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At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

3D volume segmentation of MRA data sets using level sets: image processing and display.

In this article, we use a level set-based segmentation algorithm to extract the vascular tree from magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) data sets. The classification approach depends on initializing the level sets in the 3D volume, and the level sets evolve with time to yield the blood vessels. This work introduces a high-quality initialization for the level set functions, allowing extraction of the blood vessels in 3D and elimination of non-vessel tissues. A comparison between the 2D and 3D segmentation approaches is made. The results are validated using a phantom that simulates the MRA data and show good accuracy.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1997

Setting thresholds for MDS (Minimum Data Set) quality indicators for nursing home quality improvement reports.

BACKGROUND: Determining meaningful thresholds to reinforce excellent performance and flag potential problem areas is critical for quality improvement reports. Without thresholds, an organization may interpret its performance as superior to others because it is "better than average" and falsely assume it does not have care problems in certain areas. SETTING THRESHOLDS: The Minimum Data Set (MDS) assessment instrument is mandated for use nationwide in all nursing homes participating in Medicaid or Medicare programs. Since 1993 a research team at the University of Missouri-Columbia has been developing and testing quality indicators (QIs) derived from MDS data as a foundation for quality improvement activities. In July 1996, a cross-section of 13 clinical care personnel from nursing homes participated on an expert panel for threshold setting for QIs derived from MDS assessment data. Panel members individually determined good and poor threshold scores for each QI, reviewed statewide distributions of MDS QIs, and, two weeks later, completed a follow-up Delphi round. Three members of the research team reviewed the results of the expert panel and set the final thresholds. With thresholds established for good and poor scores, MDS QI scores are reported to a sample of Missouri nursing homes using the thresholds. CONCLUSIONS: To ensure that thresholds reflect current practice, threshold setting with another panel of experts will be repeated as needed, but at least biannually. The report format will be revised on the basis of user input, and a statewide study testing different educational support methods for quality improvement using MDS QIs is now underway.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Age differences in the selection of mental sets: the role of inhibition, stimulus ambiguity, and response-set overlap.

Switching between tasks leads to response-time (RT) costs at switch points (local switch costs) and often to RT costs at no-switch transitions that occur in the context of a task-switching block (global set-selection costs). With trial-to-trial cuing of tasks, moderate age effects were obtained for local switch costs, but large age effects were obtained for global selection costs. In Experiment 1, set-specific inhibition was found to be at least as large in old as in young adults, thus ruling out an inhibition deficit as a reason for age differences in global costs. In Experiment 2, large age differences in global costs were limited to conditions of ambiguous stimuli and full response-set overlap. This pattern of results suggests a greater reliance on set-updating processes in old than in young adults. The role of these processes is to ensure unambiguos internal control settings when ambiguity arises from stimuli and response specifications.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Executive control in set switching: residual switch cost and task-set inhibition.

Executive processes necessary for flexibly switching between different tasks were studied using a set switching paradigm that requires participants to rapidly switch between different tasks across consecutive trials. Switch cost reflects poorer performance for task-switch trials than for consecutive same-task trials. Significant switch cost was observed even with considerable preparation time before a task-switch, an effect known as residual switch cost. This study tested the hypothesis that one process underlying residual switch cost is inhibition of the previous task-set. We used semantic categorization tasks to compare switch cost between alternating task series (ABA) and nonalternating series (ABC) in order to test the generality of a task-set inhibition effect previously observed with perceptual judgment tasks (Mayr & Keele, in press). The results yielded significant switch cost only for alternating tasks, in both response times and errors resulting from performance of the wrong task. Thus, resolving inhibition associated with previously abandoned task-sets may be the main process underlying residual switch costs, suggesting that task-set inhibition is an important executive control process.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Systematically convergent basis sets for transition metals. I. All-electron correlation consistent basis sets for the 3d elements Sc-Zn.

Sequences of basis sets that systematically converge towards the complete basis set (CBS) limit have been developed for the first-row transition metal elements Sc-Zn. Two families of basis sets, nonrelativistic and Douglas-Kroll-Hess (-DK) relativistic, are presented that range in quality from triple-zeta to quintuple-zeta. Separate sets are developed for the description of valence (3d4s) electron correlation (cc-pVnZ and cc-pVnZ-DK; n = T,Q, 5) and valence plus outer-core (3s3p3d4s) correlation (cc-pwCVnZ and cc-pwCVnZ-DK; n = T,Q, 5), as well as these sets augmented by additional diffuse functions for the description of negative ions and weak interactions (aug-cc-pVnZ and aug-cc-pVnZ-DK). Extensive benchmark calculations at the coupled cluster level of theory are presented for atomic excitation energies, ionization potentials, and electron affinities, as well as molecular calculations on selected hydrides (TiH, MnH, CuH) and other diatomics (TiF, Cu2). In addition to observing systematic convergence towards the CBS limits, both 3s3p electron correlation and scalar relativity are calculated to strongly impact many of the atomic and molecular properties investigated for these first-row transition metal species.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Protein folding: defining a "standard" set of experimental conditions and a preliminary kinetic data set of two-state proteins.

