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PubMed1996

Validity of retrospective disease activity assessment in systemic lupus erythematosus.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the validity of retrospective disease activity assessment derived from clinical charts. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 37 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in 90 visits using the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI), the Mexican SLEDAI (Mex-SLEDAI), and the Lupus Activity Criteria Count (LACC) indices. Routine clinical observations were written by rheumatologists blind to index scores. These notes were reviewed 2 years later to obtain retrospective index scores and their validity was assessed using prospective scores as the standard. Statistical analysis was by Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (rs), Wilcoxon matched pairs test, kappa statistic, and intraclass correlation coefficient (ri). We calculated the sensitivity and specificity of retrospective indices to detect active disease. RESULTS: Median retrospective scores were lower in all indices: SLEDAI (4 VS 2, p =0.004, RS = 0.68, ri = 0.30); Mex-SLEDAI (2 vs 1, p < 0.0003, rs = 0.79, ri = 0.31); and LACC (1 vs 1, p = 0.007, rs = 0.65, ri = 0.21). Used to detect active SLE, the retrospective SLEDAI had a sensitivity of 0.68 and a specificity of 0.86; corresponding values for the Mex-SLEDAI were 0.72 and 0.91, and for the LACC, 0.77 and 0.76. CONCLUSION: Retrospective disease activity indices tended to provide lower scores than prospective evaluations. They often missed patients with mildly active disease, but when positive they were good predictors of disease activity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Improving knowledge about disability transitions by adding retrospective information to panel surveys. Population health metrics.

BACKGROUND: Panel data are often used to estimate key measures of public health, such as years lived with and without disability. Panel surveys commonly measure disability at intervals of one or two years, and occasionally more than two. It is likely that these intervals often include unreported changes in functional status. Unreported changes may bias estimates of disability transition probabilities, which are commonly used to estimate years lived with and without disability. Most surveys do not ask participants about periods with and without disability in the time since they last responded to the survey. We examined a way to improve the usefulness of panel surveys and our understanding of disability processes, by eliciting retrospective disability information. METHODS: Data were from the United States' National Long Term Care Survey. At each wave, this survey asks disabled respondents how long they have been disabled. We tested whether estimates of probabilities predicting changes in disability status can be improved by making use of this retrospective disability information. Methods included embedded Markov Chain analysis, microsimulation, and the Hausman specification test. RESULTS: Estimates based on data that include retrospective information are significantly different from those that use only the more limited information that is contemporaneous to the surveys. They are also more efficient. At age 65, all estimated probabilities for becoming disabled were higher when retrospective information was used, and all probabilities for remaining disabled were lower. Microsimulation revealed that using retrospective information increased the number of functional status transitions. For example, for women the mean number of transitions from nondisabled to disabled or dead was 52.7% greater when retrospective information was added to the analysis. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the value of future panel studies for estimating transitions in disability could be notably enhanced by adding a small number of questions asking respondents for details about their disabilities--and lack of disabilities--in the period since a preceding survey wave. Information provided by such questions could substantially improve both the measurement of disability histories and estimates of disability processes.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Comparison of prospective and retrospective methods for haplotype inference in case-control studies.

We compare bias and power of three methods for haplotype inference on disease risk using unphased genotype data from a case-control study. We examine the prospective score test of Schaid et al., a novel modification of the prospective estimating equations of Zhao et al. and the retrospective likelihood of Epstein and Satten. We find that all three approaches are roughly comparable when the haplotype effect on disease odds follows a multiplicative model. However, for dominant and recessive models of haplotype effect, the retrospective-likelihood method has increased efficiency with respect to the prospective methods. As all three methods assume haplotype frequencies are in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE), we compare the robustness of each procedure to departures from HWE. We find the prospective methods are robust to departure from HWE, while the retrospective-likelihood method is biased for dominant and recessive models of haplotype effect. To remedy this limitation of the retrospective-likelihood method, we propose a modification that allows for a non-negative fixation index (common to all haplotype pairs) and show it dramatically reduces the bias of the retrospective likelihood when HWE is violated.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1991

The course of schizophrenia: some remarks on a yet unsolved problem of retrospective data collection.

The retrospective assessment of symptoms and syndromes is a basic measure in research of the longitudinal course of schizophrenia. In spite of its importance there have been few studies evaluating the standard of quality of instruments for retrospective data collection. Combining retrospectively and cross-sectionally collected data on schizophrenic symptomatology in a cohort study over a period of 5 years revealed a significant underestimation of symptoms when assessed in retrospect. The need for studies on the validity of instruments for the retrospective assessment of symptoms is stressed.

