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PubMed2005

Memories of parental rearing and perceived self-image in groups of chronic pain patients.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to analyze the relationships between perceived parental rearing styles as determining factors of self-image in chronic pain patients, and to test the hypothesis of two different groups inherent to the pain sample. METHODS: In this study, 152 patients with chronic pain participated. The sample was divided into two groups by means of hierarchical cluster analysis on the Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory, version 2. Cluster 1 comprised 116 individuals (44 men and 72 women) with a "conversion V" MMPI-2 profile, and cluster 2 comprised 21 individuals (5 men and 16 women) with a "general elevated" MMPI-2 profile. The patients were investigated by means of the structural analysis of social behavior (SASB), the Giessen test (GT), the locus of control scale (LOC) and the EMBU questionnaire (My memories of parental upbringing). RESULTS: The results show significant associations between memories of parental rearing and self-image as adults and are in line with results from previous studies describing two psychologically different groups inherent to chronic pain patients. CONCLUSIONS: The significant differences between healthy controls, pain patients and between clusters of pain patients on parental rearing scales, and the significant relationship between memories of parental rearing and self-image provide therapists with a special approach to the treatment of chronic pain patients in accordance to social cognitive theories and the psychodynamic theoretical construct of introjection as an early process in the development of self-images.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Associations between psychiatric patients' self-image, staff feelings towards them, and treatment outcome.

Interpersonal theory, as well as relational models of psychoanalytic and cognitive therapy, posits the importance for positive treatment outcome of the therapist's becoming emotionally involved in the patient's interpersonal patterns. Using the same data as in this study, we have previously found associations between psychiatric patients' self-image and the staff's feelings towards them, and differential associations between staff feelings and outcome for different diagnostic groups. The purpose of the present study was to analyze potential connections between patients' self-image, staff feelings, and outcome. Twice a year, staff at small psychiatric units reported their feelings towards 63 psychotic and 21 borderline patients who had rated their self-image at the beginning of the treatment using the Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB) introject and parent images. Feelings reported on the two first occasions at the beginning of the treatment were used. Outcome was assessed after 5 years. Correlation analyses found different associations between patient self-image and staff feelings for patients with favorable and less favorable outcome. The results indicated for psychotic patients associations between positive outcome and less distant staff feelings connected with the patient's freedom-giving introject, less unfree staff feelings connected with a negative image of mother and less positive feelings connected with a positive image of father. For the borderline patients, positive outcome was associated with the fact that a negative image of mother did not evoke helpful staff feelings, a positive image of the patient himself or herself did not evoke helpful staff feelings and a controlling image of father-evoked distant feelings.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Self-directed hostility and family functioning in normal-weight bulimics and overweight binge eaters.

The aim of this study was to examine whether overweight binge eaters demonstrate similar perceptions of family interactions and views of the self as do normal-weight bulimics. We compared 37 obese binge eaters and 37 normal-weight bulimics to 38 normal-weight non-bulimic controls, and 10 overweight nonbulimic controls on the Bulimia Test (BULIT). Profile of Mood States (POMS), Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB) Short Form, which includes measure of hostility of family interactions and self-directed hostility; the Family Interaction Survey (FIS), and a measure of history of physical and sexual abuse and familial psychopathology. Both normal-weight bulimics and overweight binge eaters differed from nonbulimic controls across all measures of symptomatology, family functioning, history of abuse, familial psychopathology, and self-directed hostility. Normal-weight bulimics demonstrated significantly higher BULIT scores and self-directed hostility than did overweight binge eaters. Post hoc analysis showed that among binge eaters and bulimics, self-directed hostility accounted for a significant percentage of the variance of BULIT scores when controlling for the effects of age, BMI, family hostility, and mood. The possible role of self-directed hostility in the maintenance of bulimic symptomatology is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Trinuclear copper(II) complexes derived from Schiff-base ligands based on a 6-amino-6-deoxyglucopyranoside: structural and magnetic characterization.