Recent years have seen the publication of both empirical and theoretical relationships predicting the rates with which proteins fold. Our ability to test and refine these relationships has been limited, however, by a variety of difficulties associated with the comparison of folding and unfolding rates, thermodynamics, and structure across diverse sets of proteins. These difficulties include the wide, potentially confounding range of experimental conditions and methods employed to date and the difficulty of obtaining correct and complete sequence and structural details for the characterized constructs. The lack of a single approach to data analysis and error estimation, or even of a common set of units and reporting standards, further hinders comparative studies of folding. In an effort to overcome these problems, we define here a "consensus" set of experimental conditions (25 degrees C at pH 7.0, 50 mM buffer), data analysis methods, and data reporting standards that we hope will provide a benchmark for experimental studies. We take the first step in this initiative by describing the folding kinetics of 30 apparently two-state proteins or protein domains under the consensus conditions. The goal of our efforts is to set uniform standards for the experimental community and to initiate an accumulating, self-consistent data set that will aid ongoing efforts to understand the folding process.

Biochemistry↗
PubMed1980

Studies on the setting behaviour of sealants using a new acoustic method of determining set.

An acoustic method has been used to compare the setting behaviours of three chemical and three u.v. activated sealants. The setting rates of the u.v. sealants were found to have similar sub-linear dependences on the applied u.v. intensity. However, considerable differences in the rates of set of these materials were noted when the same u.v. intensities were applied. Adjusting the composition of one of the sealants (Alphaseal) increased the penetration of the u.v. radiation, resulting in a ten-fold improvement in the setting rate. Suitable exposure times and the intensities of radiation necessary to satisfactorily set these u.v. sealants are recommended.

Acoustics↗
PubMed2004

Is cost-effectiveness analysis preferred to severity of disease as the main guiding principle in priority setting in resource poor settings? The case of Uganda.

INTRODUCTION: Several studies carried out to establish the relative preference of cost-effectiveness of interventions and severity of disease as criteria for priority setting in health have shown a strong preference for severity of disease. These preferences may differ in contexts of resource scarcity, as in developing countries, yet information is limited on such preferences in this context. OBJECTIVE: This study was carried out to identify the key players in priority setting in health and explore their relative preference regarding cost-effectiveness of interventions and severity of disease as criteria for setting priorities in Uganda. DESIGN: 610 self-administered questionnaires were sent to respondents at national, district, health sub-district and facility levels. Respondents included mainly health workers. We used three different simulations, assuming same patient characteristics and same treatment outcome but with varying either severity of disease or cost-effectiveness of treatment, to explore respondents' preferences regarding cost-effectiveness and severity. RESULTS: Actual main actors were identified to be health workers, development partners or donors and politicians. This was different from what respondents perceived as ideal. Above 90% of the respondents recognised the importance of both severity of disease and cost-effectiveness of intervention. In the three scenarios where they were made to choose between the two, a majority of the survey respondents assigned highest weight to treating the most severely ill patient with a less cost-effective intervention compared to the one with a more cost-effective intervention for a less severely ill patient. However, international development partners in in-depth interviews preferred the consideration of cost-effectiveness of intervention. CONCLUSIONS: In a survey among health workers and other actors in priority setting in Uganda, we found that donors are considered to have more say than the survey respondents found ideal. Survey respondents considered both severity of disease and cost-effectiveness important criteria for setting priorities, with severity of disease as the leading principle. This pattern of preferences is similar to findings in context with relatively more resources. In-depth interviews with international development partners, showed that this group put relatively more emphasis on cost-effectiveness of interventions compared to severity of disease. These discrepancies in attitudes between national health workers and representatives from the donors require more investigation. The different attitudes should be openly debated to ensure legitimate decisions.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

[Initiating insulin therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2: in a transmural setting is at least as effective as in an outpatient setting; a retrospective study with a 4-year follow-up].