Delusions↗
PubMed2004

Value of image fusion using single photon emission computed tomography with integrated low dose computed tomography in comparison with a retrospective voxel-based method in neuroendocrine tumours.

The objective was the evaluation of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with integrated low dose computed tomography (CT) in comparison with a retrospective fusion of SPECT and high-resolution CT and a side-by-side analysis for lesion localisation in patients with neuroendocrine tumours. Twenty-seven patients were examined by multidetector CT. Additionally, as part of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (SRS), an integrated SPECT-CT was performed. SPECT and CT data were fused using software with a registration algorithm based on normalised mutual information. The reliability of the topographic assignment of lesions in SPECT-CT, retrospective fusion and side-by-side analysis was evaluated by two blinded readers. Two patients were not enrolled in the final analysis because of misregistrations in the retrospective fusion. Eighty-seven foci were included in the analysis. For the anatomical assignment of foci, SPECT-CT and retrospective fusion revealed overall accuracies of 91 and 94% (side-by-side analysis 86%). The correct identification of foci as lymph node manifestations (n=25) was more accurate by retrospective fusion (88%) than from SPECT-CT images (76%) or by side-by-side analysis (60%). Both modalities of image fusion appear to be well suited for the localisation of SRS foci and are superior to side-by-side analysis of non-fused images especially concerning lymph node manifestations.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

The relative validity of retrospectively assessed energy intake data in cases with myocardial infarction and controls (the Zutphen Study).

The relative validity of energy intake data, retrospectively collected after a 15-year period, was investigated. In 1970 dietary data were obtained by the cross-check dietary history method among 615 men aged 50-69. Between 1970 and 1985, 43 of these men had a non-fatal myocardial infarction. As controls 86 healthy men were selected. Of these 129 men, 112 were interviewed about their usual food intake in 1985 and in 1970. The retrospectively collected food intake data were compared with the data obtained in 1970. Retrospectively the average energy intake was overestimated by approximately 300 kcal/day. The amount of overestimation was statistically associated with change in energy intake, education and interviewer. The data collected in 1970 showed a significantly lower energy intake in cases compared with controls. However, the retrospectively assessed energy intake data showed no significant difference. A difference in energy intake between cases and controls may not be found when dietary intake data are assessed retrospectively.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

The validity of prospective and retrospective global change criterion measures.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the validity of retrospective versus prospective criterions of change. DESIGN: Single cohort pretest-posttest design. SETTING: Physical or occupational therapy outpatient clinics. PARTICIPANTS: Volunteer sample of 211 patients with upper-extremity musculoskeletal problems. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire, the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index, the Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation, the Medical Outcomes Study 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey; global disability rating (GDR), retrospective global rating of change (GRC), and patient satisfaction. RESULTS: Correlations were calculated among the baseline, 3-month follow-up, and change scores for each outcome measure with the change criterion instruments. Retrospective GRC and patient satisfaction ratings showed moderate correlations with the 3-month follow-up scores, but nonsignificant correlations with baseline scores. By contrast, the prospective GDR criterion showed significant correlations with both baseline and 3-month follow-up scores ranging between 0.3 and 0.4 (absolute value). CONCLUSIONS: Retrospective self-report measures of change do not accurately reflect true change over time. The retrospective GRC and patient satisfaction were heavily influenced by current (posttreatment) status whereas the prospective global change measure reflected both baseline and posttreatment status equally and thus appeared to be a more valid measure of change over time. This study demonstrates the need for an alternative criterion for establishing true individual change.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

A comparison of coping assessed by ecological momentary assessment and retrospective recall.

Recent research suggests that retrospective coping assessments may not correspond well with day-to-day reports. The authors extended this work by examining the correspondence between short-term (within 48 hr) retrospective coping reports and momentary reports recorded via a palm-top computer close in time to when the stressor occurred. There was relatively poor correspondence between the 2 assessments. Some reports of momentary coping were not reported retrospectively, and some coping reported retrospectively was not reported at the time the stressor occurred. Cognitive coping was more likely to be underreported retrospectively; behavior coping was overreported. Participants were consistent in their discrepancies, but there was no correspondence between discrepancy rates and demographic or personality variables.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2007

Effects of question format and collection mode on the accuracy of retrospective surveys of health risk behavior: a comparison with daily sexual activity diaries.

