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PubMed2006

[Studies on the chemical constituents of Rhodiola dumulosa (II)].

The rhizoma samples of Rhodiola dumulosa were cut into fragments and extracted by 95% EtOH. This extract was successively extracted with Et2O, EtOAc, n-BuOH. Five compounds were obtained from the EtOAc fraction. The structures were identified as beta-sitosterol glucoside (I), chrysophanol-8-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (II), rhodionin (III), crenuloside (IV), herbacetin-7-O-(3"-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-alpha-L-rhamnoside (V). Chrysophanol-8-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside and crenuloside of compounds were obtained from this plant for the first time, and chrysophanol-8-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside was obtained from Rhodiola Linn for the first time.

Glucosides↗
PubMed2001

Preparative isolation and purification of salidroside from the Chinese medicinal plant Rhodiola sachalinensis by high-speed counter-current chromatography.

High-speed counter-current chromatography was applied to the isolation and purification of salidroside from the Chinese medicinal plant Rhodiola sachalinensis A. Bor. The crude salidroside was obtained by extraction with methanol from Rhodiola sachalinensis A. Bor. Preparative high-speed counter-current chromatography with a two-phase solvent system composed of n-butanol-ethyl acetate-water (2:3:5, v/v) was successfully performed yielding salidroside (32 mg) at 98% purity from 250 mg of the crude extract in a one-step separation.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1999

Prolyl endopeptidase inhibitors from the underground part of Rhodiola sacra S. H. Fu.

Prolyl endopeptidase (PEP, EC 3.4.21.26) is an enzyme which plays a role in the metabolism of proline-containing neuropeptides, e.g., vasopressin, substance P and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which have been suggested to be involved in learning and memory processes. In our systematic screening for PEP inhibitors from traditional Chinese medicines, we found that MeOH extract from the underground part of Rhodiola sacra S. H. Fu shows significant inhibitory activity against PEP from Flavobacterium meningosepticum. Examination of the constituents of the extract resulted in the isolation of nineteen known compounds, identified as hydroquinone (1), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (2), caffeic acid (3), 4-hydroxycinnamic acid (4), suberic acid (5), protocatechuic acid (6), gallic acid (7), (-)-epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate (8), 2-phenylethyl beta-D-glucopyranoside (9), 3-O-galloylepigallocatechin-(4beta-->8)-epigallocatechin+ ++ 3-O-gallate (10), 2-phenylethyl alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (11), sacranoside A (12), beta-D-glucopyranosyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (13), rhodiocyanoside A (14), rhodiooctanoside (15), sarmentosin (16), heterodendrin (17), arbutin (18) and 4-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-gallic acid (19). Among these, 1, 2, 5, 8-10, 13, 16, 18 and 19 have been isolated for the first time from R. sacra, among which 5, 9, 10, 13, 16, 18 and 19 have been isolated from Rhodiola plants for the first time. On the PEP inhibition, seven compounds (6-8, 10, 12, 18, 19) showed inhibition with an 1C50 of 27.8, 487, 1.47, 0.437, 348, 391 and 215 microM, respectively. The kinetic study of these inhibitors indicated that they are noncompetitive inhibitors, except for 6 which is a competitive inhibitor.

Drugs, Chinese Herbal↗
PubMed2001

Prolyl endopeptidase inhibitors from the underground part of Rhodiola sachalinensis.

