Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Retinal Artery”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Age, blood pressure, and vessel diameter as factors influencing the arterial retinal flicker response.

PURPOSE: The present study investigated whether age, blood pressure (BP), and baseline vessel diameter influence the retinal arterial response to flicker light. METHOD: Thirty healthy subjects (mean age, 46.3; range, 22-73 years) and 15 patients with untreated essential arterial hypertension (mean, 50.9; range, 26-69 years) were examined. The diameter of the retinal arterioles was measured by a Retinal Vessel Analyzer (RVA; Imedos, Weimar, Germany). Each examination consisted of a 100-second baseline measurement and five 20-second periods of flicker stimulation, followed by an 80-second observation period. The five stimulation periods were then averaged. The rectangular luminance flicker operated at 12.5 Hz at a wavelength of 530 to 600 nm. The baseline-corrected flicker response (bFR) was defined as the difference between the peak dilatation and subsequent constriction after flicker stimulation minus the fluctuation of the baseline. The BP was measured at 1-minute intervals during the examination. RESULTS: In 26 subjects with normal BP, flicker light induced a bFR of +6.4% +/- 2.7%. The bFR decreased nonsignificantly in healthy subjects with increasing age (y = 8.48-0.048x; r = 0.26). The baseline diameter did not influence the amplitude of the flicker response over a range of 70 to 140 measuring units. The hypertensive patients reacted with a bFR of +2.2% +/- 2.5% (P < 0.001). Four hitherto healthy subjects with elevated BP during the examination were excluded from analysis. CONCLUSIONS: A significant correlation of age and bFR was not found in the small sample examined. Untreated arterial hypertension appeared to be associated with a reduced flicker response. The value of such functional vessel properties in the screening of vasosclerosis and in diagnostics in arterial hypertension should be examined in further studies.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Doppler ultrasound of blood flow velocities in ophthalmic and central retinal arteries during the early neonatal period.

PURPOSE: To obtain standard values of blood flow velocity in the ophthalmic artery and central retinal artery in the neonatal period and to compare blood flow velocity of orbital vessels with that of the anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery. METHODS: Forty-five healthy neonates (gestational age, 39.2 +/- 1.2 weeks; birth weight, 3,210 +/- 567 g) on the first and third postnatal days (90 eyes each time) and on the fifth day of life (34 eyes) were included in a clinical trial. A duplex scanner with mechanical sector probe was used for measuring blood flow velocity in the ophthalmic artery, central retinal artery, anterior cerebral artery, and middle cerebral artery. A nominal imaging frequency of 7.5 MHz, a transmitted Doppler frequency of 5 MHz, and a wall filter setting of 50 Hz were used in each case. Systolic, end-diastolic, and mean-enveloped velocities were measured for the studied vessels and the resistance and pulsatility indices were calculated. RESULTS: On the first postnatal day, blood flow velocities and indices in the ophthalmic artery were systolic 14 +/- 2.4 cm/sec, end-diastolic 3.8 +/- 0.6 cm/sec, mean-enveloped 7.3 +/- 1.3 cm/sec, resistance index 0.73 +/- 0.03, and pulsatility index 1.5 +/- 0.2. Central retinal artery blood flow velocities and indices were systolic 8.7 +/- 1.8 cm/sec, end-diastolic 2.7 +/- 0.7 cm/sec, mean-enveloped 5.0 +/- 1.1 cm/sec, resistance index 0.70 +/- 0.04, and pulsatility index 1.3 +/- 0.1. There were no significant differences in ophthalmic artery and central retinal artery flow velocities between right and left eyes. Doppler values of the central retinal artery were significantly lower (P = .0005) than those of the ophthalmic artery for each day studied. The Doppler data for the central retinal artery and ophthalmic artery were significantly lower (from P = .005 to .0001) than those observed in the anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery at the same postnatal age. No significant differences in flow variables were found in the central retinal artery and ophthalmic artery from the first to third day, whereas blood flow velocities in the anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery increased significantly (P = .01 to .0001) from day 1 to day 3. On the fifth day of life a significant increase in blood flow velocities and indices was observed in the ophthalmic artery, whereas only systolic velocity significantly increased in the central retinal artery. CONCLUSIONS: We report blood flow data of the ophthalmic artery and central retinal artery in healthy neonates and suggest that a delay of arterial blood flow changes occurs for the ophthalmic artery and central retinal artery with respect to the anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery in the early prenatal period.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed2000

