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PubMed2000

1st European Symposium on Liquid Ventilation - Co-organized by Unidad Neonatal, Hospital de Cruces, Basque Country University Medical School, Bilbao, Spain and Clinic of Neonatology CCM, Charité Humboldt-University Berlin, Germany - Scientific Committee: Roland R. Wauer Berlin, Germany and Adolf Valls i Soler Bilbao, Spain - November 26­27, 1999, Charité, Berlin, Germany.

Addressing the most recent advances and research results in the understanding and state of the art on LIQUID VENTILATION, we learned, that not only pediatricians and neonatologists, but also anesthesiologists, intensivists, biologists, chemists, pharmacologists and biophysicians were interested. Furthermore, we were able to integrate representatives of the pharmaceutic industry interested in future developments in this exciting field. - Our main goal both was and is to provide an opportunity for all European researchers in this field to meet and get to know each other. Thus we provided both a scientific and a friendly atmosphere to foster the exchange of experiences and to facilitate future joint projects. - Our long term aim is to harmonize efforts to accelerate the different research steps to close the time gap between research and its future clinical application. We hope this meeting will be a starting point for collaboration of clinical groups in Europe, to study all research aspects of the technique to carry on future trials. Therefore we are planning to initiate a WWW webside. - There are still a lot of unanswered questions, regarding the physicochemical properties, biological effects and possible indications to use Perfluorocarbons for liquid ventilation. We are aware that none of the open questions could be answered completely, but hopefully collaboration and communication will bring us closer to achieve these goals. Moreover, concerted actions should be started to search for research grant founding.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Fragmentation of Carbohydrate Anomeric Alkoxy Radicals: A New Synthesis of Chiral 1-Halo-1-iodo Compounds This work was supported by the Investigation Programme no. PB96-1461 of the Dirección General de Investigación Científica y Técnica, Spain. C.C.G. and C.R.-F. thank the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia, Spain, and the Dirección General de Universidades e Investigación del Gobierno de Canarias, respectively, for fellowships.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Ixodid ticks parasitizing Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus) and European wild boar (Sus scrofa) from Spain: geographical and temporal distribution.

Commercial hunting of Spanish wild ungulates has made them an important economic resource. Wild ungulates may have an important role in the maintenance of ixodid tick populations, and also as reservoirs of pathogens. We studied the ixodid ticks that parasitize Iberian red deer and European wild boar from Spain. Ixodid ticks (n=6,336) were collected from 431 Iberian red deer and 142 wild boar in different regions of Spain. We found 10 different ixodid tick species parasitizing Iberian red deer, mainly Hyalomma marginatum marginatum (63.7%), Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus (7.9%) and R. bursa (7.5%). R. (Boophilus) annulatus was only collected in the province of Cádiz (southern Spain). We found 8 ixodid tick species on the wild boar, mainly Hy. m. marginatum (68.7%), R. bursa (14.6%) and Dermacentor marginatus (9.3%). We found one adult Hy. marginatum rufipes and one adult Hy. anatolicum excavatum parasitizing wild boar from south-central Spain. Mean prevalence of ixodid ticks was 41.3+/-0.08% (n=475) and 31+/-0.09% (n=284) and intensity of parasitization was 13.9+/-0.2 (n=283) and 13.6+/-0.3 (n=130) ticks/animal for Iberian red deer and wild boar, respectively. Only 5 of the 13 ixodid tick species found were shared by Iberian red deer and wild boar. This finding could indicate a host preference when Iberian red deer and wild boar share common habitats. In both Iberian red deer and wild boar from south-central Spain the monthly relative frequencies of Hy. m. marginatum and R. bursa presented an inverse pattern. The highest Hy. m. marginatum relative frequencies coincided with the lowest R. bursa relative frequencies along the year. R. bursa and I. ricinus were present in areas from northern to southern Spain while Hyalomma sp. and D. marginatus were exclusively collected in the two southern thirds of Spain. Haemaphysalis sp. and D. reticulatus were collected in northern Spain. Hy. m. marginatum and R. bursa were present during the whole year in red deer and wild boar from south-central Spain, showing more than one life cycle per year. These results are important for understanding the role of wild ungulates in the maintenance of tick infestations and to improve tick control programmes.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in Spain. A systematic review.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Incidence and prevalence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) differ considerably depending on the geographical region studied. In Spain, both Ulcerative Colitis (UC) and Crohn's Disease (CD) seem to have experienced an important change in terms of incidence during the past decades. Our aim was to systematically review the experience in Spain regarding the epidemiology of IBD, in particular its incidence, its geographical differences and its evolution over time. METHODS: A bibliographical search till January 2000 was conducted in Internet using the PubMed search motor and the following descriptors or key words: "Crohn's disease", "Ulcerative colitis", "Inflammatory bowel disease", "Spain" and "Spanish". Only publications providing data on IBD incidence among Spanish patients were included. References from articles that fulfilled the selection criteria were also reviewed. The endpoints considered in the review were IBD incidence rate, its geographical differences, and its evolution over time. RESULTS: UC incidence reported by different studies performed in Spain ranges from 0.6 to 8 cases/10(5)/year, with a mean value of 3.8. CD incidence rates in Spain ranges from 0.4 to 5.5 cases/105/year, with a mean value of 1.9. Some studies have shown differences in IBD incidence between regions in our country. Many studies have reported an increase in IBD incidence in Spain over time, although such increase is more evident in the case of CD. CONCLUSIONS: UC incidence in Spain ranges from 0.6 to 8 cases/105/year, with a mean value of 3.8. CD figures range from 0.4 to 5.5 cases/105/year, with an average rate of 1.9. IBD incidence seems to be relatively different depending on the geographical region studied. Finally, several authors have demonstrated an increase in IBD incidence in Spain over time, although such increase seems to be more evident in the case of CD. Consequently, IBD in Spain is no longer considered a rare disease, but a relatively frequent one.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Inequalities in longevity and quality of life between Andalusia and Spain].

