[Security measures for research on DNA recombination will be established].
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Canada↗
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Measurement of household food security in the USA and other industrialised countries.
OBJECTIVE: To describe the history and current status of household food security measurement. CONCLUSIONS: In the 1980s evidence of rising levels of hunger was a concern for many, but disputed by some, Americans. Acknowledgement and quantification of hunger was hindered by the lack of an accepted definition and measure of hunger. Qualitative research at Cornell provided a conceptual framework, description, definition and survey items for hunger. The Community Childhood Hunger Identification Project developed an instrument used in numerous communities. Based upon these initiatives, widely accepted definitions of hunger and food insecurity, and the US Household Food Security Module for its measurement, now exist. The module classifies households as food-secure, or food-insecure without hunger or with moderate or severe hunger, and contains household-, adult- and child-referent items. Its inclusion in the Current Population Survey (CPS) since 1995 has yielded annual estimates of food insecurity. A six-item short form of the module, for surveys with severe time constraints, classifies households only as food-secure or food-insecure without or with hunger and contains no child-specific items. Surveys using the 18-item or short-form module can compare results with published national data from the CPS. Information about the module is available at http://www.ers.usda.gov/briefing/foodsecurity and http://www.fns.usda/fsec. Current research on food security measurement includes measurement of individual food insecurity and hunger, module performance regarding hunger duration and frequency, performance of the module in population sub-groups, and the effect of translations on module meaning and performance. National surveys in Canada, New Zealand and Australia also have measured food security.
Adult↗
Measures of security.
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Ambulatory Care Facilities↗
Methodology development for quantitative optimization of security enhancement in medical information systems -Case study in a PACS and a multi-institutional radiotherapy database-.
The target of our study is to establish the methodology for analyzing level of security requirements, for searching suitable security measures and for optimizing security distribution to every portion of medical practice. Quantitative expression must be introduced to our study as possible for the purpose of easy follow up of security procedures and easy evaluation of security outcomes or results. Results of system analysis by fault tree analysis (FTA) clarified that subdivided system elements in detail contribute to much more accurate analysis. Such subdivided composition factors very much depended on behavior of staff, interactive terminal devices, kinds of service, and routes of network. As conclusion, we found the methods to analyze levels of security requirements for each medical information systems employing FTA, basic events for each composition factor and combination of basic events. Methods for searching suitable security measures were found. Namely risk factors for each basic event, number of elements for each composition factor and candidates of security measure elements were found. Method to optimize the security measures for each medical information system was proposed. Namely optimum distribution of risk factors in terms of basic events were figured out, and comparison of them between each medical information systems became possible.
Computer Security↗
Managing secure computer systems and networks.
No computer system or computer network can today be operated without the necessary security measures to secure and protect the electronic assets stored, processed and transmitted using such systems and networks. Very often the effort in managing such security and protection measures are totally underestimated. This paper provides an overview of the security management needed to secure and protect a typical IT system and network. Special reference is made to this management effort in healthcare systems, and the role of the information security officer is also highlighted.
Computer Communication Networks↗
Violence and verbal abuse against staff in accident and emergency departments: a survey of consultants in the UK and the Republic of Ireland.
OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence of verbal abuse and physical violence in accident and emergency (A&E) departments and to discover the extent of provision of security measures and instructions for staff on how to deal with these problems. DESIGN: A postal questionnaire. SETTING: A&E departments in the UK and the Republic of Ireland. SUBJECTS: Two hundred and seventy three consultants named in charge of 310 departments. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Frequency of physical violence and verbal abuse, injuries sustained, perceived precipitating factors, security measures instituted, and legal action taken. RESULTS: Two hundred and thirty three replies were received. Alcohol, waiting times, recreational drug usage, and patients' expectations were perceived as the chief causes. Patients were the chief perpetrators with nurses being the commonest victims. Staff sustained 10 fractures, 42 lacerations, and 505 soft tissue injuries. There were 298 arrests and 101 court appearances that resulted in 76 convictions. Panic buttons and video cameras were the most common security measures. CONCLUSIONS: Staff within A&E departments are regularly abused, both verbally and physically. Inner city departments appear to be most affected. Documentation is poor. Perpetrators are seldom convicted. There do appear to be actions which hospitals could undertake that might help to ameliorate these problems.
Consultants↗
A reassessment of radioactive material security in health care and biomedical research.
The medical facilities of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) use radioactive material for health care and biomedical research. In the past, a single level of security for all radioactive material was generally deemed to be adequate. The events of 11 September 2001 prompted a reassessment of security. Based on site visits to VA facilities possessing a range of radioactive material typically used in health care and biomedical research, the VA National Health Physics Program has compiled recommendations for the security of radioactive material. A primary recommendation is to evaluate radioactive material from a risk perspective and use security measures commensurate with risk. The risk evaluation should consider activity, half-life, exposure rate constant, ALI, ease of removal/portability, and dispersibility. We concluded that current security measures are likely adequate for the risks associated with most nuclear medicine departments and biomedical research laboratories. However, for radioactive material of higher risk, particularly multicurie sources of long half-life, the radiation safety staff should consult with police/security experts to determine if additional security measures are warranted. This focus on risk should help optimize resource allocation. We also recommend that security evaluations consider both physical security and personnel security, training of staff with unescorted access to higher-risk radioactive material emphasize security issues, and disposal of higher-risk material not likely to be used. Finally, we note that the goals of security can be in conflict with hazard awareness and hazard communication.