Case presentations of retinal artery occlusions.

BACKGROUND: Retinal artery occlusions typically result in sudden, unilateral painless loss of vision and may have varying presentations. They are associated with systemic diseases such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and valvular heart disease. Additional risk factors include diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking, giant-cell arteritis, and hyperlipidemia. They most often occur in persons 60 to 80 years of age. METHODS: Four patients have come to our clinics with varying degrees of visual loss as a result of retinal artery occlusions. The types of arteriolar occlusions presented include: precapillary arteriole occlusion, cilioretinal artery occlusion, branch retinal artery occlusion, and central retinal artery occlusion. RESULTS: Patients were followed for their ocular involvement, but also included was medical management of the underlying systemic disease condition. Workup of retinal artery occlusion included laboratory testing, carotid duplex scans, and echocardiograms to uncover the possible systemic etiologies of the artery occlusion. CONCLUSION: Optometrists should recognize the signs and symptoms of the various arterial obstructions and refer patients for systemic treatment as indicated. Patients who manifest retinal or pre-retinal artery occlusions should undergo thorough systemic evaluations for vascular disease, including: atherosclerotic disease, hypertension, and valvular heart disease.

Aged↗
PubMed1979

Central retinal artery spasm.

Central retinal artery spasm, a seldom witnessed ocular sign, has been recognized in one eye of a patient complaining of transient monocular blindness. Removal of an ulcerative atheromatous plaque of the carotid artery on the same side as the eye with central retinal artery spasm resulted in complete disappearance of symptoms. No other signs of ocular pathology were noted in addition to the central retinal artery spasm. Central retinal artery spasm occurring in both eyes simultaneously may be the mechanism explaining the visual loss of amaurosis fugax. Physiologic mechanisms associating brief episodes of monocular blindness and carotid artery obstructive disease with atherosclerosis are discussed. The possibility of central retinal artery spasm initiating occlusion of the same vessel is mentioned.

Arteriosclerosis↗
PubMed2003

Update on treatment of retinal arterial occlusions.

Retinal arterial occlusion remains a difficult clinical entity to manage. Treatment can best be categorized as conservative (ocular massage, pharmacologic, anterior chamber paracentesis) and invasive (catheterization of the proximal ophthalmic artery through the femoral artery with the infusion of thrombolytic agents). Most reports remain anecdotal due to its low incidence (0.85/100,000/y).

Humans↗
PubMed1998

Internal carotid artery dissection causing a branch retinal artery occlusion in a young adult.

PURPOSE: To report a 34-year-old healthy man with an internal carotid artery dissection who presented with an ipsilateral branch retinal artery occlusion. METHOD: Case report. RESULTS: Ophthalmic examination of a young adult presenting with transient monocular visual loss and a superior nasal field defect disclosed a left inferior branch retinal artery occlusion. After fluorescein angiography, the patient had a vasovagal response, and his condition worsened to a left central retinal artery occlusion. Neurologic evaluation followed by carotid angiography disclosed a left internal carotid artery dissection with total occlusion of the internal carotid artery. CONCLUSION: The differential diagnosis of retinal arterial occlusion in a young healthy adult without any notable ocular or medical history, including trauma, should include spontaneous internal carotid artery dissection.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Relationship of extracranial carotid occlusive disease and central retinal artery occlusion.