BACKGROUND: Because of the increase in life expectancy (LE) throughout the twentieth century, indicators providing information on quality of life and its distribution in distinct geographical areas are required. We describe LE and life expectancy without disability (LEWD) by age and sex and estimate the magnitude of inequalities between Andalusia and Spain. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Mortality data from the Natural Population Movement, the Survey of Disabilities, Deficiencies and Health Status, and the populations of the National Institute of Statistics for Andalusia and Spain in 1999 were used. Abbreviated life tables were constructed and were used to calculate LEWD through Sullivan's method. LE and LEWD by age and sex were obtained for Andalusia and Spain. RESULTS: LE was lower in Andalusia than in Spain in all age groups and in both sexes. At birth, LE was 73.9 years for men and was 80.9 years for women in Andalusia and was 75.0 years and 82.1 years in Spain respectively. Inequalities between Andalusia and Spain in LEWD were greater in all age groups both in men and in women: at birth LEWD was 66.0 years and 69.0 years for men and women in Andalusia and was 68.3 years and 72.0 years in Spain. CONCLUSIONS: Longevity and quality of life are lower in Andalusia than the mean for Spain, especially in elderly women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Social inequalities in ischaemic heart and cerebrovascular disease mortality in men: Spain and France, 1980-1982 and 1988-1990.

