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PubMed1999

Effect of Salvia Miltiorrhiza on coronary collateral circulation in dogs with experimental acute myocardial infarction.

To evaluate the effect of Salvia Miltiorrhiza on coronary collateral circulation in dogs with experimental acute myocardial infarction, 12 dogs were randomly divided into Salvia Miltiorrhiza group (group D) and control group (group C). Acute myocardial infarction model was established in all dogs, Salvia Miltiorrhiza or saline was administered to the 2 groups respectively for 21 days. Coronary angiography was performed before and after ligation of coronary artery. The capillaries and distribution vessel density in tissue sections of myocardia were assessed. Angiography 2 h and 22 days after ligation of coronary artery revealed significant augmentation of collateral vessels, and capillaries and distribution vessel density in ischemic zone on day 22 showed statistically significant augmentation in group D as compared with that of controls (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01). It is concluded that Salvia Miltiorrhiza might improve the opening and formation of coronary collateral circulation of ischemic myocardia in dogs and thereby protecting myocardia from ischemia.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza on left ventricular hypertrophy and cardiac aldosterone in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Chronic treatment with Salvia Miltiorrhiza preventing left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and its possible mechanism--inhibiting the action of cardiac aldosterone in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were investigated. Normotensive Wistar-kyoto (WKY) rats and SHRs were used. Part of SHRs was treated with Salvia Miltiorrhiza for 12 weeks. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and left ventricular mass index were measured. Sections of heart tissue were stained with HE method and VanGieson method. Collagen volume fraction was determined in the left ventricle by automatically quantitative morphometry. Cardiac aldosterone concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay. The results indicated that compared with WKY rats, SHRs exhibited higher SBP, left ventricular collagen volume fraction, and aldosterone concentration (all P < 0.05). After the treatment with Salvia Miltiorrhiza, SBP, left ventricular collagen volume fraction, and aldosterone concentration in SHR were decreased as compared with control group (P < 0.05) except SBP. It was concluded that chronic treatment with Salvia Miltiorrhiza could prevent left ventricular hypertrophy in SHR, significantly inhibit collagen compositions in left ventricle. The mechanism was probably related with the inhibition of the cardiac aldosterone action.

Aldosterone↗
PubMed2005

Anxiolytic effects of Salvia reuterana Boiss. on the elevated plus-maze model of anxiety in mice.

The anxiolytic and sedative effects of hydroalcoholic extract (HE) of Salvia reuterana Boiss. was evaluated in mice. The HE of Salvia reuterana (100 mg/kg), increased the percentage of time-spent and the percentage of arm entries in the open arms of the elevated plus-maze. Spontaneous locomotor activity count measured in 15 min of the test was significantly decreased in animals pretreated with diazepam and 100 mg/kg of Salvia reuterana extract. Results of the present study provide support for the traditional usage of Salvia reuterana as a sedative and anxiolytic medicinal plant.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The hydroalcoholic extract of Salvia elegans induces anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects in rats.

Behavioral effects of a hydroalcoholic (60% ethanol) extract from the leaves of Salvia elegans Vahl (Lamiaceae) were studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The extract was administered intraperitoneally and its effects on spontaneous motor activity (total motility, locomotion, rearing and grooming behavior) were monitored. Putative anxiolytic and antidepressant properties of Salvia elegans were studied in the elevated plus-maze test (EPM) and in the forced swimming test (FST), respectively. Deleterious effects of Salvia elegans on learning and memory were also studied by using active and passive avoidance paradigms. The results revealed that all doses (3.12, 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg) of the extract caused a significant decrease in total motility, locomotion, rearing and grooming behavior. Only the dose of 12.5 mg/kg increased the exploration of the EPM open arms in a similar way to that of diazepam (1 mg/kg). In the FST, all doses of the extract induced a reduction of immobility, in a similar way to that of fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) and imipramine (12.5 mg/kg), along with a significant increase in the time spent in swimming behavior. Acquisition of active avoidance responses was disrupted by pre-treatment with the extract, but retention of a passive avoidance response was not significantly modified. These results suggest that some of the components of the hydroalcoholic extract of Salvia elegans have psychotropic properties, which deserve further investigation.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Positive modulation of mood and cognitive performance following administration of acute doses of Salvia lavandulaefolia essential oil to healthy young volunteers.