OBJECTIVE: Assessing whether the initiation of insulin therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 can be delivered as effectively in a structured transmural care model as in the more usual outpatients structure. DESIGN: Retrospective comparative cohort study. METHOD: In 1997 data were collected from 52 patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 all of whom were above 40 years of age and transferred to insulin therapy in 1993: 25 in a transmural care setting and 27 in an outpatients setting, both in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Both groups were treated according to one protocol concerning the initiation and monitoring of insulin therapy, treatment goals and follow-up. Outcome measures were: percentage of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), health status, self-care behaviour and patient satisfaction. In 1993 the mean age was (transmural/outpatients setting): 67.5/65.3 years; percentage of men: 32%/48%; mean duration of diabetes: 7.3/10.6 years; HbA1c: 9.1%/9.3%; mean body mass index: 27.4/29.1 kg/m2. RESULTS: In the period 1993-1997 the mean HbA1c decreased from 9.1% to 7.2% in the transmural care group and from 9.3% to 7.6% in the outpatients care group (both: p = 0.000). The percentage of patients with poor glycaemic control (HbA1c > 8%) decreased from 60 to 8 in the transmural care group and from 59 to 15 in the outpatients care group. The percentage of patients with good glycaemic control (HbA1c < 7%) increased from 4 to 52 in the transmural care group and from 11 to 30 in the outpatients care group. No statistically significant differences were found between the patient groups with respect to health status, self-care behaviour and patient satisfaction. CONCLUSION: The transfer of patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 insulin therapy in a shared care setting was at least as effective as in an outpatients setting.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Three sets of weight training superior to 1 set with equal intensity for eliciting strength.

The purpose of this study was to compare single and multiple sets of weight training for strength gains in recreationally trained individuals. Sixteen men (age = 21 +/- 2.0) were randomly assigned to 1 set (S-1; n = 8) or 3 set (S-3; n = 8) groups and trained 3 days per week for 12 weeks. One repetition maximum (1RM) was recorded for bench press and leg press at pre-, mid-, and posttest. Subjects trained according to daily undulating periodization (DUP), involving the bench press and leg press exercises between 4RM and 8RM. Training intensity was equated for both groups. Analysis of variance with repeated measures revealed statistically significant differences favoring S-3 in the leg press (p < 0.05, effect size [ES] = 6.5) and differences approaching significance in the bench press (p = 0.07, ES = 2.3). The results demonstrate that for recreationally trained individuals using DUP training, 3 sets of training are superior to 1 set for eliciting maximal strength gains.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

[Study on the setting reaction of the zinc phosphate dental cement (1). Effects of aluminum in liquid on setting reaction (author's transl)].

The liquid of zinc phosphate dental cement contains Al3+ and Zn2+, and these ions effect greatly on the setting reaction of the cement. When zinc oxide powder is mixed with this cement liquid, reaction products in the set cement are amorphous and not made sure by X-ray diffraction. Therefore the setting reaction of zinc phosphate cement is not certain. In this paper the effects of Al3+ on the setting reaction of cement are examined by X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis and infrared spectrum, and set cements are observed by SEM and microradiography. Judging from these results, it is conclude that Al3+ in the cement liquid precipitates amorphous aluminium phosphate due to change of pH of liquid when it is mixed with zinc oxide powder.

Aluminum↗
PubMed1980

[Study on the setting reaction of the zinc phosphate dental cement (2). The setting reaction of cement substituted magnesia clinker for zinc oxide (author's transl)].

In previous paper it has been reported by author that setting of the zinc phosphate cement is due to precipitation of amorphous aluminium phosphate rather than zinc phosphate. If such the setting reaction on the zinc phosphate cement is right, there is no necessity that cement powder is zinc oxide clinker. In this paper magnesia clinker is substituted for zinc oxide, and the reaction products of set cement are examined by the same methods as having shown in previous paper. When commercial cement liquid is used for mixing with magnesia clinker, the reaction products become amorphous for effects of Al3+ in liquid. These are the same amorphous reaction products as precipitating in set zinc phosphate cement. From result in previous and this paper, it has been made sure that setting reaction of zinc phosphate cement is due to precipitation of amorphous aluminium and zinc (in liquid) phosphate.

Aluminum↗
PubMed2006

Semi-automatic level-set based segmentation and stenosis quantification of the internal carotid artery in 3D CTA data sets.

We present a new level-set based method to segment and quantify stenosed internal carotid arteries (ICAs) in 3D contrast-enhanced computed tomography angiography (CTA). Within these data sets it is a difficult task to evaluate the degree of stenoses deterministically even for the experienced physician because the actual vessel lumen is hardly distinguishable from calcified plaque and there is no sharp border between lumen and arterial wall. According to our knowledge no commercially available software package allows the detection of the boundary between lumen and plaque components. Therefore in the clinical environment physicians have to perform the evaluation manually. This approach suffers from both intra- and inter-observer variability. The limitation of the manual approach requires the development of a semi-automatic method that is able to achieve deterministic segmentation results of the internal carotid artery via level-set techniques. With the new method different kinds of plaques were almost completely excluded from the segmented regions. For an objective evaluation we also studied the method's performance with four different phantom data sets for which the ground truth of the degree of stenosis was known a priori. Finally, we applied the method to 10 ICAs and compared the obtained segmentations with manual measurements of three physicians.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2003

Replacement of 2,2'-bipyridine by 1,4-diazabutadiene acceptor ligands: why the bathochromic shift for [(N empty set N)IrCl(C5Me5)]+ complexes but the hypsochromic shift for (N empty set N)Ir(C5Me5)?