The methanolic extract of the underground part of Rhodiola sachalinensis was found to show inhibitory activity on prolyl endopeptidase (PEP, EC. 3.4.21.26), an enzyme that plays a role in the metabolism of proline-containing neuropeptidase which is recognized to be involved in learning and memory. From the MeOH extract, five new monoterpenoids named sachalinols A (24), B (25) and C (26) and sachalinosides A (23) and B (27) were isolated, together with twenty-two known compounds, gallic acid (1), trans-p-hydroxycinnamic acid (2), p-tyrosol (3), salidroside (4), 6n-O-galloylsalidroside (5), benzyl beta-D-glucopyranoside (6), 2-phenylethyl beta-D-glucopyranoside (7), trans-cinnamyl beta-D-glucopyranoside (8), rosarin (9), rhodiocyanoside A (10), lotaustralin (11), octyl beta-D-glucopyranoside (12), 1,2,3,6-tetra-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose (13), 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose (14), kaempferol (15), kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-xylofuranosyl(1-->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (16), kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1-->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (17), rhodionin (18), rhodiosin (19), (-)-epigallocatechin (20), 3-O-galloylepigallocatechin-(4-->8)-epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate (21) and rosiridin (22). Among these, nineteen compounds other than 3, 4 and 9 have been isolated for the first time from R. sachalinensis, and six (6, 8, 13, 16, 17, 20) are isolated from Rhodiola plants for the first time. Among them, six compounds (13, 14, 18, 19, 21, 22) showed noncompetitive inhibition against Flavobacterium PEP, with an IC50 of 0.025, 0.17, 22, 41, 0.44 and 84 microM, respectively.

Binding, Competitive↗
PubMed1992

[HPLC determination of salidroside in the roots of Rhodiola genus plants].

This paper reports a high performance liquid chromatographic (PHLC) method for the determination of salidroside in 10 samples of the plants of Rhodiola crenulata, R. alterna, R. brevipetiolata, R. yunnanensis and R. quadrifida as well as extracts of R. crenulata. Determination was carried out under the following conditions: column (mu Bondapak ODS, 10 microns, 3.9 mm x 300 mm), mobile phase (methanol-water, 2:8), flow rate (1.0 ml/min), detector (Waters 484, wavelength 276 nm). External standard method was used. The results show that HPLC is a useful tool for the quantitative analysis of salidroside in the plants of Rhodiola genus and the extracts of R. crenulata.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1990

[Electron microscopic observation of the effects of Rhodiola kirilowii (Regel.) Maxim. in preventing damage of the rat viscera by a hypoxic high altitude environment].

This paper has shown that the pathologic damages done to rat's viscera due to hypoxic environment of altitude can be reduced significantly by oral administrations of Shengmaiyin, Danshen-Chuanxiong mixture and Rhodiola kirilowii. Shengmaiyin that maintains interior substances in the plate layer bodies proves more effective than Danshen-Chuanxiong mixture, while the latter excels in preventing capillary contraction, thus improving blood circulation. Rhodiola kirilowii has the effects of both Shengmaiyin and Danshen-Chuanxiong mixtures.

Altitude Sickness↗
PubMed1986

Effects of meclofenoxate and Extr. Rhodiolae roseae L. on electroconvulsive shock-impaired learning and memory in rats.

In experiments on albino rats, the authors studied the effects of meclofenoxate and Extr. Rhodiolae roseae on the memory-impairing action of convulsant electroshock. "Step-down" passive avoidance training with negative reinforcement was used to trace the changes in memory. Meclofenoxate administered i.p. in a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight for five days prevented the retrograde amnesia observed after convulsant electroshock upon retention testing on the 3rd and 24th hr after the end of the training session. The Rhodiola extract administered orally in a dose of 0.10 ml/rat for 10 days, which in other experimental approaches improved learning and memory, remained ineffective here. The role of biogenic monoamines in the learning- and memory-improving effects of meclofenoxate is considered on the basis of earlier studies by the authors.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[An investigation of medicinal Rhodiola in Sichuan Province].

Twenty-two species of Rhodiola produced in Sichuan Province are reported in this paper, including their distributions, habitats and localities. Among them, there is a new species named Rhodiola wolongensis. Its morphology has been described in Latin. I key for the identification of all these 22 species has been compiled and presented.

China↗
PubMed1993

[Studies on the hypoglycemic effect of Rhodiola sachalinensis A. Bor. polysaccharides].

Rhodiola sachalinensis polysaccharides (RSP) isolated from the root of Rhodiola sachalinensis was demonstrated to decrease the levels of blood sugar, liver glycogen and total blood lipid when injected peritoneally to mice at 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg once or for 7 successive days. In addition, RSP was found to decrease blood sugar and total blood lipid in various experimental hyperglycemias induced by injection of adrenaline, glucose and alloxan in mice. RSP exhibit inhibiting effect on the glycogen enhancement induced by glucose as well as strenghtening effect on the glycogen decomposition induced by adrenaline and alloxan.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The participation of the mu-, delta- and kappa-opioid receptors in the realization of the anti-arrhythmia effect of Rhodiola rosea].