Members of the Sage family, such as Salvia officinalis and Salvia lavandulaefolia, have a long history of use as memory-enhancing agents coupled with cholinergic properties that may potentially be relevant to the amelioration of the cognitive deficits associated with Alzheimer's disease. The current study utilised a placebo-controlled, double-blind, balanced, crossover design in order to comprehensively assess any mood and cognition modulation by S. lavandulaefolia. Twenty-four participants received single doses of placebo, 25 microl and 50 microl of a standardised essential oil of S. lavandulaefolia in an order dictated by a Latin square. Doses were separated by a 7-day washout period. Cognitive performance was assessed prior to the day's treatment and at 1, 2.5, 4 and 6 h thereafter using the Cognitive Drug Research (CDR) computerised test battery. Subjective mood ratings were measured using Bond-Lader visual analogue scales. The primary outcome measures were scores on the five cognitive factors that can be derived by factor analysis of the task outcomes from the CDR battery. The results showed that administration of S. lavandulaefolia resulted in a consistent improvement for both the 25- and 50-microl dose on the 'Speed of Memory' factor. There was also an improvement on the 'Secondary Memory' factor for the 25-microl dose. Mood was consistently enhanced, with increases in self-rated 'alertness', 'calmness' and 'contentedness' following the 50-microl dose and elevated 'calmness' following 25 microl. These results represent further evidence that Salvia is capable of acute modulation of mood and cognition in healthy young adults. The data also suggest that previous reports of memory enhancement by Salvia may be due to more efficient retrieval of target material.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Salvia lavandulaefolia (Spanish sage) enhances memory in healthy young volunteers.

Sage (Salvia) has a longstanding reputation in British herbal encyclopaedias as an agent that enhances memory, although there is little evidence regarding the efficacy of sage from systematized trials. Based on known pharmacokinetic and binding properties, it was hypothesised that acute administration of sage would enhance memory in young adult volunteers. Two experiments utilised a placebo-controlled, double-blind, balanced, crossover methodology. In Trial 1, 20 participants received 50, 100 and 150 microl of a standardised essential oil extract of Salvia lavandulaefolia and placebo. In Trial 2, 24 participants received 25 and 50 microl of a standardised essential oil extract of S. lavandulaefolia and placebo. Doses were separated by a 7-day washout period with treatment order determined by Latin squares. Assessment was undertaken using the Cognitive Drug Research computerised test battery prior to treatment and 1, 2.5, 4 and 6 h thereafter. The primary outcome measures were immediate and delayed word recall. The 50 microl dose of Salvia essential oil significantly improved immediate word recall in both studies. These results represent the first systematic evidence that Salvia is capable of acute modulation of cognition in healthy young adults.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed2006

Bioactive triterpenoids from Salvia species.

Salvia species are important medicinal and culinary plants, and they have been the subject of numerous chemical and biological studies. The bioactive triterpenoids of Salvia species, reported in the literature to date, are reviewed. About 200 triterpenoids, almost 80 of which are new, isolated, and characterized from about 100 Salvia species, are presented herein. In addition to the diverse biological activities of the pure triterpenoids, studies on biological activity of extracts of Salvia species are also described.

Plants, Medicinal↗
PubMed2003

Long-term administration of Salvia miltiorrhiza ameliorates carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats.

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is metabolized by cytochrome P450 to form a reactive trichloromethyl radical that triggers a chain of lipid peroxidation. These changes lead to cell injury, and chronic liver injury leads to excessive deposition of collagen in liver, resulting in liver fibrosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of long-term Salvia miltiorrhiza administration in CCl4-induced hepatic injury in rats. Salvia miltiorrhiza (10, 25 or 50 mg kg(-1) twice a day) was given for 9 weeks, beginning at the same time as the injections of CCl4. Rats receiving CCl4 alone showed a decreased hepatic glutathione level and an increased glutathione-S-transferase content. The hepatic thiobarbituratic acid-reactive substance levels were increased. CCl4 also caused a prominent collagen deposition in liver histology that was further supported by the increased hepatic mRNA expression of transforming growth factor-beta1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and procollagen I. Salvia miltiorrhiza administration led to a dose-dependent increase in hepatic glutathione levels and a decrease in peroxidation products. Additionally, it reduced the mRNA expression of markers for hepatic fibrogenesis. In conclusion, long-term administration of Salvia miltiorrhiza in rats ameliorated the CCl4-induced hepatic injury that probably related to a reduced oxidant stress and degree of hepatic fibrosis.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Quality assessment of radix salviae miltiorrhizae.