Central retinal artery occlusion usually results in blindness. The association between central retinal artery occlusion and extracranial carotid disease has not been clearly delineated. We reviewed the case reports of 62 patients with central retinal artery occlusion, 25 of whom underwent carotid angiography as part of the diagnostic evaluation. Fourteen of the 25 (56 percent) were found to have ipsilateral extracranial carotid disease. These patients did not generally have carotid bruits and had normal noninvasive carotid tests. Ten patients underwent ipsilateral carotid endarterectomy; these patients had either embologenic ulcerated plaque or tight stenosis of the carotid artery. There were 11 patients who showed no abnormalities on angiography. Thirteen patients who did not undergo angiography showed clinical evidence of etiologic factors, including vasculitis, an embolism of cardiac origin, and trauma. The remaining 24 patients had no diagnostic workup. Follow-up data were available in six of those patients who underwent carotid endarterectomy for a mean of 34 months; no strokes were reported. In conclusion, over half of patients with central retinal artery occlusion who undergo carotid angiography will have a carotid lesion on the ipsilateral side. This suggests that central retinal artery occlusion is a significant marker for extracranial carotid disease and should be an indication for complete carotid evaluation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Unilateral retinal vasculitis, branch retinal artery occlusion and subsequent retinal neovascularization in Crohn's disease.

PURPOSE: To report on a case of Crohn's disease and unilateral retinal vasculitis, branch retinal artery occlusion and subsequent retinal neovascularization. METHODS: We examined a 38-year-old woman with severe left visual loss and biopsy-proven Crohn's disease diagnosed four years prior to the ocular involvement. A Heidelberg scanning laser ophthalmoscope was used for fundus fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography. Retinal neovascularization was detected during the follow-up. RESULTS: Successful regression of retinal neovascularization was achieved after argon green laser panretinal photocoagulation in addition to oral steroid and salazopyrine. CONCLUSION: Retinal vascular involvement is a rare ocular feature of Crohn's disease and may result in retinal neovascularization that may necessitate prompt laser photocoagulation.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Role of factor V Leiden and prothrombin 20210A in patients with retinal artery occlusion.