In this study we analyse the trend in socio-economic differences in mortality from ischaemic heart and cerebrovascular diseases in the economically active male population aged 25-64 years in Spain and France. The data used were taken from deaths from these two causes in 1980-1982 and 1988-1990; in the case of Spain the data came from the Eight Provinces Study. Individuals were grouped into four categories - professional/managerial, clerical/sales/service workers, farmers, and manual workers - and the mortality rate ratio was estimated with reference to the professional/managerial group. For ischaemic heart disease in 1980-1982, professionals and managers aged 25-44 years had the lowest risk of mortality in Spain, and the highest risk of mortality in France; in 1988-1990 the socioeconomic differences in mortality in Spain increased, whereas the relation was inverted in France. In 1980-1982, professionals and managers aged 45-64 years had higher mortality from ischaemic heart disease than the other occupational groups in both countries; in 1988-1990 this relation was inverted, except in the case of clerical/sales/service workers in Spain. For cerebrovascular disease, manual workers experienced the highest mortality in the 25-44 year age group in 1980-1982, and the differences increased in 1988-1990 in all groups with respect to professionals and managers in both places. Professionals and managers in France and manual workers in Spain had the highest mortality between 45 and 64 years in 1980-1982; in contrast, in 1988-1990 professionals and managers had the lowest risk of mortality from this disease in both Spain and France, although in Spain the magnitude was similar to that of clerical/sales/service workers. In general terms, mortality from each disease was different in professionals and managers than in clerical/sales/service workers. Thus, the pattern of mortality and its evolution in different socio-economic groups cannot be analysed accurately when the two occupational groups are combined in a single large group of non-manual workers.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Drug addiction: harm reduction policies in France and Spain].

INTRODUCTION: Harm reduction policies, such as needle exchange programs, injection centers, and substitution treatments, attempt to reduce the health and social damage associated with illegal drug use. Such policies were introduced in France and Spain in response to the urgent health threat that AIDS posed to injecting drug users. METHOD: This analysis of harm reduction policies as of 2003, in France and Spain, includes a review of the literature and relevant legal and administrative provisions; collection of indicators likely to illustrate the health effects of these policies; analysis of available information and information systems, to examine comparability; and finally, comparison of these indicators. RESULTS: Differences between France and Spain led to easier integration of harm reduction into global drug policy in Spain, while there was some resistance to its acceptance in France. Nonetheless, impact indicators follow the same trends in both cases. Implementation of harm reduction policies has been followed by a reduction in injection practices, HIV prevalence, and deaths from overdoses among injecting drug users. The prevalence of HIV among this population has fallen substantially more in France than in Spain. DISCUSSION: The impact of harm reduction policies in France and Spain appears very positive, although any effect on Hepatitis C virus remains unclear, probably because of the virus's inherent characteristics of resistance and infectiousness. The reasons for the more marked difference in HIV prevalence in France may be that sharing practices are more widespread in Spain than in France, that the proportion of injecting drug users with HIV at the beginning of the epidemic was higher in Spain, or that the impact of substitution treatments has been stronger in France because of different modes of management.

Drug Overdose↗
PubMed2005

Review of the cost of diabetes complications in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy and Spain.

OBJECTIVES: To provide a comprehensive source document on previously published cost data for diabetic complications in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy and Spain for use in a peer-reviewed, validated diabetes model. METHODS: A search for published cost of diabetes complications data was performed in peer-reviewed journals listed in PubMed and health economic conference proceedings from 1994 to March 2005. Where country specific data were not available, we referred to government websites and local cost experts. All costs were inflated to 2003 Euros (E). Major complication costs are presented. RESULTS: First year costs of non-fatal myocardial infarction varied between E19277 in Spain and E12292 in Australia. In subsequent years of treatment, this range was E1226 (France) to E203 (Australia). Angina costs were similar across all four countries: E1716 in Australia; E2218 in Canada; E2613 in France; E3342 in Germany; E2297 in Italy; and E2207 in Spain. Event costs of non-fatal stroke were higher in Canada (E23173) than in other countries (Australia E13443; France E11754; Germany E19399; Italy E6583; Spain E4638). Event costs of end-stage renal disease varied depending on the type of dialysis: in Australia (E17188-27552); Canada (E33811-58159); France (E24608-56487); Germany (E46296-68175); Italy (E43075-56717); and Spain (E28370-32706). Lower extremity amputation costs were: E18547 (Australia); E17130 (Canada); E31998 (France); E22096 (Germany); E10177 (Italy); and E14787 (Spain). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our search showed costs are well documented in Australia, Canada, France and Germany, but revealed a paucity of data for Spain and Italy. Spanish costs, collected by contacting local experts and from government reports, generally appeared to be lower for treating cardiovascular complications than in other countries. Italian costs reported in the literature were primarily hospitalization costs derived from diagnosis-related groups, and therefore likely to misrepresent the cost of specific complications. Additional research is required to document complication costs in Spain and Italy. Australian and German values were collected primarily by referring to diagnostic related group (DRG) tariffs and, as a result, there may be a need for future economic evaluations measuring the accuracy of the costs and resource utilization in the reported values. These cost data are essential to create models of diabetes that are able to accurately simulate the cumulative costs associated with the progression of the disease and its complications.

