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PubMed2001

Patterns of self-disclosure among mental health nursing students.

Self-disclosure, a process by which we let ourselves be known to others, is an important skill across a diverse range of therapeutic approaches used in mental health nursing. Previous studies of nurses' self-disclosure have been confined to small samples of female, adult nurses. This study aims to extend existing knowledge by providing information on a sample of male and female mental health nursing students.A modified version of Jourard's 25-item self-disclosure questionnaire (JSDQ) was utilized in the study. The findings from this study show that mental health students disclosed more items than adult students sampled in earlier studies (Jourards 1961, Burnard & Morrison 1992). However, students disclosed significantly fewer items to the patient as target-person than to other categories. No differences were observed in disclosure patterns for males and females. A discussion of these findings and their implications is offered.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

[Self-disclosure patterns of college students and their gender-differences in the patterns].

Self-disclosure patterns of adolescents were examined. Subjects (105 male and 159 female college students) were requested to complete the questionnaire on self-disclosure of 11 different aspects of self to four target-persons (father, mother, the best friend of same sex, the best friend of opposite sex). The following results were found. Both male and female showed the highest self-disclosure to the best friend of same sex, while the lowest to father. But sex differences were found in regard to both overall extent and pattern of self-disclosure. Female disclosed significantly more than male, especially to mother. Although male put the focus of self-disclosure on only the best friend of same sex, female put it on both the best friend of same sex and mother. Moreover, the subjects tend to vary the extent of self-disclosure with respect to the category to which each item about the self belonged. There was the interaction among sex, target-persons, and aspects of self.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Dealing with self-management of chronic illness at work: predictors for self-disclosure.

This paper explores the role of self-management of chronic illness at work, as a predictor for self-disclosure. The study reports findings from a survey sent to all staff at a UK university, of which 610 employees reported managing a chronic illness: arthritis, musculoskeletal pain, diabetes, asthma, migraine, heart disease, irritable bowel syndrome and depression. The study found that discrete self-management factors predicted different levels of disclosure: partial self-disclosure (employees informing line managers about the presence of a chronic illness) and full self-disclosure (employees informing line managers how that chronic illness affected them at work). For partial disclosure, a greater reported experience of chronic illness by employees was positively associated with self-disclosure. For full-disclosure, employees were more likely to report disclosure to line managers if they had already disclosed to colleagues, and if they perceived receiving support from their line managers in relation to their chronic illness as important. Except for academics who were least likely to disclose, occupational groups did not emerge as significant predictors for either partial or full disclosure. Except for diabetes, chronic illness itself was not a significant predictor or barrier to self-disclosure. Our findings suggest that chronically ill employees adopt a disclosure strategy specifically related to different self-management needs of chronic illness at work.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed2005

Self-disclosure as a situated interactional practice.

Self-disclosure has long been a site of research in clinical and social psychology, where it suffers the fate of many interactional phenomena. It is operationalized (typically, into a set of bald statements of varying intimacy), and measured as a dependent variable (subject to the operation of factors like the age or gender of the discloser, the degree of acquaintance with the disclosed-to recipient, the expectation of reciprocity and so on), or manipulated as a causative independent variable (which affects such things as the perception of the discloser, the effectiveness of therapy, and so on). This treatment of self-disclosure, embedded in a research culture of a-contextual, experimenter-defined phenomena, risks missing the point that in ordinary life, self-disclosure is a social performance which must be brought off in interaction, and has its interactional context and its interactional consequences. When we examine examples of such brought-off disclosures, we start to see patterns in their design as voluntary revelations of personal data, and patterns in their social function, which are invisible to the standard factors and measures paradigm of experimental social psychology.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Self-disclosure in adult and mental health nursing students.

Self-disclosure, the process whereby people verbally reveal themselves to others, is an important interpersonal skill in initiating, developing, maintaining, and terminating therapeutic relationships. Studies of this interpersonal skill in nursing have, primarily, focused on adult nurses. They are dated, make no comparisons between this and other nursing specialisms, and have not considered the patient as a focus for nurses' self-disclosure. This study attempts to address these issues in relation to student nurses by: replicating a previous study of self-disclosure in adult nursing students (ANS) and offering a comparison of two nursing specialisms, reporting on the use of this skill in relation to the patient. A matched sample of 25 ANS and 25 mental health nursing students (MHNS) were asked to complete a modified version of Jourard's 25-item self-disclosure questionnaire. The findings suggest that: ANS were more self-disclosing than students sampled in an earlier study (Burnard and Morrison, 1992); both sets of students disclosed significantly less items to the patient as target-person than to other categories; and MHNS disclosed significantly more items than the ANS to the patient category.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Perceived understanding and self-disclosure in the stepparent-stepchild relationship.

