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Results for “SOCIAL CONDITIONS”

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At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Effects of behavior and social condition on cardiovascular response to footshock stress.

Rats were instrumented with arterial catheters and directional-pulsed Doppler flow probes for assessment of blood pressure, heart rate, and blood flow in the renal, mesenteric, and hindquarter vascular beds. Subjects were tested in an intermittent shock procedure under paired and isolated social conditions and the cardiovascular indices associated with first shock, prone immobile behavior, upright behavior, and boxing behavior were recorded. Both shock procedures resulted in increased heart rate, mesenteric resistance, and renal resistance, as well as decreased hindquarter resistance. Blood pressure response was variable. Social and behavioral conditions generally accounted for little variance in cardiovascular indices during the treatments. Blood pressure assessed 2.5 min after the last shock was significantly higher in the isolated shock condition. In the context of divergent results from previous research in the area, the current results are most consistent with the view that a similar form of cardiovascular adjustment is present under paired and isolated shock, but that under some conditions the presence of a conspecific or the opportunity to fight may attenuate cardiovascular response to shock.

Aggression↗
PubMed1992

[Changes in social conditions and drinking patterns in male and female clients attending an outpatient clinic for alcoholics in Copenhagen].

The proportion of new female clients in the ALKO outpatient clinic in Copenhagen increased from 22% in 1975 to 37% in 1985. The first 100 new male and female clients in the ALKO outpatient clinic in 1975 and 1985 were investigated. The new female clients in 1985 were educated better as regards scholastic and occupational training than were the new female clients in 1975. Fewer of the clients of the ALKO outpatient clinic were married than was the case in the normal population in 1975 and also 1985. In 1975, fewer of the new female clients were registered in the occupational market than among the new female clients in 1985. Attention is drawn to a tendency to evening out of the differences between male and female alcohol addicts as regards social conditions and drinking patterns. The therapeutic consequences of these observations are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Mental distress and social conditions and lifestyle in northern Norway.

In a cross sectional survey of risk factors for coronary heart disease three questions about mental distress were included in a questionnaire completed by 13,704 people, 64% of the total population aged 20-54 in one municipality. Overall, 860 (12.5%) of the men and 1141 (16.8%) of the women reported having at least one symptom of mental distress. There were no distinct differences between the age groups. Single people, separated and divorced people, and those who reported that the financial situation of the family during their childhood was difficult reported more mental problems. Heavy smoking, frequent alcohol consumption, and, in men, little or no physical activity in leisure time were also associated with a high prevalence of mental distress. By multiple regression analyses, marital state, financial situation of family during childhood, and current lifestyle were found to be highly significantly associated with mental distress. Including a few questions on mental distress in health surveys provides a way to establish relations between such symptoms and social conditions and lifestyle in large numbers of subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Social conditions of stuttering].

Sixty-seven stuttering and 50 non-stuttering children, all of them aged between three and five years, were investigated regarding their social conditions in an interdisciplinary study. Numerous studies so far conducted into family circumstances of stuttering children and adolescents have supported diverse conclusions regarding the parent-child relationship, personality traits of parents as well as their style of child raising and social status. Most of the resulting publications have concentrated on children from whom stuttering symptoms had been recordable for several years, so that it was not safely verifiable whether the parental behaviour described had been one of the causal factors for stuttering of children or a belated response to that stuttering. The author's own investigations showed significant differences with regard to presence in a day nursery in the child's first year, space conditions at home, attention given to the child, physical exercise, occupational satisfaction of mothers and self-appraising qualities of fathers. These differences, on balance, are interpreted to the effect that in the individual case stuttering may be affected by psychosocial conditions and would then call for therapeutic action, although it appears to be obvious that there are no stutter-specific social factors. These results are likely to confirm experience obtained from work with stuttering individuals by numerous medical doctors, teachers in lalopathology and psychologists who found that in general manifestations of stuttering may be caused and affected by a number of factors, both endogenic and exogenic.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1976

Temporal lobe epilepsy. Social conditions and rehabilitation after surgery.

A social investigation was performed of 74 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy resistant to medication, who underwent unilateral temporal lobectomy 1960-1969. The patients were compared to their sibilings and to the general population in Denmark. Comparatively many patients were born out of wedlock. The level of schooling achieved was lower than expected, and this was most pronounced in patients with an early onset of epilepsy. The number of patients having received further education was also smaller than calculated. At the time of the operation all patients were socially incapacitated by their epilepsy; this was most pronounced in males, of whom 30 per cent were institutionalized and 32 per cent were receiving disablement pension; at follow-up the figures were 6 per cent and 52 per cent, respectively. Working capacity was markedly improved postoperatively, and at follow-up 39 per cent were in full-time employment. Relief from seizures (or almost complete relief), normal intelligence, normal psychiatric status, and operation before the age of 18 years were factors which favourably influenced the postoperative working capacity. The majority of the patients were unmarried or divorced, and few of the group had children. Their housing conditions were inferior to those of their siblings and of the general population. Parental social class distribution showed an excess in the highest and lowest social classes compared to the Danish population. The patients were subjected to downward social mobility, presumably caused by their illness, as their siblings displayed an upward mobility, which was most marked in the females.

Criminology↗
PubMed2002

McKeown and the idea that social conditions are fundamental causes of disease.

In an accompanying commentary, Colgrove indicates that McKeown's thesis-that dramatic reductions in mortality over the past 2 centuries were due to improved socioeconomic conditions rather than to medical or public health interventions-has been "overturned" and his theory "discredited." McKeown sought to explain a very prominent trend in population health and did so with a strong emphasis on the importance of basic social and economic conditions. If Colgrove is right about the McKeown thesis, social epidemiology is left with a gaping hole in its explanatory repertoire and a challenge to a cherished principle about the importance of social factors in health. We return to the trend McKeown focused upon-post-McKeown and post-Colgrove-to indicate how and why social conditions must continue to be seen as fundamental causes of disease.