Angina Pectoris↗
PubMed1996

A comparative study on breech deliveries attended in 1992: hospital centers from Latin America versus Spain and Portugal.

OBJECTIVES: The first aim of this study was to compare the incidence and management of breech deliveries, as well as perinatal mortality rates, in centers from Latin America versus Spain and Portugal in Europe. A second aim of this study was to analyse the correlation between the rates of c-sections and perinatal mortality. METHODS: Data from 287 313 deliveries, 8,764 of which were singleton breech deliveries attended in 1992 in 30 centers from Latin America and 44 centers from Spain and Portugal, were provided by the doctors in charge of the obstetric services and analysed using a computer statistical package (R-sigma, Horus Hardware). RESULTS: The incidence of breech deliveries was lower in centers from Latin America than in Spain and Portugal, 2.6% vs. 3.7%, respectively, but the percentage of preterm breech deliveries was higher in the former (23% vs. 17%; P < 0.001). In the total number of deliveries, c-sections were performed more frequently in Latin America, but the perinatal mortality rates were triple those in Spain and Portugal. In breech presentations from both geographical areas nearly 70% of c-sections were performed. However, the perinatal mortality rates in breech presentations were more than twice those of the total number of deliveries in Latin America, and more than three times in Spain and Portugal. There was no correlation between percentage of c-sections and perinatal mortality rates in the different centers in Spain and Portugal, but this correlation was significantly negative in both all and breech deliveries from centers in Latin America. Breech deliveries were more frequently monitored and attended by a specialist in Spain and Portugal. CONCLUSIONS: Preterm deliveries, c-sections and perinatal mortality were more frequent, and the correlation between these two latter rates was significantly negative for both all and breech deliveries in Latin America. As long as basic health care is still an issue in certain countries, it seems that a high rate of c-sections could prevent or reduce perinatal mortality. Yet, in countries with better health care standards, there is probably no need to perform c-section in most breech presentations.

Breech Presentation↗
PubMed1998

[The evidence for higher blood pressures in children and adolescents of the rural interior of Galicia than in other locations in Spain].

AIM: To analyze differences in blood pressure levels in children and adolescents in Galicia with those of peers living in other parts of Spain. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study done in a rural area in Galicia. PARTICIPANTS: 870 boys and girls 6 to 16 years old. They are compared with published data from the RICARDIN study, that includes 10,042 participants selected at the schools in nine centers of Spain (one was the center in Galicia). MEASUREMENTS: Standardized methodology and certification procedures were used in Galicia and Spain to measure weight, height, Quételet index, systolic (SBP) and fifth-phase diastolic blood pressure (DBP5) and sexual maturation. Data are presented by sex and age group (1 year) both in Galicia and Spain. RESULTS: From 11 years and above, girls in Galicia present higher SBP than in Spain. In boys, the difference appears later. Galicia shows higher DBP5 levels than Spain in every age-sex group. In relation to obesity, the differences are of a small magnitude in the Quételet index, again, higher values in Galicia. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first population-based study available that rules out the possibility that the observed differences, previously already suggested, could be attributed to methodological problems. The differences in blood pressure and obesity between Galicia and other areas of Spain, already previously suggested in adults, can be the reflection of differences present from childhood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Cancer incidence in Murcia, Spain, in 1982: first results from a population-based cancer registry.