The relationship between self-disclosure and perceived understanding in the stepparent-stepchild relationship was investigated. Stepchildren (N = 165) completed a questionnaire about their communication with their stepparents. Participants reported on their self-disclosure (intentionality, amount, positiveness, depth, and honesty) and their feelings of being understood by their stepparents. The results showed that self-disclosure was positively related to perceived understanding. This was especially true for the relationship between honesty of self-disclosure and perceived understanding. Analyses involving gender of the individuals in the stepchild-stepparent dyad showed several differences. The relationship between self-disclosure and perceived understanding was more significant for stepdaughters than for stepsons.

Adoption↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Therapist self-disclosure in behavioural psychotherapy.

Therapist self-disclosure has been poorly defined until recently. This article presents a model of verbal self-disclosure and relates it to both client-centred therapy and counselling as social influence. The implications for behavioural psychotherapy are then reviewed.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1976

Self-disclosure in parents of stuttering children.

A review of the literature suggested a possible relationship between low self-disclosure or avoidance of the self in parents and stuttering in the child within the same family. The present research was designed to test whether there are any differences in self-disclosure between parents of stuttering children and parents of nonstuttering children. The Self-Disclosure Questionnaire, devised by Jourard, was administered to 64 mothers and 64 fathers, half of whom comprised the control groups. The results obtained by analyses of variance indicated that parents of stuttering children do not differ from parents of nonstuttering children in their actual self-disclosure. However, findings as to why disclosure did not occur on certain items indicated that, although the parents of stuttering children do not differ in self-disclosure, they may differ in declining to disclose information when asked for it.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Loneliness, self-disclosure, and ICQ ("I seek you") use.

This study investigated the relationships between self-disclosure in ICQ ("I seek you") chat, level of loneliness, and ICQ usage. The Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale and the Revised Self-Disclosure Scale (RSDS) were administered to a multistaged stratified random sample of 576 college students. The results indicate that loneliness is not related to level of ICQ use, but inversely related to valence, accuracy, and the amount dimensions of self-disclosure in ICQ chat, and that ICQ usage is significantly related to control of depth and intent of disclosure. Specifically, it was found that the lonelier the student, the more dishonest, more negative, and the less revealing was the quality of the self-disclosure in their ICQ interaction. Conversely, appropriate, honest, positive, and accurate self-disclosure might lead to decreased loneliness when one feels understood, accepted, and cared about on ICQ. More important, as intimate relationships are based on high degrees of depth and intent of self-disclosure, heavy users of ICQ are usually open, personal, and consciously aware of what they are disclosing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

The influence of therapeutic self-disclosure on perceived marital intimacy.

This study examines the effect of therapeutic changes in a couple's self-disclosure behavior and its impact on their perception of their marital intimacy. Twenty couples participated in 10 weekly sessions of structured self-disclosure. The Self-Disclosure Coding System was used to rate audiotapes of the second and ninth sessions. Two rates, blind to treatment condition, demonstrated high interrater reliability on measures of changes in: 1) amount of self-disclosure; 2) whether self-references were positive, negative, or neutral; 3) depth of disclosures; and 4) rate of self-reference. Spouses, who were rated as disclosing in greater depth and referring to themselves in a more positive manner, perceived increased intimacy in their marriages as a consequence of therapy. The role of self-disclosure between spouses as a specific technique in marital therapy merits further study.

Female↗
PubMed2005

Therapist self-disclosure to child patients.

The primary aim of this study was to investigate therapists' use of self-disclosure with their child patients. A sample of 126 mental health professionals with an average of 20 years of clinical experience completed the Therapist-to-Child Disclosure Inventory (TCDI), a 42-item Likert-type measure created for this study. Therapist self-disclosure was examined using three principle dimensions: the mean frequency of specific disclosures, the degree to which child patients solicit these disclosures, and the extent to which specific self-disclosures are seen as advancing treatment aims for child patients. Results indicate that therapists reveal personal information to their child patients infrequently, that children almost never solicit personal disclosures from their therapists, and that therapists perceive self-disclosure as seldom advancing treatment aims for child therapy. Future studies, the authors suggest, should examine the differences between therapists' use of self-involving disclosures to children and their use of factual self-disclosures.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Therapist self-disclosure in cognitive-behavior therapy.

Although cognitive-behavior therapy emphasizes between-session change, therapist self-disclosure within the session can be an effective tool for strengthening the therapeutic bond and facilitating client change. After noting the use of self-disclosure in other theoretical orientations, we place self-disclosure in the context of cognitive-behavioral theories of reinforcement and modeling. Clinical vignettes illustrate the use of therapist self-disclosure to provide feedback on the interpersonal impact made by the client, enhance positive expectations and motivation, strengthen the therapeutic bond, normalize the client's reaction, reduce the client's fears, and model an effective way of functioning. Therapists need to observe appropriate boundaries when self-disclosing, and in particular, should consider their own motivations for self-disclosing. Although more research is needed on the effects of self-disclosure, cognitive-behavior therapists have found that self-disclosure can be a powerful intervention.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy↗
PubMed2003

Cross-cultural considerations of therapist self-disclosure.