The trinuclear copper(II) complexes ([CuL1)(mu-ac)Cu(mu-ac)CuL1) (1) and ([CuL2)(mu-ac)Cu(mu-ac)CuL2) (2) of the tridentate aminosaccharide-derived Schiff-base ligands H2L1 [6-N-(salicylidene)amino-6-deoxy-1,2,3-tri-O-methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside] and H2L2 [6-N-(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylidene)amino-6-deoxy-1,2,3-tri-O-methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside] were synthesized and structurally characterized. The trinuclear complex units can be described as two terminal copper-ligand moieties bridged by a central copper acetate moiety, with the Cu centers arranged in a triangular fashion. IR and UV/vis spectroscopic studies strongly indicate that the trinuclear structure is maintained in a methanolic solution. The temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility of both complexes shows a moderate antiferromagnetic coupling and can be well interpreted by applying a symmetric Cua-Cub-Cua' model with linear spin topology. The fit of the magnetic data affords coupling constants J of -34 and -24 cm(-1) for 1 and 2, respectively [H = -J(SaSb + SbSa')]. For mu-alkoxo-mu-acetato-bridged copper(II) complexes with a large dihedral angle between the adjacent coordination planes, as found in 1 and 2, such an antiferromagnetic coupling is unusual. However, density functional theory calculations of 2 using BP86, B3LYP*, and B3LYP density functionals confirmed a symmetric doublet ground state.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Perceptions of sexuality as related to sexual functioning and sexual risk in women with different types of childhood abuse histories.

Perceptions of one's sexuality, self-reported sexual functioning, and sexual risk were examined in a community sample of 148 women with histories of either childhood sexual abuse (n = 26), both childhood sexual and physical abuse (n = 44), and neither form of abuse (n = 78). Controlling for depression and anxiety, the groups did not differ on sexual desire, arousal/orgasm, sexual pain, or masturbation. Women with abuse histories reported more negative affect during sexual arousal and reported more lifetime vaginal intercourse partners than nonabused women. In addition, the abuse samples reported more negative perceptions of their sexuality in their worst psychological states using the Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB) method than did women with no abuse history. An interpersonal focus and more precise abuse labeling are recommended, potentially revising our assumptions about symptom clusters and treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Social perceptions and borderline personality disorder: the relation to mood disorders.

We used the Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB) to compare the social perceptions of borderline, unipolar, and bipolar-depressed inpatients. As predicted, borderline subjects differed from bipolar-depressed and unipolar subjects in their social perceptions. Borderline subjects viewed their relationships to their mother, hospital staff, and other patients as more hostile and autonomous than did mood disordered subjects. The results are discussed in terms of an integrative theory of borderline personality that considers the psychobiology of interpersonal relationships and attachment disruptions.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Patient and therapist introject, interpersonal process, and differential psychotherapy outcome.

The Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB; Benjamin, 1974, 1982, 1984) system was used to study the interpersonal process between patient and therapist in the 3rd session of 14 therapeutic dyads. Dyads were grouped into good and poor outcomes cases (n = 7) on the basis of the amount of change in the patients' introject as measured by the INTREX Introject Questionnaire (Benjamin, 1983). Strong support was found for the following hypotheses based on interpersonal theory, linking therapists' introject state, interpersonal process in therapy, and outcome: (a) Poor outcome cases (no introject change) were typified by interpersonal behaviors by the therapist that confirmed a negative patient introject; (b) the number of therapists' statements that were subtly hostile and controlling was highly correlated with the number of self-blaming statements by the patients; (c) therapists with disaffiliative introjects tended to engage in a much higher level of problematic interpersonal processes that have been associated with poor outcome. Implications for future research and therapist training are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

Predicting patient change from therapist competence and patient-therapist complementarity in short-term anxiety-provoking psychotherapy: a pilot study.

In this pilot study, therapist competence and patient-therapist complementarity measured by the Structural Analysis of Social Behavior system (SASB; Benjamin, 1974) were examined as to their interrelation and their unique, collective, and interactive contributions to patient change in 20 sessions of short-term anxiety-provoking psychotherapy (STAPP; Sifneos, 1979). Patients were 15 highly educated outpatients, mean age 30 years, with mainly anxiety diagnoses. Therapists were in postgraduate manual-guided STAPP training. Results show that competence in an early session did not relate to patient change. In contrast, patient-therapist complementarity ratings predicted patient change both alone and over and above competence. Predictions were strongest for changes in general distress and dysfunctional attitudes and for shorter term change rather than for longer term change.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Effects of training in time-limited dynamic psychotherapy: mediators of therapists' responses to training.

Sixteen therapists were enrolled in a year-long manualized training program as part of the Vanderbilt II study of time-limited dynamic psychotherapy (TLDP). The training program successfully changed therapists' interventions in line with prescriptions of the TLDP manual, but some unanticipated changes ran counter to the intent of the training, including increased negative interpersonal transactions as indicated by process measures such as the Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB). We examined therapist variables, patient variables, and training variables that appeared to mediate therapist responses to the training program. Results indicate that patient difficulty may mediate certain aspects of therapists' responses to training. Therapists with self-reported hostile and controlling introjects showed the greatest technical adherence, which was intriguing because prior research has linked hostile therapist introject to greater frequency of counter-therapeutic interpersonal process. Of special interest were differences in effects of training associated with individual training faculty. This finding, if generalizable, has important implications for manualized therapy research, especially multisite trials.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Self-image and burnout in psychiatric staff.