A course of the adaptogen extractum Rhodiola rosea (3.5 ml/kg given per os daily for 8 days). produces am antiarrhythmic effect on models of epinephrine-induced arrhythmia. Blockade of mu-opiate receptors (OR) by naloxone (0.2 mg/kg) and delta-OR by ICI 174.864 (2.5 mg/kg) had no effect on the resistance of the heart of rats adapted to epinephrine. Higher doses of naloxone reduced significantly the antiarrhythmic effect of extr. Rhodiola. The antiarrhythmic effect of the extract is assumed to be related to activation of the opioid system and stimulation of kappa-OR.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The anti-arrhythmia action of an extract of Rhodiola rosea and of n-tyrosol in models of experimental arrhythmias].

A daily 8-day course of Rhodiolae fluidum extract (1 ml/kg; ED50 = 0.43 ml/kg)--a preparation from the group of adaptogens caused a marked preventive antiarrhythmic effect on models of adrenaline and CaCl2-induced, but not acontine, arrhythmias. Aglycone--n-tyrosol demonstrated a lower antiarrhythmic activity (ED50 = 16 mg/kg) than that of Rhodiola extract.

Aconitine↗
PubMed1996

[Hypoglycemic effect of Rhodiola sachalinensis A. Bor. polysaccharides: comparison of administration in different ways].

When Rhodiola sachalinensis polysaccharides A and B (RSP A and RSP B) were intraperitoneally injected to mice at dosages of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg, the result showed that RSP B was the effective hypoglycemic ingredient of Rhodiola sachalinensis. When mice were administrated in different ways, it was shown that RSP B did not possess significant hypoglycemic effect through absorption in the instestines. However, RSP B does possess significant hypoglycemic effect if administrated subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intraperitoneally and intravenously.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

In vitro protective effect of Rhodiola rosea extract against hypochlorous acid-induced oxidative damage in human erythrocytes.

Rhodiola rosea L. (Crassulaceae) is a plant living at high altitudes in Europe and Asia. Its roots have long been used in the traditional medical system of these geographical areas to increase the organism resistance to physical stress; today, it has become an important component of many dietary supplements. In this study we investigate the antioxidant capacity of the R. rosea aqueous extract evaluating its ability to counteract some of the main damages induced by hypochlorous acid (HOCl), a powerful oxidant generated by activated phagocytes, to human erythrocytes. Ascorbic acid was used as a reference substance because of its physiological HOCl-scavenging ability. Our study demonstrates that R. rosea is able to significantly protect, in a dose-dependent manner, human RBC from glutathione (GSH) depletion, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) inactivation and hemolysis induced by the oxidant. Furthermore, we demonstrate that R. rosea aqueous extract acts from the inside of the erythrocyte suggesting a probable involving of cell components. The protection on GSH afforded by the R. rosea extract with respect to ascorbic acid, occurred also if added 2 or 5 min. later than the oxidant, suggesting a more rapid or powerful effect.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2004

LC/MS/MS identification of glycosides produced by biotransformation of cinnamyl alcohol in Rhodiola rosea compact callus aggregates.

Cinnamyl alcohol was added to the media of compact callus aggregates (CCA) of Rhodiola rosea for stimulating the production of cinnamyl glycosides. The biotransformation reaction produced high amounts of rosin, while only a very low amount of rosavin was produced. As the consumption rate of cinnamyl alcohol was much higher than production of rosin, the aqueous methanol extracts of compact callus aggregates were studied by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric methods and four new unexpected biotransformation products of cinnamyl alcohol were identified.

Biotransformation↗
PubMed2003

Comparison of electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization techniques in the analysis of the main constituents from Rhodiola rosea extracts by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.