OBJECTIVE: To use prospective diaries to assess the effects of alternative survey question formats and data collection modes on the accuracy of retrospective self-reports of sexual behavior for the same time period. DESIGN: Over a 3-month period, 493 adults completed and returned by mail daily diaries of their sexual activities. Participants then returned to complete a retrospective survey of their sexual activities during the same 3-month time period. Participants were randomized to 1 of 6 retrospective experimental survey conditions that represented the combinations of 2 question formats (in aggregate and by partner) and 3 collection modes (paper questionnaire, computer-assisted self-interview [CASI], and audio-enhanced CASI). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Frequencies of sexual activities and condom use reported in surveys were compared with what participants had recorded in their prospective daily diaries. RESULTS: Relative to activity recorded in daily diaries, participants more often underreported than overreported (61% vs. 28%, p < .05) sexual behavior in retrospective surveys. Greater survey-to-diary consistency in reported behavior was achieved with by-partner question format (p < .032) and CASI collection modes (p < .05) used in surveys. However, median rates of error in survey-to-diary comparisons of reported behavior were as high as 40%. CONCLUSION: Even after refinements in survey question format and use of CASI techniques, there remained substantial error in participants' retrospective reports of sexual practices. These error rates may be comparable to, or even larger than, the expected effect size of some intervention studies. Further research is needed to improve the accuracy of sexual behavior reports.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Smoke or fog? The usefulness of retrospectively reported information about smoking.

AIMS: To investigate the reliability and validity of retrospectively reported information on smoking. DESIGN: Nationally representative retrospective data from longitudinal surveys and contemporaneous data from repeated cross-sectional surveys were used. PARTICIPANTS: Adult respondents to three of the four samples of the National Longitudinal Surveys Original Cohort 1966-68; the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979; and various waves of the US National Health Interview Survey. MEASUREMENTS: Reliability was investigated by calculating kappa statistics for repeated measures of ever-smoking and annual-smoking status. Validity was investigated by comparing smoking prevalence rates generated by retrospective data with contemporaneously measured rates. FINDINGS: Kappa statistics indicated the repeated measures of ever-smoking status show substantial agreement; repeated measures of annual-smoking status show moderate agreement. Retrospective reports on smoking behavior produced prevalence rates that match reasonably well with those from contemporaneous reports of smoking behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Retrospective data on smoking can be an important resource for tobacco addiction research.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Within-compound associations in retrospective revaluation and in direct learning: a challenge for comparator theory.

In three human causal learning experiments we investigated the role of within-compound associations in learning about absent cues versus learning about present cues. Different theoretical approaches agree that within-compound associations are essential for learning about absent cues-that is, for retrospective revaluation. They differ, however, with regard to the role of within-compound associations for learning about present cues-that is, for direct learning. A memory test was used to assess within-compound associations. Experiment 1 used a blocking/release from overshadowing design, Experiment 2 used a conditioned inhibition design, and Experiment 3 used a higher-order cue selection design. In all experiments, first-order retrospective revaluation was significantly correlated with within-compound associations, but no significant correlations were found for the direct learning conditions. In addition to this, second-order retrospective revaluation in Experiment 3 was positively correlated to joint knowledge of first-order and second-order within-compound associations. Furthermore, cue selection effects were stronger for direct learning conditions than for retrospective learning conditions. These results are at variance with the comparator hypothesis but are in agreement with a modified associative theory and with the suggestion that retrospective revaluation might be due to rehearsal processes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Evaluation of two retrospective active surveillance methods for the detection of nosocomial infection in surgical patients.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the sensitivity and specificity of two retrospective active surveillance methods based on review of the medical record and review of the discharge form in identfying nosocomial infection, taking the prospective surveillance method as the reference standard. DESIGN: Blind comparison of three active nosocomial infection surveillance methods. SETTING: Department of General Surgery of a tertiary-care hospital with a referral population of 266,000 people. METHODS: All operated patients admitted to the Department of Surgery for more than 24 hours and discharged from January 1, 1994, to December 31, 1994, were included. Prospective surveillance consisted of daily review of the patient's record during hospitalization. Retrospective surveillance consisted of review of the medical record and the discharge form. Sensitivity and specificity of both retrospective methods were calculated. RESULTS: Of the 1,514 patients included in the study, 1,476 (97.5%) were reviewed by means of the retrospective surveillance system. A total of 20, 8, and 4 hours per week was needed for the active prospective system, review of the medical record, and review of the hospital discharge form, respectively. The documented cumulative incidence of nosocomial infection was 21.8% for the prospective system, 19.6% for review of the medical record, and 12.6% for review of the discharge form. The overall sensitivity of review of the medical record was 88% and of the discharge form 56%, with a specificity of 99%. For review of the medical record, the highest sensitivity was 93%, for urinary tract infections; for review of the discharge form, the highest was 57%, for surgical-wound infection. CONCLUSIONS: The retrospective method of review of the medical record was the most efficient active surveillance strategy in detecting nosocomial infection in surgical patients.