Humans↗
Security of medical multimedia.
The application of information technology to health care has generated growing concern about the privacy and security of medical information. Furthermore, data and communication security requirements in the field of multimedia are higher. In this paper we describe firstly the most important security requirements that must be fulfilled by multimedia medical data, and the security measures used to satisfy these requirements. These security measures are based mainly on modern cryptographic and watermarking mechanisms as well as on security infrastructures. The objective of our work is to complete this picture, exploiting the capabilities of multimedia medical data to define and implement an authorization model for regulating access to the data. In this paper we describe an extended role-based access control model by considering, within the specification of the role-permission relationship phase, the constraints that must be satisfied in order for the holders of the permission to use those permissions. The use of constraints allows role-based access control to be tailored to specifiy very fine-grained and flexible content-, context- and time-based access control policies. Other restrictions, such as role entry restriction also can be captured. Finally, the description of system architecture for a secure DBMS is presented.
Computer Security↗
Emergency room security: commonsense measures.
The author discusses how a highly trained, multidisciplinary health care team can defuse ER confrontations and prevent the occurrence of violent incidents. He provides examples from the ER setup at Stanford University Medical Center.
California↗
[Study on the use of safety measures for children in automobiles].
OBJECTIVE: To know the use of security measures in motor vehicles for under-6 children, in the town of Cervera (Lleida, Spain). DESIGN: Study based on observation, transverse, through a public-opinion poll, to a representative sample of young children (0 to 6). LOCATION: Primary health care. PARTICIPANTS: 251 children from 0 to 6 years old, from a whole of 504, through the method of simple fortuitous sampling, from whom, 185 answered. INTERVENTION: Interview with the parents. MEASURING AND RESULTS: It was used a Data base and the results were analysed through a statistical technics, in a PC computer (IBM). CONCLUSIONS: There is a frequent use of the motor vehicles from very tender years: 61.9% of children do not use any security measures when they travel, and from children that use them, there is a 46.9% that use the child safety seats, in a bad way.
Age Factors↗
Security in pediatric emergency departments.
With increasing emergency department (ED) violence, security in pediatric EDs is an important concern. The objective of this study was to document current security measures taken in pediatric EDs in the United States. A telephone survey of the security director or designee in the 42 children's hospitals in the United States with over 150 beds was performed. A questionnaire focusing on ED security was administered. Two hospitals declined to participate. In 62.5% of EDs surveyed, a security officer is present in the ED 24 hours/day. Hospital security officers carry firearms in 32.5% of hospitals surveyed. Most (92.5%) EDs have an alarm system or "panic button" which alerts central security; but only 15% have a direct phone from the ED to security. Seven EDs (17.5%) use bullet-resistant glass, and 14 EDs (35%) have controlled access. No ED reported universal metal detector screening. Fourteen directors (35%) reported having had a firearm-related incident in their ED in the past year. In spite of the relatively common nature of ED violence, security measures in pediatric EDs are varied, with most EDs not using all measures recommended by the American College of Emergency Physicians.
Child↗
Security and crime in health sciences libraries in the southern United States.
Crime is a part of life that has become more evident in libraries through reports in journals, newspapers, television, and other media. As the result of a sharing session, a survey was conducted of the libraries composing the South Central Chapter of the Medical Library Association. This survey looked at the incidence of major and minor crimes in the libraries and their institutions; security measures, regulations, or policies that were in effect prior to these or having been initiated since; and the effect the crimes and/or security measures have had on the institution and its employees.
Arkansas↗
Privacy, confidentiality, and security in information systems of state health agencies.
OBJECTIVES: To assess the employment and status of privacy, confidentiality, security and fair information practices in electronic information systems of U.S. state health agencies. METHODS: A survey instrument was developed and administered to key contacts within the state health agencies of each of the 50 U.S. states, Puerto Rico and the District of Columbia. RESULTS: About a third of U.S. state health agencies have no written policies in place regarding privacy and confidentiality in electronic information systems. The doctrines of fair information practice often seemed to be ignored. One quarter of the agencies reported at least one security breach during the past two years, and 16% experienced a privacy and confidentiality related transgression. Most of the breaches were committed by personnel from within the agencies. CONCLUSIONS: These results raise questions about the integrity of existing privacy, confidentiality and security measures in the information systems of U.S. state health agencies. Recommendations include the development and vigorous enforcement of written privacy and confidentiality policies, increased personnel training, and expanded implementation of security measures such as encryption and system firewalls. A discussion of the current status of U.S. privacy, confidentiality and security issues is offered.