This paper describes an improved quality assessment method for Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae (Root of Salvia miltiorrhiza BGE.) which was established using chromatographic fingerprinting and quantification of multiple marker compounds in the crude drug. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprinting of water-soluble phenolics and nonpolar tanshinones was performed separately and the authentication of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae was achieved by comparing the fingerprints of the samples with those of the reference crude drug and by comparing the Rf values of the bands in TLC fingerprints with those of reference compounds. HPLC fingerprints were obtained by simultaneous separation of phenolics and diterpenoids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae. The HPLC fingerprints of seven batches of samples from different regions of China showed similar chromatographic patterns, and seven peaks were selected as characteristic peaks. The relative retention time of these characteristic peaks in the HPLC fingerprints was established as an important parameter for the identification of this herbal medicine. The pharmacologically active marker compounds salvianolic acid B, rosmarinic acid, and tanshinone IIA in herbal medicine were quantitatively determined using reverse-phase HPLC techniques. The HPLC quantitation methods of the three marker compounds were validated and the measurement uncertainty, which is important for setting the proposed content limit of the marker compounds in herbal medicine, were further evaluated.

Drug Evaluation, Preclinical↗
PubMed2003

[Ligustrazine and Salvia miltiorrhiza injection solution in complementary therapy of pregnancy-induced hypertension: clinical analysis of 60 cases].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical effects of ligustrazine and Salvia miltiorrhiza injection solutions in the complementary therapy of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). METHODS: Sixty patients with PIH were equally divided into 2 groups to receive intravenous infusion of 80 mg ligustrazine and 16 ml Salvia miltiorrhiza injection solution respectively, in addition to the conventional therapies. The effects of the two complementary treatments were compared. RESULTS: After a treatment course of 10 days, ligustrazine produced obvious effect in inhibiting fibrinolysis and promoting microcirculation of the patients. Salvia miltiorrhiza injection resulted in obvious reduction of blood viscosity, cholesterol and lipoprotein. CONCLUSION: Ligustrazine and Salvia miltiorrhiza injections produce obvious therapeutic effects on PIH, but they are used for different clinical purposes as their in pharmacological action difference.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Determination of danshensu in rat serum after oral administer compound Salvia recipe].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the absorption of the water soluble components of Salvia miltiorrhiza and establish methods to determine Danshensu in rat serum after ig compound Salvia recipe. METHOD: Used liquid-liquid extraction to deal with the serum, then determined the sample by high-performance liquid chromatography. The conditions for HPLC were as the following: the mobile phase, CH3OH-CH3CN-0.5% CH3COOH (2.5:3.5:94) with a flow rate of 1.0 mL.min-1; detection wavelength, 281 nm; internal standard, 4-hydroxy-benzoic acid. RESULT: Danshensu and an unknown compound whose reserved time was little shorter than protocatechuic aldehyde were found in the rat serum after ig compound Salvia recipe, while protocatechuic aldehyde weren't found in the serum. CONCLUSION: Danshensu can be absorbed into blood after ig compound Salvia recipe.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Preparation and characterization of Radix Salvia reference material for heavy metals under GAP control].