Cross Infection↗
PubMed2002

Retrospective assessment of rehabilitation outcome after traumatic brain injury: development and utility of the functional independence level.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a measure suitable for retrospective analysis of qualitative brain injury outcome data, the Functional Independence Level (FIL), and document its reliability, validity, and utility. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of existing records, with inclusion based on availability of records, and quantitative or qualitative documentation of functional status at a minimum of 1.5 years after injury. SETTING: Statewide acute and postacute rehabilitation facilities, as part of a State Head Injury Program. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 338 individuals, with documented moderate to severe traumatic brain injury; primarily males ages 16 to 45. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Disability Rating Scale (DRS) at discharge from primary rehabilitation, Living Situation and Functional Independence Level coded from information in postacute rehabilitation reports, at an average of approximately 6 years after injury. RESULTS: Inter-rater reliability coefficients for FIL ratings extracted from rehabilitation records, and between retrospective and in vivo assessments were highly significant. DRS scores at discharge from primary rehabilitation predicted a significant amount of variance in FIL scores at an average of 5 years after injury, and DRS scores remained a stable and significant predictor of FIL scores as the time period between discharge from rehabilitation and outcome ratings increased to 10 years after injury. FIL ratings were significantly lower for individuals living in residential facilities than those living with their families, as compared to living alone. CONCLUSIONS: The FIL is a reliable and useful tool for retrospective and prospective assessments of rehabilitation outcome. Gains made during primary rehabilitation by people with severe traumatic brain injury are generally maintained at long-term follow up. Retrospective ratings using the DRS and FIL can help guide postacute rehabilitation planning within state or regional head injury programs.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1999

Correlation of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging with clinical outcome after patellar tenotomy: prospective and retrospective studies. Victorian Institute of Sport Tendon Study Group.

OBJECTIVE: To report the appearances of ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before and after surgery for chronic patellar tendinopathy and to correlate postoperative appearances with clinical outcome. DESIGN: A 12-month prospective longitudinal study and a retrospective study, each part using different patients. Prospective study included clinical assessment, ultrasound, and MRI all performed before and 12 months after surgery. Retrospective study included ultrasound and clinical assessment only (i.e., no MRI) 24 to 67 months after surgery. SETTING: Institutional athlete study group in Australia (Victorian Institute of Sport Tendon Study Group). PATIENTS: In the prospective study, 13 patients (all male; 15 tendons) who underwent patellar tenotomy; in the retrospective study, 17 different patients (18 tendons) who had undergone identical surgery. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Ultrasound and MRI appearances and clinical assessment at baseline and 12 months after surgery (prospective study). Ultrasound appearance and clinical assessment 24 to 67 months after surgery (retrospective study). Dimensions of abnormal regions on imaging were measured. Clinical assessment included categorical rating and numerical Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment (VISA) score. RESULTS: In the prospective study, preoperative ultrasound and MRI appearances confirmed the clinical diagnosis of patellar tendinopathy. Postoperative ultrasound and MRI also revealed abnormalities consistent with patellar tendinopathy. Despite this, 11 of 15 (73%) tendons were rated clinically as either good or excellent. Imaging modalities were unable to distinguish tendons rated as good or excellent from those rated poor at 12 months. In the retrospective study, ultrasound images revealed abnormalities despite full clinical recovery. There was no correlation between dimension of ultrasound abnormality and either VISA score or time since surgery. CONCLUSION: After open patellar tenotomy, MRI and ultrasound findings remain abnormal despite clinical recovery. Thus, clinicians ought to base postoperative management of patients undergoing patellar tenotomy on clinical grounds rather than imaging findings. At present, there appears to be no role for routine postoperative imaging of patients recovering slowly after patellar tenotomy. However, this is not to suggest that imaging cannot play a role in special circumstances.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Comparison of 7-day retrospective and prospective alcohol consumption diaries in a female population in Perth, Western Australia--methodological issues.

The summer alcohol consumption of women living in metropolitan Perth was measured using both a retrospective and prospective diary. Overall, 1356 women fully completed both the retrospective and prospective alcohol consumption diaries. The prospective diary yielded a significantly higher level (9%) of consumption (p less than 0.00001) compared with the retrospective diary. Although there was no significant difference in the percentage of women drinking at harmful levels (greater than 280 g absolute alcohol per week) between the two diary methods, there did appear to be an important percentage difference (1.9% versus 2.8%) suggesting that the prospective diary did detect a larger percentage of women at risk. This would be both practically and statistically significant in large populations. The heavier the drinker the greater the variability in reported consumption between the two diary weeks. However, it is interesting to note that the direction of the variation depended on which diary was used as the base for classifying women as different types of drinkers. Women who drank at hazardous (140-280 g per week) or harmful (greater than 280 g) levels during the retrospective diary week reported a lower level of consumption during the prospective diary week. Conversely women who drank at hazardous or harmful levels during the prospective diary week reported a lower level of consumption during the retrospective diary week. Possible explanations for these findings are explored and methodological considerations for future studies are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Alcohol consumption before and during pregnancy comparing concurrent and retrospective reports.