Much of the existing literature on psychotherapist self-disclosure has been with White or European American individuals. This article discusses cross-cultural considerations related to therapist self-disclosure. We present a clinical example of how therapist self-disclosure might play an important role with regard to working with people of color.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Self-disclosure in eating disorders.

OBJECTIVE: Secrecy and concealment are typical behaviours in individuals with eating problems. This study explored the relationship between eating-related problems and self-disclosure. It examined whether women with greater eating related problems were less willing to disclose. Different types of self-disclosure were calculated, considering disclosure related to body appearance and to restrained eating. The role of risk factors which concur to the development and maintenance of eating symptomatology was also explored. METHOD: The Eating Symptoms Inventory was used to investigate the existence of an eventual eating symptomatology, self-disclosure was calculated through the Self-Disclosure Index, while a new scale was validated to assess a self-disclosure related to body image and eating attitudes. Other scales measured the influence of different risk factors, as body dissatisfaction, social pressure to be thin, and restrained eating. RESULTS: A significant inverse relationship was found between general self-disclosure and psychological aspects related to the practice of wrong weight control behaviours and risk factors as dieting, body dissatisfaction, and social pressure to be thin. The significant role of risk factors was confirmed in the development and maintenance of eating disturbances. Interesting results were found using the different self-disclosure indexes as mediators and moderators. Relevant differences were found between Dutch and Italians concerning to their eating attitudes and to the role of different risk factors. CONCLUSION: Some limits are the impossibility to generalize these findings and the use of a non clinical sample. Some new longitudinal studies should be done in this direction to deepen the relationship between self-disclosure and eating disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Empathy and aggression: effects of self-disclosure and fearful appeal.

On the basis of the familiarity-empathy assumption that self-disclosure evokes empathy for the speaker, it was predicted that a victim's self-disclosure would inhibit aggression against the victim. Female Japanese subjects were asked to give electric shocks to a female victim who disclosed information about herself, was not given an opportunity to do so, or rejected disclosure. Independently of self-disclosure, another empathy arousal was introduced, that is, whether or not the victim expressed her fear of shocks before they were delivered. Consistent with our hypothesis, subjects selected less severe shocks when the victim disclosed information about herself than when she was not given an opportunity to do so or when she rejected self-disclosure. The victim's expression of fear was also very effective in reducing subjects' aggression, suggesting that drawing subjects' attention to the victim's negative emotional state evoked empathy for her and reduced their aggression.

Aggression↗
PubMed1983

Marital intimacy and self-disclosure.

Examined the relationship between the qualitative aspects of marital intimacy among 20 couples and a quantitative, microanalysis of their self-disclosing behavior. Two interview segments and their combination were scored for the basic parameters of self-disclosure using the Self-Disclosure Coding System (SDCS). These scores served as predictor variables for each of 12 intimacy dimensions derived from the standardized, structured Victoria Hospital Intimacy Interview in stepwise multiple regression analyses. The resulting multiple Rs ranged from .357 for Sexuality in segment I to .853 for Identity in segment II. Analysis of the couples' self-disclosures across segments I and II yielded multiple Rs from .446 to .850, with the intimacy dimensions of Expressiveness, Compatibility, Behavior, and Identity the highest correlates. These results suggest that although self-disclosure and intimacy are not synonymous, self-disclosing behavior is a major determinant of various aspects of marital intimacy and accounts for more than 50% of the variance in at least four dimensions. Explanations for these findings and their clinical relevance are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

Development of the reciprocity of self-disclosure.

This study was designed to assess whether children demonstrate covariant and equivalent forms of the reciprocity of self-disclosure, and if so, at what age. Twenty-one kindergarten, 23 second-grade, 24 fourth-grade, and 24 sixth-grade children were shown videotapes of three children (partners) who provided pre-established low-, medium-, and high-intimate disclosures. The subjects were required to send a message to the partners on topics varying in personal content. Fourth-grade children showed evidence of covariant reciprocity of self-disclosure by disclosing higher intimacy to high-intimate partners than to low-intimate partners. Sixth-grade children showed equivalent reciprocity of self-disclosure by providing a greater number of high- and medium-intimate disclosures to high- and medium-intimate partners, respectively, than to low-intimate partners. By contrast, neither form of reciprocity of self-disclosure was shown by kindergarten and second-grade children. Consistent with our expectations, girls provided a greater number of high-intimate disclosures than did boys in three of the four grades. The findings are discussed in terms of interplay between the development of the reciprocity of self-disclosure and the norm of the reciprocity of self-disclosure.

Child↗