OBJECTIVE: To prepare and characterize the heavy metal reference material of radix salvia planted in Zhongjiang, Sichuan province under the good agricultural procedure (GAP). METHOD: After being prepared, the reference material was digested with 65% HNO3 and H2O2 by microwave-assisted oven systems, and the heavy metals in Radix salvia reference material were accurately determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). RESULT: The measuring method was validated by running certificated reference materials, including bush twigs and leaves (GBW07602) and tea twigs and leaves (GBW07605) under the same conditions. The recoveries of the elements mostly ranged from 90% to 110%, and the RSD was within 5%. The measurement of radix salvia reference material was carried out by different laboratories with ICP-MS and by several time intervals in one year for the stability. The results showed that the concentration of the heavy metals provided were accurate and the reference material was stable. CONCLUSION: The reference material is suitable to be the criterions of heavy metals for radix salvia in the qualities controlling, and is also suitable to be the criterion of poisonous heavy metals of other herbs in the administration of GAP.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2005

Effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza on intestinal microflora in rats with ischemia/reperfusion liver injury.

BACKGROUND: Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury may induce intestinal microflora imbalance. Salvia miltiorrhiza is effective in promoting blood circulation and counteracting peroxidation in tissues. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza on intestinal microflora, endotoxemia, and bacterial translocation in rats with hepatic I/R injury. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats in specific pathogen free grade were divided into 3 groups: group I(n=6) for sham operation; groups II(n=10) and III(n=7) for liver ischemia for 20 minutes and reperfusion for 22 hours. Group III was also pretreated with 4 ml/day of Salvia miltiorrhiza solution (250 mg/kg) by daily gavage for 7 days. The levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase(SOD) in liver tissues, serum endotoxin, intestinal bacterial counts, intestinal mucosal histology and bacterial translocation were studied. RESULTS: The levels of ALT, AST, plasma endotoxin and MDA in liver tissues were decreased more markedly in group III (57.57+/-18.08 U/L, 147.57+/-40.84 U/L, 0.42+/-0.144 EU/ml and 0.52+/-0.19 nmol/mg-prot respectively) in group II(122.8+/-80.12 U/L, 295.9+/-216.92 U/L, 0.80+/-0.262 EU/ml and 0.72+/-0.12 nmol/mg-prot; P<0.05-0.01 respectively). Liver SOD activity was increased more significantly in group III (318.47+/-64.62 U/mg-prot) than in group II(240.76+/-63.67 U/mg-prot, P<0.05). The counts of Bifidobacteria and Bacteroides increased more significantly in group III than in group II, but were similar to those in group I. Bacterial translocation to the kidney in group II was 50%(5/10), whereas no bacterial translocation to the kidney occurred in the other two groups (P<0.01). Ileal mucosal structure was markedly ameliorated in group III as compared with group II. CONCLUSIONS: Salviae miltiorrhiza could partially restore intestinal microflora balance, improve intestinal mucosal integrity, and reduce bacterial translocation and plasma endotoxin in rats with hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Effect of Salviae miltiorrhizae on mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and organ injury in rats with severe acute pancreatitis].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and organ injury, and the effect of Salviae Miltiorrhizae on iNOS mRNA in severe acute pancreas (SAP) rats. METHODS: Forty-five Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups, the model group (MG), the Salviae Miltiorrhizae group (SMG), and the control group (CG), with 15 rats in each group. Rats in MG and SMG were established to SAP model by intraductal injection with 5% sodium taurocholate in a dose of 1.0 ml/kg, while rats in CG were merely performed sham-operation. Immediately after modeling, rats in SMG were injected with Salviae Miltiorrhizae injection (SMI) 2 ml/kg every 6 h for 4 times in total, but to rats in other two groups same volume of normal saline were administered. The level of serum amylase (AMY), nitric oxide (NO) and the volume of ascites of rats were determined 24h after modeling, and intensity of iNOS mRNA expression in pancreas, lung and kidney were detected in the same time using in situ hybridization and image analysis. The pathologic change was observed as well. RESULTS: The volume of ascites and serum levels of AMY and NO in MG were significantly higher then those in SMG and CG (P < 0.05 and P <0.01). The expression of iNOS mRNA in pancreas, lung and kidney increased in MG and SMG, it was significantly higher in MG than that in SMG. And the pathological change of pancreas, lung and kidney in SMG was milder than that in MG. CONCLUSIONS: Over-expression of iNOS mRNA could cause excessive synthesis of NO, and lead to injury of pancreas, lung and kidney in SAP. Salviae Miltiorrhizae in early stage of the disease can inhibit the over-expression of iNOS mRNA to ameliorate the injury of the pancreas, lung and kidney.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Histochemical study on effect of radix Salviae miltiorrhizae on growth of isolated cells from embryonic chicken frontal bone cultured in vitro].