This report presents the first findings of the Murcia Cancer Registry, a population-based cancer registry set up in May 1981 in the Murcia region of southeast Spain (955,487 inhabitants). Descriptive epidemiological methods have been applied to study cancer incidence in 1982. The validity of cancer registration has been assessed for both completeness and accuracy. Altogether 1,987 cases were registered in 1982, the crude (all-ages) annual incidence rates per 100,000 being 238 in males and 179 in females. Excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer, which seems to be incompletely registered, age-standardized rates for Murcia are very similar to those of other registries in Spain in males, but lower in females. The risk was higher in males than in females for all sites and for the great majority of specific sites, especially larynx, oesophagus and bladder. The age-standardized rate for cancer of the larynx was 26 times higher in men than in women. Lung cancer was the most common cancer in males: the risk was 8 times that in females. Lung cancer rates were higher, in both males and females, than in other Spanish registries. Cancer of the larynx was the second most common site in males when either truncated rates (35-64 years) or cumulative incidence rates up to 64 years of age were used. The age-standardized rate (18 per 100,000) supports previous studies suggesting that the risk for this cancer in Spain and other Mediterranean countries is very high. The lung/larynx rate ratio in men was two. Cancer of the breast is the most common cancer among women, as in other registries in Spain and in most other countries. The age-standardized rate (29.4 per 100,000) is lower than breast cancer rates elsewhere in Spain. This difference may be partly explained by incompleteness of ascertainment in Murcia. The incidence rate for cancer of the cervix uteri was 4.9 per 100,000, excluding carcinoma in situ. Despite the limitations of the data, cervical cancer incidence in Murcia is likely to be similar to that in other regions of Spain.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Burden of disease related to Parkinson's disease in Spain in the year 2000.

We measured the burden caused by Parkinson's disease (PD) in Spain during the year 2000 and compared it against PD burden worldwide and in the European A subregion. Burden of disease (BoD) is an important factor in health policy. Disability-adjusted life years (DALY) as a measure of BoD is the result of adding years of life lost (YLL) and years lived with disability (YLD). The burden of PD (BPD) has not been studied in Spain. YLL were obtained from the Spanish death certificates and YLD from the estimated number of incident PD cases and the average PD duration. PD disability was calculated, using the Disability Weights for Diseases in the Netherlands. Prior PD DALY data for Europe and the world were obtained from the 2001 World Health Organization World Health Report. A discount rate of 3% and age-weighting modulation factor with K = 1 were used. In Spain, PD generated 67,582 DALY, comprising 6,351 (9.4%) YLL and 61,231 (90.6%) YLD. Most PD DALY (57.5%) occurred in the population 60 to 74 years of age. When PD DALY estimates were adjusted using the world population in 2000, Spain registered a PD DALY rate of 84 per 100,000 population, higher than both the world and European A subregion rates (24 and 35 per 100,000 population, respectively). PD burden in Spain in 2000 was high, with disability being the major contributing factor. Although BPD in Spain was greater than both world and European A subregion BPD, these differences should nevertheless be interpreted with caution.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Manufacturing processes at two French rapeseed oil companies: possible relationships to toxic oil syndrome in Spain.

The toxic oil syndrome (TOS) epidemic that occurred in Spain in spring 1981 has been associated with the consumption of rapeseed oil that was denatured with aniline for industrial use but diverted for human consumption. The precise aetiologic agent in the oil responsible for the outbreak has not been identified. To learn more about possible contaminants and how the contamination might have occurred, we visited two French companies that process rapeseed oil and that were identified in Spanish administrative and judicial records as the ones exporting aniline-denatured rapeseed oil to Spain in 1981. With the apparently full and voluntary co-operation of personnel at both companies, we reviewed the processes involved in manufacturing, treating and transporting rapeseed oil, and we have summarized the information provided to us. Of particular importance is the finding that oil exported to Spain was taken from stock, the rest of which was sold for human consumption in the French domestic market, apparently without any adverse health effects. The differences between the oil exported to Spain and the oil sold as food in France were that aniline equivalent to 2% of the weight of the oil was added to most of the Spanish oil but not to that sold in France, and that contamination of the Spanish oil may have occurred in the tank trucks used for transportation to Spain, which had previously carried industrial chemicals. There is no assurance that the trucks were cleaned appropriately for transporting a food product before the oil was loaded for the journey to Spain. Since the clinical manifestations of TOS are not those of aniline toxicity, we conclude that the aetiological agent of TOS is likely to be one of the following: (1) a contaminant in the aniline, (2) a contaminant introduced during transportation, (3) a reaction product of normal oil components or materials used in refining with either aniline or the potential contaminants mentioned under (1) or (2) above.

