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PubMedDate not supplied

[Quality of the psychiatric care in social welfare houses].

AIM: The aim of the research is a diagnosis of the level of the psychiatric help in social welfare houses. METHOD: The research was conducted in the form of a questionnaire. The questionnaire was sent at random to 60 houses of social welfare for people with psychic disorders on the whole territory of Poland. 37 responses were received. RESULTS: All the houses in question provide their inhabitants with regular contact with a psychiatrist, 86% inside the social welfare house. 92% of inhabitants have no problems with obtaining referral to psychiatric hospital, however, 70% inhabitants of the social welfare houses have problems with being admitted to hospital. Half of the houses in question use direct compulsion. All the places studied possess therapeutic-caring teams, in 97% of the houses treatment is based on the individual plan. 14% of the houses do not allow the patients to have access to the medical documentation concerning them. In every house integrated pharmacotherapy is used together with various forms of therapy, 76% of the houses involve the family of the patient into the therapeutic process. 78% of those studied note the existence of different factors reducing the quality of the psychiatric care offered. CONCLUSIONS: The level of psychiatric care in the social welfare houses is adjusted to the health needs of the patients in the majority of the houses studied. However, the inhabitants have to face the difficulties connected with being admitted to psychiatric hospitals and can have problems with gaining access to medical documentation concerning them. Treatment and rehabilitation of psychic disorders is based on individualized and multi-directional therapeutic interaction. Preparation of the staff providing psychiatric care, especially therapeutic-caring ones, is diversified in individual houses (half of the therapeutic teams do not have a psychiatrist, whose presence seems to be indispensable). The most essential factors reducing the quality of psychiatric care include insufficient financial resources and shortage of staff.

Almshouses↗
PubMed2001

A Foucauldian analysis of old age and the power of social welfare.

It is argued that the question of social welfare is a key, if often overlooked, component in the construction of power relations and identities in later life that can take its place next to debates on bioethics and consumer lifestyle. Foucault's (1977) claim, that identities are kept in place through the deployment of integrated systems of power and knowledge and a routine operation of surveillance and assessment, is critically examined in this context. Trends in social welfare in the United Kingdom are used as a case example that sheds light on wider contemporary issues associated with old age. Finally, implications for the creation of particular narratives about later life are discussed and grounded through Foucault's (1988) notion of "technologies of self."

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Health inequality and non-monotonicity of the health related social welfare function.

In a recent paper in this journal Abasolo and Tsuchiya [Abasolo, I., Tsuchiya, A., 2004. Exploring social welfare functions and violation of monotonicity: an example from inequalities in health. Journal of Health Economics 23, 313-329] have strongly argued for the use of a non-monotonic health related social welfare function. This note discusses both the limitations of the measure proposed by Abasolo and Tsuchiya [Abasolo, I., Tsuchiya, A., 2004. Exploring social welfare functions and violation of monotonicity: an example from inequalities in health. Journal of Health Economics 23, 313-329] and the problems associated with their empirics. We are able to show how non-monotonicity may lead to paradoxical results and policies. Further we examine the empirics of Abasolo and Tsuchiya [Abasolo, I., Tsuchiya, A., 2004. Exploring social welfare functions and violation of monotonicity: an example from inequalities in health. Journal of Health Economics 23, 313-329] and provide an alternative explanation to the observed patterns in the data that do not violate monotonicity. Finally we briefly mention why the Atkinson-Sen framework may be more appropriate as a way forward.

Health Services Accessibility↗
PubMed1990

Public social welfare expenditures, fiscal years 1965-87.

The years from 1965 to 1976 were a period of great expansion in social welfare expenditures under public law. The entry of the Federal Government into the fields of health care and education was responsible for much of the growth in the first part of this period; high inflation produced increased spending in the later years. From 1977 to 1987, the rate of growth in social welfare spending slowed considerably. In fact, since 1983 the dominant characteristic of such expenditures has been their stability. Although the amount of money spent was higher in each year, little change occurred in the relative size or the apportionment of the funds. The 1987 expenditures continued this pattern. The total amount spent, $834.4 billion, represented an increase of 6.6 percent over the previous year. This amount equaled 18.8 percent of the gross national product. In constant dollar terms, the increase from 1986 to 1987 was 1.7 percent. The Federal Government provided 60-62 percent of all social welfare funding from 1980 to 1986. In 1987, this share fell slightly--to 59.9 percent. The programs for social insurance, public aid, veterans, and housing were primarily Federally funded, while education was largely a State and local responsibility. Governments at all levels spent 53.4 percent of their funds for social insurance purposes in 1987, slightly more than in 1986. However, the experience at different levels of government varied considerably. Federal spending increased 2 percent as a percent of all Federal expenditures, while State and local spending decreased about 1 percent.

Capital Expenditures↗
PubMed2002

The effect on social welfare of a switch of second-generation antihistamines from prescription to over-the-counter status: a microeconomic analysis.