Burnout was tested for in 754 mental health workers and related to self-image as assessed with Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB, Benjamin 1974). A positive relation was found between burnout and negative self-image, and between the experience of personal accomplishment and positive self-image. Compared to self-image, gender, age and work setting did not explain any variance in burnout. Highly burned-out persons had a significantly more negative self-image than staff who had rated themselves as low burnout. Finally, the relation between self-image and burnout was studied in 210 subjects who had completed their self-image ratings one year before burnout was measured, with the same results: a negative self-image was related to higher burnout one year later. One general conclusion is that a tendency in staff to treat themselves in negative ways may function as a negative filter for coping with difficulties at work and thus be a risk factor for burnout.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The relationship patterns questionnaire (RPQ): validation by using a representative sample].

In this study the present form of the Relationship Patterns Questionnaire (RePat) will be presented as a successor of the Interpersonal Relationship Patterns Questionnaire (IRQ). Similar to the IRQ the RePat assesses the behavior of relationship concerning both one's own and the anticipated behavior of an important person on the basis of the SASB model and the CCRT method. In contrast to the IRQ, the RePat is much shorter and thus easier to use. The study describes the construction and the psychometric examination of the questionnaire by using a representative study (n = 2007, East = 1015, West = 992). The samples of East and West Germany show structural differences concerning its relationship patterns, which in our opinion are plausible for political and historical reasons. The clinical application and their implications for therapeutic interventions will be demonstrated by a single case using both the patient's and her partner's assessment of their relationship.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Dynamic short-term psychotherapy between support and interpretation].

Interpersonal approaches based on the classic concepts of psychoanalysis draw their significance not only from guiding therapists but also provide instruments for empirical psychotherapy research, particularly focussing on the therapeutic process itself. The Dusseldorf Short Term Psychotherapy Project uses several strategies of the SASB-CMP method to examine the interrelation among certain groups of disorders, different courses of treatment, and outcome in dynamic short term psychotherapy. In addition, this paper uses the concept of CMP-based therapeutic interventions to analyze focus-adherence and offers a system for the classification of other, not focus-related therapeutic interventions. For understanding the effects of dynamic short term psychotherapy, it is essential to consider the distinction between more specific approaches, e. g. interpretation, transference, and insight on the one hand, and more general concepts, e. g. emotional experience, absence of re-traumatization, direct or indirect support on the other hand. The 'principle of interpretation' needs a relatively structured patient's ego, while in other cases the basic (re-)organizing of the patient has to be the crucial goal of therapy. This leads to the assumption that successful outcome is achieved by different ways depending on the patients' differing structural levels. The 2 pilot cases of this study illustrate that based on a higher level of structural functioning, more CMP-specific interpretations in the here and now are used to obtain good results, whereas in a case of lower level the first aim is to strengthen the patient's ego functions and to scrutinize his CMP in the there and then.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Assessing psychosomatic aspects of chronic orofacial pain syndrome].

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of COS is often formulated when classification fails for the lack of clear symptoms or persisting complaints in spite of evidence-based dental care. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eight patients suffering from COS and referred to us by the Dental Clinic of the Munich University were invited to complete the self-rating SASB-Intrex questionnaire. In addition, the patients were examined in a clinical psychodynamic interview. RESULTS: All patients suffered from undefined, very often bizarre, complaints of the teeth, oral cavity, and face. These dysesthetic syndromes occurred after previous dental interventions. However, the complaints surpass symptomatic pain due to local aetiologies or neurological causes. There was clinical evidence of underlying unconscious conflicts, e. g., concerning control vs. submission. All patients showed clinically-relevant psychosomatic co-morbidity which could be formulated as cyclic maladaptive interpersonal patterns. CONCLUSION: COS patients are often not sufficiently examined and undergo multiple, sometimes irreversible and invalidating dental or surgical interventions. Given their exclusively somatic attribution style, referral to psychotherapy is frequently unsuccessful. Characteristic cyclic maladaptive interaction patterns may contribute to the chronification process. This study shows the difficulties and chances of an interdisciplinary diagnosis and treatment program.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2007

[How are dysfunctional relationship patterns re-enacted in the therapist-patient interaction?].