BACKGROUND: Reported alcohol consumption during pregnancy has proven to be higher when reported retrospectively during or after the pregnancy, compared with concurrent reports. In a longitudinal, population-based questionnaire study, we investigated whether these findings could be replicated. METHODS: A longitudinal, population-based questionnaire study. Among a representative half of pregnant women in Oslo, 92% accepted to join the study. Non-Norwegian speaking and/or immigrants from nonwestern countries were not invited. Questionnaires were answered at 17 (T1) and 30 weeks of pregnancy (T2) and 6 months after term (T3). The response rate was at T1 93% (N = 1,749), at T2 82%, and at T3 94% [representing 86% (T1), 70% (T2), and 64% of those invited to join the study]. RESULTS: Significantly more alcohol consumption after pregnancy recognition was reported retrospectively at both T2 and T3 [T2 0.15 and T3 0.18 standard units per week (SU/wk)] than concurrently at T1 or T2 (T1 0.10 and T2 0.14 SU/wk). When comparing the 2 retrospective reports at T2 and T3, there was a significant increase over time. Predictive factors for higher retrospective reports were higher age, more SU per week before pregnancy, reported alcohol use after pregnancy recognition (at T1), and depression after the pregnancy. A predictive factor for lower retrospective reporting was anxiety during, but not after, the pregnancy. Contrary to previous suggestions, anxiety concerning abnormality in the 6-month-old child was not a predictive factor. CONCLUSION: Concurrently reported alcohol consumption during pregnancy is probably under-reported. Thus, concurrent reports appear to underestimate fetal exposure.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Prospective versus retrospective measurement of change in health status: a community based study in Geneva, Switzerland.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To compare prospective and retrospective measurements of change in health status. DESIGN: Health status was measured using a French language version of the short form 36 (SF-36) health survey on two occasions one year apart--in 1992 and 1993. Differences in SF-36 scores measured prospectively were compared with the patients' single item retrospective evaluation of change in health (transition item). SETTING: This was a community based study among members of two health insurance plans in Geneva, Switzerland. PARTICIPANTS: Altogether 831 young adults (mean age 30 years at baseline). MAIN RESULTS: Health status remained stable on average during the study period. The retrospective rating correlated well with changes in health measured prospectively: those who said in 1993 that their current health was "much worse" than in 1992 experienced an average decrease of 1.06 SD on the eight SF-36 scales, while those who said that their health was "much better" recorded an average improvement of 0.43 SD. The associations between prospective and retrospective assessments of change were approximately linear for all scales but physical functioning. The transition item also discriminated between time periods: transition reported for 1991-92 did not correlate with changes recorded for 1992-93. Relative validity analyses indicated that the transition item was better suited to capture changes in general health than changes in purely physical or mental aspects of health. CONCLUSIONS: The concordance between retrospective and prospective measures of change in health suggests that both are sensitive, to some extent, to true changes in health status. Using both types of assessment may improve the reliability of measurements of change.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Reliability and validity of the Canadian Neurological Scale in retrospective assessment of initial stroke severity.

BACKGROUND: Stroke severity is an important determinant of outcome, however, quantitative data on the initial neurological status might be lacking in retrospective studies. We wanted to assess the reliability and validity of the retrospective use of the Canadian Neurological Scale (CNS). METHODS: In 181 patients with validated stroke, two raters scored the CNS based on medical record review. We assessed interrater reliability and construct validity of the CNS. Predictive validity was assessed by the ability of the CNS to predict 30-day and 1-year mortality. RESULTS: Interrater reliability was high (kappa or weighted kappa 0.76-0.96). Correlations between similar items of prospective Scandinavian Stroke Scale scores and retrospective CNS scores ranged from 0.54 to 0.85. CNS total score was a strong predictor of death within 30 days and 1 year in multivariate models. CONCLUSIONS: The retrospective algorithm for the CNS had a high to substantial interrater reliability and predictive validity. Accordingly, in retrospective stroke studies using medical record information, the CNS can be a feasible instrument to adjust for differences in stroke severity.

Aged↗