Aniline Compounds↗
PubMed2004

Factors affecting the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) from Spain.

Sera from 456 wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) collected between 1992 and 2003 from five geographical regions of Spain were examined for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii by the modified agglutination test. Antibodies to T. gondii were found in 65 (14.2%) wild rabbits. Prevalence of infection was significantly higher in samples collected from wild rabbits from Catalonia, northeast Spain (53.8%), where rabbits lived in forest, compared to other areas (Huelva and Cádiz, Andalucía, south Spain; Toledo, Castilla-La Mancha, central Spain; and Zaragoza, Aragón, northeast Spain) with more dry conditions, where prevalence ranged from 6.1 to 14.6%. No differences were observed on prevalence and age (young animals <7 months of age compared to older animals), sex, date of samples collection or season of samples collection. The results indicate that prevalence of T. gondii in some areas of Spain is high, and this finding could have environmental and/or public health implications if wild rabbits are to be used as a source of food.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Combinations of PBPs and MurM protein variants in early and contemporary high-level penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Spain.

OBJECTIVES: High-level penicillin resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae requires extensive re-modulation of the penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), and murM gene function is also required for the expression of resistance. In this work, we determined whether specific changes in PBPs were associated with specific MurM variants. METHODS: Two collections of highly penicillin-resistant (MIC 2-8 mg/L) isolates, including 10 early (1997-1998) and 23 contemporary (2002-2004) isolates, were studied. RESULTS: Most of the isolates belonged to clones Spain(6B)-2 (13 strains), Spain(23F)-1 (10 isolates) and Spain(14)-5 (20 isolates). Different protein variants of MurM (MA, MB5, MB6, MB9 and MB10), PBP1A (A-C), PBP2B (A-D) and PBP2X (A-C) were recognized, including two murM alleles not previously described. Particular [MurM-PBP1A-2B-2X] allelic combinations were predominant among the different clones, including [MA-B-B-B] for old (MIC 2 mg/L) and [MB10-C-A-B] for recent (MIC 4-8 mg/L) Spain(6B)-2 isolates, [MA-A-C-A] for Spain(23F)-1 and [MB5-A-A-A] in Spain(14)-5 isolates. CONCLUSIONS: Although S. pneumoniae has a basic recombinational population structure, our results indicate remarkable conservation of PBPs and MurM protein types within each clone. This suggests that particular PBPs-MurM combinations tend to be preserved and may have an independent evolutionary history in particular clones.

Alleles↗
PubMed2006

[Prevalence of mental disorders and associated factors: results from the ESEMeD-Spain study].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The ESEMeD-Spain project is an epidemiological study about mental disorders in Spain. We present 12 month-prevalence and lifetime-prevalence of the main mood, anxiety and alcohol use disorders; the influence of sociodemographic factors on its presence and age of onset of the disorders. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Cross-sectional household survey of a representative sample of the population of Spain 18 years or older. Sample size was 5.473 individuals. The WHO World Mental Health Survey Initiative version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WMH-CIDI) was used. Response rate was 78.6%. Results have been weighted to represent the population of Spain. RESULTS: 19.5% of the individuals presented a mental disorder sometime in their lifetime (lifetime-prevalence) and 8.4% in the last 12 months (12 month-prevalence). The most frequent mental disorder was major depressive episode, with a 12-month prevalence of 3.9% and a lifetime-prevalence of 10.5%. The other most lifetime prevalent disorders were specific phobia, alcohol abuse disorder, and dysthymia. Factors associated to presenting a mental disorder were being female, being separated, divorced or widowed, and being unemployed, on sick leave or incapacitated. Social phobia, agoraphobia and specific phobia appear at younger ages, while mood disorders and panic disorder appears later in life. CONCLUSIONS: The ESEMeD-Spain study can provide careful outcomes to understand the impact of mental disorders in Spain.

Adult↗