Using Structural Analysis of Social Behaviour (SASB), the communicative means by which a patient succeeds in re-enacting his or her own maladaptive relationship patterns in the interaction with the therapist is examined. This line of investigation stems from the work of Henry and co-workers, who have shown that therapists often unknowingly allow themselves to be drawn into subtly hostile interactions with patients, and that such interactions are associated with a negative outcome. In a mixed quantitative-qualitative single case study, the relationship narratives of a female patient from two therapy sessions are analysed using a cluster-analytic procedure in order to identify her repetitive relationship patterns. Then, using a short sequence of interaction, it is demonstrated how a central maladaptive pattern is re-enacted in the therapeutic interaction and gradually takes hold. These results are interpreted as evidence that patient communication contains paradoxical demands which can lead therapists to become part of the maladaptive pattern of interaction.

Humans↗
PubMed1994

Self-image and personality traits in gender identity disorders: an empirical study.

Self-image and personality traits, measured by SASB and SCID screen respectively, were compared between transsexuals, patients diagnosed as Gender Identity Disorders of Adolescence and Adulthood, Non-transsexual Type (GIDAANT), and normal controls. Transsexual and GIDAANT patients differed significantly in both their self-image and personality traits. While both the transsexuals' and controls' self-images were positive with self-love, the GIDAANT patients had a negative self-image. On the SCID screen, the GIDAANT group fulfilled 39.8% of all axis II criteria; transsexuals fulfilled 28.6% versus 17.1% for the control group. Mean GAF scores (axis V) were 62, 70, and 83, respectively. For all patients a more negative self-image was significantly related to lower social functioning according to GAF and to more personality pathology according to SCID screen. The prevalence of additional clinical axis I and II disorders was about twice as high among GIDAANT patients as among transsexuals. Although the two conditions are closely related, we found more differences than similarities in the studied aspects and a clear tendency that the GIDAANT patients had more psychopathology overall. Although the transsexuals also differed significantly in some aspects from the controls, they showed less personality pathology and they had a normal self-image. Negative self-image, high degree of fulfilled axis II criteria, and low GAF scores seem to be corresponding factors and in this study clearly differentiate transsexuals from GIDAANT patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Staff members' feelings toward psychiatric patients related to their own and the patient's self-image and gender.

The relation between staff members' feelings toward a patient and their own and the patient's self-image in different gender combination groups was studied. Staff at 16 psychiatric treatment homes for patients with severe psychopathology reported their feelings toward their patients on a number of occasions. At the start of treatment, both staff members and patients rated their self-images using the Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB). Male staff seemed less influenced by the patient, with their feelings relating mainly to aspects of their own self-image, while the feelings of the female staff were more related to the patient's self-image. The patient's diagnosis was less important for a staff member's feelings than that member's self-image. Generally, the relation between feelings and self-image was stronger for negative feelings. The results point to the importance of understanding more about the influence of staff members' self-structure on their negative feelings toward their patients and how this relates to both the staff member's and patient's gender.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Self-concept and perception of early mother and father behavior in normal and antisocial adolescents.

This study examines the self-concept and perceptions of early parental behavior in a group of 277 normal adolescents with respect to differences in age (12-18 years) and gender. A group of 30 antisocial adolescents of similar age (13-19 years) were included as a comparison group. The study was a cross-sectional questionnaire study and the Swedish translation of the Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB) introject and mother/father questionnaires were used as measures of self- and parental concepts. Multivariate analyses of variance show that the normal adolescent self-concept and perception of early parental behavior are positive and that there are no age or gender differences. The early behavior of the mother is perceived more positively than that of the father. A positive self-concept is related to a positive perception of the parent's early behavior. The antisocial group of adolescents shows a more autonomous and negative self-concept and more negative perception of early parental behaviors. This was true especially in the group of antisocial girls. The conclusion from the study is that there is no evidence of a chaotic self-concept or tumultuous changes in the perceptions of early parental behavior during normal adolescence, but that an antisocial way of life might be reflected in a more negative and autonomous self-concept and in more negative perceptions of early parental behavior during adolescence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

A Myxococcus xanthus cell density-sensing system required for multicellular development.

Progression through early Myxococcus xanthus multicellular fruiting body development requires the generation of and response to extracellular A signal. Extracellular A signal is a specific set of amino acids at an extracellular concentration greater than 10 muM. It functions as a cell density signal during starvation that allows the cells to sense that a minimal cell density has been reached and development can proceed. The generation of extracellular A signal requires the products of three asg genes. They have recently been identified as AsgA, a fused two-component histidine protein kinase and response regulator; AsgB, a putative DNA-binding protein; and AsgC, the M, xanthus major sigma factor. Other elements of the A signaling pathway map to the sasB locus and appear to be A signal transducers. These elements are regulators of the earliest A signal-dependent gene, whose promoter is a member of the sigma-54 family. Continued study of the A signaling pathway is expected to identify additional components of this network required for the complex behavioural response of fruiting body formation.

Cell Count↗