Replacement of 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) by substituted 1,4-diazabutadiene (R-DAB) alpha-diimine ligands N empty set N leads to a substantial hypsochromic shift of about 0.8 eV for the long-wavelength absorption band in compounds (N empty set N)Ir(C(5)Me(5)) but to a bathochromic absorption shift of about 0.4 eV for the complex ions [(N empty set N)IrCl(C(5)Me(5))](+). DFT calculations on model complexes based on experimental (R-DAB compounds) and geometry-optimized structures (bpy systems) reveal that the low-energy transitions of the cationic chloro complexes are largely of ligand-to-ligand charge-transfer character L'LCT (L = alpha-diimine, L' = Cl) whereas the neutral compounds exhibit pi --> pi transitions between the considerably mixed metal d(pi) and alpha-diimine pi orbitals. The much more pronounced metal-ligand orbital interaction for the R-DAB complexes causes the qualitatively different shifts on replacing the stronger basic bpy by the better pi-acceptors R-DAB. Only the LUMO of the neutral compounds is destabilized on replacement of bpy by R-DAB whereas the LUMO of [(N empty set N)IrCl(C(5)R'(5))](+) and both HOMOs are stabilized through this change.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Behavior of density functionals with respect to basis set. 3. Basis set superposition error.

The impact of basis set superposition error (BSSE) upon molecular properties determined using the density functionals B3LYP, B3PW91, B3P86, BLYP, BPW91, and BP86 in combination with the correlation consistent basis sets [cc-pVnZ, where n = D(2), T(3), Q(4), and 5] for a set of first-row closed-shell molecules has been examined. Correcting for BSSE enables the irregular convergence behavior in molecular properties such as dissociation energies with respect to increasing basis set size, noted in earlier studies, to be improved. However, for some molecules and functional combinations, BSSE correction alone does not improve the irregular convergence behavior.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Tissue reaction against a self-setting calcium phosphate cement set in bone or outside the organism.

Calcium phosphate cements are able to set in situ when injected into bone tissue. We evaluated the tissue reaction occurring when a DCPD-based calcium phosphate cement was either set within the bone or implanted when already set. The samples were implanted in rabbit condyles and examined histologically after 8 and 16 weeks. The relative bone surface, the fibrous capsule around the implants and the implant section surface were measured. Solid material seemed to be better tolerated than paste implants. More bone was found at the solid implant contact whatever the implantation time and the solid material degraded much less rapidly. In conclusion, the physico-chemical modification of the biological environment occurring during setting increases the foreign body reaction against the material.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Apheresis instrument settings influence infused absolute lymphocyte count affecting survival following autologous peripheral hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: the need to optimize instrument setting and define a lymphocyte collection target.

Autograft absolute lymphocyte count (A-ALC) is an independent prognostic factor for survival after autologous peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (APHSCT) for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Factors enhancing A-ALC collections are unknown. We hypothesize that apheresis instrument settings could affect A-ALC. Data from 127 NHL patients collected from 15 January 1999 to 30 July 2004 using a single apheresis instrument (COBE Spectra (SP), Baxter Amicus (AM), and CS3000 Plus (CS)) were analyzed. The primary end point of the study was to assess the correlation between apheresis instrument settings and A-ALC. The secondary end point was to determine the effect of apheresis instrument on survival post-APHSCT. Patients collected using SP achieved higher A-ALC compared to AM (with modified settings) or CS (P<0.05) and demonstrated superior overall (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) (P<0.03). Multivariate analysis demonstrated A-ALC and not the apheresis instrument as an independent prognostic factor for OS and PFS, cancelling the prognostic effect of the apheresis instruments observed in the univariate analysis. The survival advantage observed by SP was from the higher A-ALC collected compared to AM and CS. These data suggest that apheresis instrument settings should be optimized to collect CD34(+) cells as well as an A-ALC target, with direct impact on survival post-APHSCT.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The behavior of density functionals with respect to basis set. I. The correlation consistent basis sets.

The accuracy of density functional theory in the description of geometries and atomization energies has been assessed by comparison to experimental data for a series of first-row closed-shell molecules. Six commonly used functionals (B3LYP, B3PW91, B3P86, BLYP, BPW91, BP86) were investigated in combination with the correlation-consistent basis sets [cc-pVxZ and aug-cc-pVxZ where x=D(2), T(3), Q(4), 5]. The convergence of molecular properties with respect to increasing basis set size has been examined. A full statistical error analysis has been performed, assessing the success of each functional with respect to each basis set in terms of both accuracy and precision. Overall, there is smooth convergence towards the Kohn-Sham limit for the hybrid functionals B3LYP and B3PW91, whereas the nonlocal functionals are relatively insensitive to basis set choice.

Journal Article↗