Computer Security↗
Safety and security of radiation sources in the aftermath of 11 September 2001.
The attack on the United States on 11 September 2001 resulted in an increased awareness of the need for safety and security measures to protect against terrorism. The potential use of radiation sources in terrorism, in particular radioactive sources, was recognized prior to 11 September 2001, but has taken on new significance since. The planning of security measures for radioactive sources must take greater account of the potential for deliberate acts to attack or use radioactive sources to expose people and cause contamination. The potential consequences of an act of terrorism using radioactive sources can be gauged from the consequences of serious accidents that have occurred involving radioactive sources. These include fatal and injurious radiation exposures, contamination of the environment, and serious economic and psychosocial costs the total effect of which is mass disruption. Steps are being taken to improve security for radioactive sources but strategic approaches that can minimize the threat of radiological terrorism should be considered. When justifying a practice that uses radioactive sources, the potential for diversion or use in terrorism should be considered to be a detriment. In this regard, the consideration and development of alternatives to radioactive sources, such as radiation producing machines, have been recommended by terrorism experts as measures to reduce the threat of radiological terrorism. If a practice using radioactive sources is determined to be justified, the need for special security measures to protect against terrorism should then become part of the safety assessment.
Humans↗
A three year follow-up of attachment and indiscriminate friendliness in children adopted from Romanian orphanages.
Attachment and indiscriminately friendly behavior were assessed in children who had spent at least 8 months in a Romanian orphanage (RO) and two comparison groups of children: a Canadian-born, nonadopted, never institutionalized comparison group (CB) and an early adopted comparison group adopted from Romania before the age of 4 months (EA). Attachment was assessed using 2 measures: an attachment security questionnaire based on parent report, and a Separation Reunion procedure that was coded using the Preschool Assessment of Attachment. Indiscriminately friendly behavior was examined using parents' responses to 5 questions about their children's behavior with new adults. Although RO children did not score differently from either CB or EA children on the attachment security measure based on parent report, they did display significantly more insecure attachment patterns than did children in the other 2 groups. In addition, RO children displayed significantly more indiscriminately friendly behavior than both CB and EA children, who did not differ in terms of indiscriminate friendliness. RO children's insecure attachment patterns were not associated with any aspect of their institutional environment, but were related to particular child and family characteristics. Specifically, insecure RO children had more behavior problems, scored lower on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, and had parents who reported significantly more parenting stress than RO children classified as secure.
Adoption↗
Therapeutic commitment and role security in work with men with violence-related problems: an investigation and test of a model.
This study investigated whether therapists' therapeutic commitment and role security could be important therapist factors in therapy with those client groups that are perceived as being difficult to work with. Therapeutic commitment represents how committed therapists were to such work and role security measures to how secure they felt in their role. This study explored whether these factors could potentially explain some of the individual variation found between therapists in treatment outcomes. Following a pilot study, 209 therapists, consisting of 20 violence counsellors, 56 Relate counsellors, 58 forensic and prison psychologists and 75 clinical psychologists, completed self-report questionnaires by post about their work with violent men. Therapists' therapeutic commitment and role security were found to correlate significantly with expectations of clinical outcome on a case vignette, and with the level of violence that was usually worked with. Role security and therapeutic commitment also correlated significantly with therapists' level of experience, education about violence, role support and self-esteem. Differences existed between the professional groups on these latter factors and also in therapeutic commitment and role security. The results indicated the importance of role security in dealing with violence.
Adult↗
The core food security module scale measure is valid and reliable when used with Asians and Pacific Islanders.
The Core Food Security Measure (CFSM) is used nationally to assess the extent and severity of household food insecurity in the previous 12 mo due to inadequate money for food. Both a scale measure and a categorical measure were developed from a national cross-sectional sample. The objective of this research was to determine whether the CFSM scale measure is a reliable and valid food security measure for use in Hawaii, where at least 50% of the population is of Asian or Pacific Islander descent. We completed an independent assessment of the robustness of the internal scale construct validity of the CSFM scale measure and hierarchical order of items using the same Rasch methods used previously to develop the CSFM. From a sample of 1664 respondents, data from 362 were used in the Rasch analysis. Item goodness-of-fit statistics indicated that responses to the "adults cut the size or skip meals" item and its follow-up item were redundant [outfit mean-square residual (MnSq) = 0.6, z = -2]. Responses to the "(un)able to eat balanced meals" item were erratic (outfit MnSq = 2.1, z = 2). Findings pertaining to goodness-of-fit of the respondents indicated an acceptable rate of misfit (4.7%). Rate of misfit did not vary with family status or with any ethnic group except the Samoans. Overall, the CFSM scale measure fit as well with the Hawaii data as it did with national data, although identified limitations may affect food security monitoring and research.
Adult↗
Is financial risk adequately accounted for in Social Security reform measures?
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Forecasting↗