Rhodiola rosea L. (Golden Root) has been used for a long time as an adaptogen in Chinese traditional medicine and is reported to have many pharmacological properties. A liquid chromatographic (LC) method with mass spectrometric (MS) detection based on selected ion monitoring (SIM) was developed for determining salidroside, sachaliside 1, rosin, 4-methoxycinnamyl-O-beta-glucopyranoside, rosarin, rosavin, cinnamyl-(6'-O-beta-xylopyranosyl)-O-beta-glucopyranoside, 4-methoxy-cinnamyl-(6'-O-alpha-arabinopyranosyl)-O-beta-glucopyranoside, rosiridin and benzyl-O-beta-glucopyranoside from the callus and plant extracts in one chromatographic run. Good linearity over the range 0.5-500 ng ml(-1) for salidroside, 2-2000 ng ml(-1) for rosavin and 2-500 ng ml(-1) for benzyl-O-beta-glucopyranoside was observed. The intra-assay accuracy and precision within quantitation ranges varied between -10.0 and +13.2% and between 0.7 and 9.0%, respectively. Optimization of the ionization process was performed with electrospray and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization techniques using four different additive compositions for eluents in the LC/MS scan mode, using both positive and negative ion modes. The best ionization sensitivity for the compounds studied was obtained with electrospray ionization when using pure water without any additives as the aqueous phase.

Atmospheric Pressure↗
PubMed2003

Hepatoprotective phenolic constituents of Rhodiola sachalinensis on tacrine-induced cytotoxicity in Hep G2 cells.

Two hepatoprotective phenolic compounds, kaempferol (2) and salidroside (4), were isolated from the roots of Rhodiola sachalinensis together with two inactive compounds cinnamyl alcohol (1) and daucosterol (3) based on the hepatoprotective activity against tacrine-induced cytotoxicity in human liver-derived Hep G2 cells. The EC(50) values of compounds 2 and 4 were 33.5 and 51.3 micro m, respectively. Silybin as a positive control showed an EC(50) value of 68.4 micro m.

Cell Division↗
PubMed2005

Bioactive compounds from Rhodiola rosea (Crassulaceae).

The methanol extract of the underground part of Rhodiola rosea was found to show inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of a 95% ethanol extract from the stems of R. rosea led to the isolation of five compounds: gossypetin-7-O-L-rhamnopyranoside (1), rhodioflavonoside (2), gallic acid (3), trans-p-hydroxycinnamic acid (4) and p-tyrosol (5). Their structures were elucidated by UV, IR, MS and NMR data, as well as by comparison with those of the literature. Compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated for their antibacterial and antiprostate cancer cell activities. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited activity against Staphylococcus aureus with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 50 microg/mL and 100 microg/mL, respectively. Cytotoxicity studies of 1 and 2 also displayed activity against the prostate cancer cell line with IC(50) values of 50 microg/mL and 80 microg/mL, respectively.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2007

Adaptogenic and central nervous system effects of single doses of 3% rosavin and 1% salidroside Rhodiola rosea L. extract in mice.

Rhodiola rosea L., or 'golden root', is a popular plant in traditional medicine in Eastern Europe and Asia, with a reputation for improving depression, enhancing work performance, eliminating fatigue and treating symptoms of asthenia subsequent to intense physical and psychological stress. Due to these therapeutic properties, R. rosea is considered to be one of the most active adaptogenic drugs. To confirm and extend results obtained in the few preclinical and clinical studies available in English language journals, the purpose of the present study was to re-investigate the effects produced by a single oral administration of an R. rosea hydroalcohol extract (containing 3% rosavin and 1% salidroside) on the central nervous system in mice. The extract was tested on antidepressant, adaptogenic, anxiolytic, nociceptive and locomotor activities at doses of 10, 15 and 20 mg/kg, using predictive behavioural tests and animal models. The results show that this R. rosea extract significantly, but not dose-dependently, induced antidepressant-like, adaptogenic, anxiolytic-like and stimulating effects in mice. This study thus provides evidence of the efficacy of R. rosea extracts after a single administration, and confirms many preclinical and clinical studies indicating the adaptogenic and stimulating effects of such R. rosea extracts. Moreover, antidepressant-like and anxiolytic-like activities of R. rosea were shown in mice for the first time.

Administration, Oral↗