12-day embryonic chicken frontal bone digested with trypsin to prepare the suspension of isolated bone cells. 3 x 10(6) cells were harvested altogether. The cells were divided equally into five parts. Then the Eagle medium and 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.8% Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae in Eagle medium were added respectively and cultured in 5% CO2 incubator. It was observed under the inverted microscope every day. At the 26th day of culture, the cells were studied. The specimens were stained with H. E., Alcian Blue-Sirius Red, Alizarin Red S staining and alkaline phosphatase-acid phosphatase reaction for comparison. It was found that the maturation of the osteoblast-like cells could be accelerated by Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae. Secretion of the collagenous substance, positive alkaline phosphatase reaction and deposition of mineral on the collagenous substance, forming bone nodules were found to be enhanced. But unduly high concentration of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae could lead to inhibition of osteoblast-like cell growth. The optimal concentration of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae was 0.2% in culture medium.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Effects of radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae on visceral pain discharges in the posterior nucleus of the thalamus in cats].

Extracellular microelectrode method and stereotaxic technique of brain were used to investigate the effects of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae on the discharges of visceral pain in the posterior nucleus of thalamus(po)in cats. Experiments showed that Radix Salvia Miltiorrhizae inhibited the discharges of visceral pain in po, Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae acts directly on the peripheral nerve trunk and cannot block its exciting conduction. This suggests that the analgesic effect of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae is exerted via central nervous system.

Analgesics↗
PubMed1989

[Protective effects of Salviae miltiorrhizae and anisodamine (654-2) against early lung injury in acute hemorrhagic necrotizing pancreatitis in the dog].

Experimental study had been conducted on 18 healthy adult mongral dogs of both sex, weighting from 7.5-11 kg, randomly divided into four groups. Experimental models of acute hemorrhagic necrotizing pancreatitis (AHNP) were established by retrograde injecting 1 ml/kg of sodium taurocholate directly into the pancreatic duct. The dogs were treated respectively with intravenous infusion of Salviae miltiorrhizae (5 g/kg), 654-2(5 mg/kg) or normal saline. The results showed that PaO2, PaCO2 and pH did not change in early stage of AHNP. The contents of lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH), albumin and lipid peroxide (LPO) of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in the AHNP group were significantly higher than that of Salviae miltiorrhizae group (P less than 0.05). The necrosis and disruption of conjunction of endothelial cells resulting from the defects of vascular wall were noted under transmission electron microscope. Both pulmonary vascular and type II pneumocyte were normal in the Salviae miltiorrhizae group. These results suggested that Salviae miltiorrhizae possess the effect of protecting endothelial cells of pulmonary vascular and type II pneumocyte, which could function as scavenger of oxygen-derived free radicals.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Prophylactic effects of Salvia miltiorrhizae and ligustrazine on experimental respiratory distress syndrome induced by oleic acid in rats].

The prophylactic effects of Salvia miltiorrhizae and ligustrazine on experimental respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in Wistar rats were observed and compared with the dexamethasone. Sixty-two male rats weighing 194.68 +/- 20.40 g (M +/- SD) were used in this experiment. The rats were randomly divided into five (A-E) groups. Group A was given normal saline 0.1 ml/kg alone and group B oleic acid 0.1 ml/kg; both were injected in tail vein, and the latter produced typical RDS. Group C, D, E were injected intraperitoneally with agents of dexamethasone 2 mg/kg, Salvia miltiorrhizae 1.5 g/kg, and ligustrazine 20mg/kg, respectively, 15 minutes before oleic acid intravenous injection. All of the animals were sacrificed quickly 6 hours after injections and lung tissues were taken and examined with light and electronic microscope. The results showed that all of these medicines could minimize the lesions caused by oleic acid. Lung/body index was reduced. Prophylactic effects of Salvia miltiorrhizae and ligustrazine were similar to dexamethasone. The authors considered that preventive use of Salvia miltiorrhizae or ligustrazine could protect the lung from the development of RDS.

Animals↗