BACKGROUND: The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently held a meeting to determine whether the status of second-generation antihistamines (SGAs) should be switched from prescription (Rx) to over-the-counter (OTC) status. OBJECTIVE: This article provides a conceptual microeconomic framework for addressing issues regarding the impact of such a switch on social welfare. METHODS: A review of the economic literature on Rx-to-OTC switches was conducted. Relevant articles published in English between 1990 and 2001 were identified through searches of ABI Info, EconLit, PsychInfo, MEDLINE, CANCERLIT, AIDSLINE, and HealthStar, as well as a general Internet search for statements in the press or on the FDA Web site. The search terms used were Rx, prescription, OTC, over-the-counter, second-generation antihistamines, nonsedating antihistamines, first-generation antihistamines, and sedating antihistamines. Microeconomic models focusing on consumer surplus were employed to determine the potential price response and social-welfare implications of a switch of SGAs to OTC status. RESULTS: Unlike the agents involved in previous Rx-to-OTC switches, SGAs are still under patent protection. Economic theory suggests that a firm that is protected by a patent will price aggressively. The market for OTC SGAs is likely to be more elastic due to a lack of insurance coverage for OTC products; hence, drug manufacturers would be likely to charge a lower price if SGAs were sold OTC. However, a lower price does not necessarily guarantee an improvement in social welfare; the net impact is determined by whether the increase in consumer surplus outweighs the deadweight loss (losses of consumer and producer surplus not transferred to other parties). Additionally, the assumption of a price reduction would be called into question if there were inequalities in marginal costs between the Rx and OTC markets. In this situation, the postswitch price might increase or not be reduced significantly. CONCLUSIONS: It is uncertain whether granting OTC status to SGAs would be cost saving to society, particularly as these drugs are patent protected. The social-welfare implications of such a switch would depend heavily on pricing strategies and consumer behavior. Further analyses are needed to determine how both factors influence social welfare; only then can the costs and benefits of a switch be understood completely.

Drug Industry↗
PubMed1976

Social welfare expenditures, 1950-75.

This article takes both a short-term and a long-term look at trends in social welfare expenditures under public programs. For fiscal year 1975, inflation and the recession were the key to developments. Inflation ate up more than half the 20 percent ($47 billion increase--the largest in the history of the series--partly as the result of antirecession measures. After adjustment for population and price changes, the real increase in per capita constant dollars was 7.1 percent--not large by recent measures but still significant when compared with the average annual increaseof 5.9 percent recorded since 1950. Public social welfare expenditures capped a decade of unusual growth in 1975 to absorb one-fith of the Nation's output of goods and services, after consuming only 9-12 percent between 1950 and 1965. Private social welfare expenditures of $108 billion accounted for less than 8 percent of the 1975 gross national product.

Education↗
PubMed2005

Older hospitalised patients at risk of malnutrition: correlation with quality of life, aid from the social welfare system and length of stay?

BACKGROUND: malnutrition is regarded as a major risk factor for complications and delayed recovery in hospitalised elderly patients. OBJECTIVE: to examine the prevalence of malnutrition in hospitalised elderly patients and evaluate simple clinical screening criteria. To investigate whether malnutrition was related to lack of care from the health care or social welfare system, quality of life and hospital length of stay (LOS). SETTING: non-acute geriatric hospital. SUBJECTS: 294 elderly patients admitted for rehabilitation after acute hospital care; 244 patients were available for assessment. METHODS: questionnaire interview about nutrition, social network and quality of life. Anthropometric and biochemical measurements, assessment of physical and cognitive function, recording of LOS, discharge destination and diagnosis. RESULTS: 126 patients (51.6%) were at risk of malnutrition using the criteria of body mass index<22 kg/m2 and/or weight loss>or=5%/6 months. Poor quality of life in women (P<0.04) and loss of the health of a spouse (P<0.02) correlated with weight loss. No differences were found in patients at risk regarding LOS, discharge destination, or aid from the social welfare system. CONCLUSIONS: this study confirms a high prevalence of malnutrition risk in hospitalised elderly patients. The health care and social welfare system appeared to be unaware of the problem. Poor quality of life in females and loss of the health of a spouse were related to malnutrition risk. The screening variables that were used appeared not to predict hospital length of stay or discharge destination.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Is Christian religious conservatism compatible with the liberal social welfare state?

This article examines the rise of Christian religious conservatism and explores whether the theological views of the conservative Christian movement are compatible with the liberal social welfare state. The authors conclude that the driving force behind social change should remain with the state, even though faith-based initiatives can provide some basic supports that the social welfare state can use.

Charities↗
PubMed1990

Assessing social welfare programs for the elderly: the specification of functional goals.

Social welfare planners have lacked clear, functional goals against which to evaluate the performance of social and health programs. The authors construct a model for assessing the extent to which a community's services are addressing the independence and behavioral functioning needs of its elderly residents. The model is evaluated using service data from a middle-income midwestern community.

Activities of Daily Living↗