Developed Countries↗
PubMed1989

Maternal and peer imprinting in mallard ducklings under experimentally simulated natural social conditions.

Previous studies revealed that if socially reared mallard ducklings actively follow a stuffed mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) hen, they later show a visual preference for the familiar mallard hen over an unfamiliar redhead (Aythya americana) hen. The present study determined that the experience of actively following the hen is essential to the induction of a visually controlled, species-typical, maternal preference. Domestic mallard ducklings that had not been given the opportunity to follow the mallard hen were "passively" reared in social groups consisting of a stuffed mallard hen and seven same-aged siblings for either 24, 48, or 72 hr after hatching. These birds were largely unresponsive to the hen in a later choice test, even when they were passively exposed to the mallard hen for as long as 72 hr prior to testing. The question arose as to whether passive exposure to the ducklings induced a preference for them that interfered with establishment of maternal imprinting under these simulated natural nest conditions. Results indicated that socially reared ducklings do prefer stuffed ducklings to a stuffed mallard hen in a simultaneous choice test even when the hen is present and vocalizing during social rearing. Further, even ducklings reared individually with the mallard hen were unresponsive to her in the later choice test. That there is something special about the stimulation provided by ducklings was further demonstrated by the finding that stuffed ducklings were preferred over the mallard hen (1) when the social rearing situation precluded active physical interaction with live ducklings and (2) when reared with inanimate stuffed ducklings. Thus, the ineffectiveness of the stuffed mallard hen in inducing visual imprinting under simulated nesting conditions cannot be attributed to the fact that she was not alive or reciprocally interactive. The present results suggest that mallard ducklings do not become visually imprinted to their hen until after departure from the nest, that the visual component of maternal imprinting likely involves active following subsequent to nest departure, and that early in postnatal development siblings are more visually attractive than is the hen.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The long arm of childhood: the influence of early-life social conditions on men's mortality.

Increasingly, social scientists are turning to childhood to gain a better understanding of the fundamental social causes of adult mortality. However, evidence of the link between childhood and the mortality of adults is fragmentary, and the intervening mechanisms remain unclear. Drawing on the National Longitudinal Survey of Older Men, our analysis shows that men's mortality is associated with an array of childhood conditions, including socioeconomic status, family living arrangements, mother's work status, rural residence, and parents' nativity. With the exception of parental nativity, socioeconomic-achievement processes in adulthood and lifestyle factors mediated these associations. Education, family income, household wealth, and occupation mediated the influence of socioeconomic status in childhood. Adult lifestyle factors, particularly body mass, mediated the effects of family living arrangements in childhood, mother's work status, and rural residence. Our findings bring into sharp focus the idea that economic and educational policies that are targeted at children's well-being are implicitly health policies with effects that reach far into the adult life course.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Effects of unconditioned and conditioned social defeat on alcohol self-administration and reinstatement of alcohol seeking in rats.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: We and others have shown that a stressor commonly used in laboratory studies, intermittent footshock, reinstates alcohol seeking in a rat relapse model. The effects of more ethologically relevant stressors on reinstatement have not been examined. Here, we characterized the effects of social defeat (a naturalistic stressor) or a cue associated with the defeat experience on reinstatement of alcohol seeking. We also examined the effect of unconditioned and conditioned social defeat on alcohol self-administration. METHODS: Rats were trained to self-administer alcohol (12% w/v, 1 h day(-1)), and after stable responding, one group of animals received five exposures to social defeat paired with peppermint odor prior to daily self-administration sessions. After three more self-administration sessions, these rats were tested for the effects of the peppermint odor cue on self-administration. In another group of rats, the effects of three daily exposures to social defeat paired with peppermint odor on extinction of responding were examined. After further extinction sessions, the effect of the odor cue on reinstatement was tested in these animals. The acute effect of social defeat on reinstatement was examined in another group of animals. RESULTS: Acute exposure to social defeat decreased alcohol self-administration, reduced rates of responding during extinction, and did not reinstate alcohol seeking. Exposure to a discrete odor cue previously paired with social defeat decreased alcohol self-administration but induced modest reinstatement of alcohol seeking. CONCLUSIONS: Results provide the first demonstration of reinstatement of alcohol seeking by a cue paired with social defeat and are also in agreement with previous findings on the suppressive effect of social defeat stress on alcohol self-administration.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Personal and social conditions potentially influencing women's hearing loss management.

Little gender-specific data related to hearing loss and hearing loss management are available. The purpose of this investigation was to examine personal and social conditions affecting women at selected stages of the adult life course that may influence hearing loss management. In all, 191 women in three age groups, ranging from 35 to 85 years old, participated. None reported hearing problems. Participants completed a demographic data form and were given a standard audiometric evaluation to confirm age-normal hearing. Each completed assessments of speech understanding in quiet and noise, auditory signal duration discrimination, and binaural processing. Measures of hearing knowledge, behaviors, and attitudes; health-related locus of control; ego strength; and, social support were administered. Results revealed that although some variables deteriorate among subsequent age groups (i.e., hearing thresholds, central auditory processing, and ego strength), the reverse is true for others (i.e., social interaction and satisfaction with income). Age-specific sociodemographic burdens that may interfere with hearing loss management were noted. New psychosocial data are revealed against which women and men with impaired hearing may be compared.

Adult↗