the growing season an increase in total colonization of the maize plant by field fungi as well as by species of the genus Fusarium was observed 17 different Fusarium species were isolated from silage maize plants. Most frequently occurring species (more than 85%) in descending order were F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. equiseti, F. sporotrichioides, F. crookwellense, F. oxysporum, F. sambucinum var. coeruleum.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2006

Effect of varying dietary ratios of alfalfa silage to corn silage on production and nitrogen utilization in lactating dairy cows.

Twenty-eight (8 ruminally cannulated) lactating, multiparous Holstein cows were blocked by DIM and randomly assigned to 7 replicated 4 x 4 Latin squares (28-d periods) to investigate the effects of different dietary ratios of alfalfa silage (AS) to corn silage (CS) on production, N utilization, apparent digestibility, and ruminal metabolism. The 4 diets contained (dry matter basis): A) 51% AS, 43% rolled high-moisture shelled corn (HMSC), and 3% solvent soybean meal (SSBM); B) 37% AS, 13% CS, 39% HMSC, and 7% SSBM; C) 24% AS, 27% CS, 35% HMSC, and 12% SSBM; and D) 10% AS, 40% CS, 31% HMSC, and 16% SSBM. Dietary crude protein contents were 17.2, 16.9, 16.6, and 16.2% for diets A, B, C, and D. All 4 diets were high in energy, averaging 49% nonfiber carbohydrates and 24% neutral detergent fiber. Intake of dry matter, yield of milk, 3.5% fat-corrected milk and fat, milk fat content, and apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber all decreased linearly when CS replaced AS. Effects on fiber digestion and milk fat may have been due to increasing fluctuation in ruminal pH and time the pH remained < 6.0 when CS replaced AS. Milk protein content increased linearly with increasing CS, but there were no differences in protein yield. There were linear increases in apparent N efficiency and decreases in N excreted in urine and feces when CS replaced AS. Production was depressed on the diet highest in CS. Quadratic analysis indicated that milk and protein yields were maximal at dietary AS:CS ratios of, respectively, 37:13 and 31:19. No diet minimized N excretion without negatively affecting production. Diet C, with an AS:CS ratio of 24:27, was the best compromise between improved N efficiency and sustained production. Because CS is complementary with AS, it is recommended that CS be fed in AS-based diets to maintain milk yield while improving N utilization.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1975

[Toxinogenic moulds of silage. III. -- Patulin and byssochlamic acid production by Byssochlamys nivea Westling on a laboratory silage model (author's transl)].

Growth of Byssochlamys nivea in anaerobiosis and in pure culture on sterilized standing forage, or in ecological conditions very similar to ensilaging, is accompanied by the production of patulin and byssochlamic acid. In pure culture and in anaerobiosis (Trial E.ana), Byssochlamys nivea produces 42.5 p.p.m. of patulin on day 40 of storage and 34.25 p.p.m. of byssochlamic acid on day 82. In competition with other moulds (Trial E.ster.) or in presence of the complex microflora of silages (Trial E.f.), Byssochlamys nivea toxin production is irregular and less than found in Trial E.ana. A maximum of patulin is obtained on day 45 and day 82 of culture, respectively. Irregularity of the curves may express random competition between various micro-organisms or fixation of patulin on sulfhydryl radicals. Production kinetics of the two mycotoxins indicate that silage pollution risks will be high after three months of storage.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2006

Effect of varying dietary ratios of alfalfa silage to corn silage on omasal flow and microbial protein synthesis in dairy cows.

Eight ruminally cannulated multiparous Holstein cows that were part of a larger production trial were used to study the effects of varying dietary ratios of alfalfa silage (AS) to corn silage (CS) on omasal flow of nutrients and microbial protein. Cows were blocked by DIM and randomly assigned to 2 replicated 4 x 4 Latin squares (28-d periods). Diets fed contained (dry matter basis): A) 51% AS, 43% rolled high-moisture shelled corn (HMSC), and 3% solvent soybean meal (SSBM); B) 37% AS, 13% CS, 39% HMSC, and 7% SSBM; C) 24% AS, 27% CS, 35% HMSC, and 12% SSBM; or D) 10% AS, 40% CS, 31% HMSC, and 16% SSBM. Crude protein (CP) contents were 17.2, 16.9, 16.6, and 16.2% for diets A, B, C, and D. All 4 diets were high in energy, averaging 49% nonfiber carbohydrates and 24% neutral detergent fiber. Total microbial nonammonia nitrogen flow was lower on diet D (423 g/d) compared with diets A (465 g/d), B (479 g/d), and C (460 g/d). A significant quadratic effect indicated that microbial protein synthesis was maximal at 38% AS. Supply of rumen-degraded protein decreased linearly from 3,068 g/d (diet A) to 2,469 g/d (diet D). Omasal flow of rumen-undegraded protein did not differ among diets and averaged 1,528 g/d. However, when expressed as a percentage of dry matter intake, rumen-undegraded protein increased linearly from 5.59% (diet A) to 6.13% (diet D), probably because CP from SSBM was more resistant to degradation than CP from AS. Essential AA flow was lowest on diet D, and Lys flow tended to be lower on diet D, which may explain the lower milk and protein yields observed on that diet.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Improvement in the quality of rape seed by combining silage with fodder sugar beets. 1. Quality evaluation of the silages].

Industrial-scale studies showed that the addition of rape-seed flakes to half sugar mangels improves the feeding value and the quality of the silages. Furthermore, it was found that the development of yeasts was inhibited and that the propagation of acidifiers was retarded as the proportion of rape-seed increased. The microbiological analysis indicates that the amount of rape-seed added to the half sugar mangels should not exceed 10%.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1993

Biogenic amines in silage. 2. The dynamics of the formation of biogenic amines in silage.

When analysing a series of laboratory silages made from orchardgrass, red clover and oats, the fluctuating dynamics of biogenic amines were observed. For levels of putrescine and cadaverine, a rapid exponential increase culminating approximately 30-50 days after ensiling is typical. A small decrease, reaching the minimum at approximately the 100th day, is sometimes followed by a second increase in amine concentrations achieving its maximum approximately 200-230 days after ensiling. Irregular curves of the dynamics probably originate in the simultaneous decarboxylation and deamination reactions along with other relevant amine degradation processes. The dynamics of other biogenic amines-spermidine, spermine and histamine are more difficult to predict. The changes in histamine levels resembled those in the diamines. Some 200 days after ensiling, considerable increases in this toxic amine were observed. The dynamics of some quality criteria, especially the degree of proteolysis, were in many cases similar to those of the amines.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Toxinogenic moulds of silage. IV. - Patulin production in liquid medium using fungus species isolated in silages (author's transl)].

The toxinogenesis of 18 strains of Byssochlamys nivea, 4 of Byssochlamys fulva, 7 of Paecilomyces varioti, 2 of Aspergillus clavatus, I of Aspergillus terreus, and I of Penicillium urticae, isolated in ensilaged forages, is tested at 26 degrees C in Czapek's enriched liquid medium (8 p. 1000 glucose + 2 p. 1000 yeast extract). 100 p. 100 of Byssochlamys nivea strains, 75 p. 100 of Byssochlamys fulva and 12 p. 100 of Paecilomyces varioti strains produce patulin after 9 days of culture. Mycotoxin concentrations recovered range from 0.5 to 1 120 p.p.m. Only highly toxinogenic strains when they invade silage cutting fronts, would be able to develop detectable amounts of patulin.

Animal Feed↗