PURPOSE: Retinal artery occlusion is a common vision-threatening disease. Among other risk factors, coagulopathies leading to a hypercoagulable state have been associated with retinal artery occlusion. Numerous studies have shown that two genetic variants, factor V Leiden and prothrombin 20210A, cause a procoagulant state. However, their role in the pathogenesis of retinal artery occlusion is still unclear. The purpose of the present study was therefore to investigate a possible association between factor V Leiden, prothrombin 20210A, and retinal artery occlusion. METHODS: In the present retrospective case-control study, we studied 136 patients with retinal artery occlusion and 136 age- and gender-matched control subjects. The presence of factor V Leiden and prothrombin 20210A alleles was determined by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The prevalence of heterozygosity for the prothrombin G20210A variant did not significantly differ between patients and controls (three patients vs two controls, P=0.65). Distribution of factor V Leiden genotypes revealed no significant difference among the two groups (heterozygosity: eight patients vs 11 controls, P=0.47). As for other risk factors, arterial hypertension, a history of stroke and myocardial infarction were significantly more frequent in patients than in controls. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that factor V Leiden and prothrombin 20210A do not play a major role in patients with retinal artery occlusion.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Hyperhomocystinemia in patients with nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, central retinal artery occlusion, and central retinal vein occlusion.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of hyperhomocystinemia among patients with nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION), central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO), or central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). DESIGN: Retrospective, case-control study. PARTICIPANTS: The study cohort consisted of 74 consecutive patients with NAION, CRAO, or CRVO who were examined at the Retina or Neuro-ophthalmological Unit of the Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center from 1998 through 1999. The control group consisted of 81 consecutive patients of similar gender and age with no history of these pathologic conditions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Plasma homocystine levels of all study participants were obtained. RESULTS: Eighteen of 40 patients (45%) with NAION and eight of 13 patients (61.5%) with CRAO had hyperhomocystinemia compared with three of 21 (14.3%) in the CRVO group (P < 0.001) and eight (9.8%) in the control group (P < 0.0001). Hypertension and ischemic heart disease were significantly more prevalent in the NAION patients with elevated plasma homocystine. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that hyperhomocystinemia is a risk factor for NAION and CRAO.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Transthoracic echocardiographic findings in patients with acute retinal arterial obstruction. A retrospective review. Retinal Emboli of Cardiac Origin Group.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the importance of cardio-embolic (emboli of cardiac origin) risk stratification in the cardiac evaluation of patients with acute retinal arterial obstruction. DESIGN: A multicenter retrospective study of patients with acute retinal arterial obstruction who underwent transthoracic echocardiography. SETTINGS: Four North American hospital centers. PATIENTS: One hundred patients with acute retinal artery obstruction in whom transthoracic echocardiography was performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Anticoagulation or cardiac surgery based on abnormalities detected on transthoracic echocardiography. Transesophageal echocardiographic results were not evaluated, as they were rarely performed in our centers. Thus, the outcome measure was determined solely by the results of transthoracic echocardiography. RESULTS: Patients were divided into high- and low-risk groups based on their history of cardioembolic risk factors or the presence of a cardiac murmur. Of 67 patients with no risk factors, 41 (61%) had normal echocardiographic study results and 26 (39%) had abnormalities detected, of whom only 1 (1.5%) received anticoagulation or cardiac surgery. The presence of 1 or more cardio-embolic risk factors increased the likelihood for anticoagulation or cardiac surgery 25 times (odds ratio = 25; 95% confidence interval = 3.04-217.02). Although this result is clinically and statistically significant, it is possible that abnormalities missed by transthoracic methods may have been detected by transesophageal technology. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with acute retinal arterial obstruction at low cardioembolic risk, transthoracic echocardiography resulted in anticoagulation or cardiac surgery in 1 (1.5%) of 67 patients. Routine transthoracic echocardiography without follow-up transesophageal echocardiography for patients identified as having abnormalities such as left ventricular hypertrophy or mitral annular calcification and who are at low cardioembolic risk rarely resulted in anticoagulation or cardiac surgery.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1996

Carotid artery disease in patients with retinal artery occlusion.

Embolization from the carotid bifurcation has been proposed as the most common cause of central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) and branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO). The purpose of this study was to evaluate carotid artery disease in patients with CRAO and BRAO. Using carotid ultrasonography, 17 patients (13 males, 4 females, mean age 68.7 +/- 7.1 years) with CRAO and BRAO were examined for stenotic findings and plaque morphology (homogeneous or heterogeneous) within 7 days after onset. The internal carotid artery (ICA) ipsilateral to the affected side showed a significantly higher incidence of severe carotid stenosis as compared to the non-affected side. The occurrence of heterogeneous plaques in the ICA did not differ between the affected and the non-important affected side. We suspect that severe carotid stenosis in addition to heterogeneous plaques plays an important role in retinal artery occlusion.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

[Perfusion time of the central retinal artery in normal pressure glaucoma. Initial results].

UNLABELLED: A possible explanation for the progressive visual field defects in normal tension glaucoma is reduced ocular blood flow. We have tried to answer this question using fluorescence perfusion scintigraphy that measures the circulation times between the subclavian vein, carotid artery, central retinal artery and central retinal vein. PATIENTS: Eight normal subjects and eight age- and sex-matched normal tension glaucoma patients were compared. Inclusion criteria for NTG patients were an IOP below 23 mmHg, glaucomatous visual field defects, glaucomatous disk cupping, normal chamber angle and no neurologic deficits. The subclavian carotid time, the carotid retina time and the mean retinal perfusion time of the intravenously injected radioactive fluorescein bolus were measured using digitized scanning laser angiography and technetium scintigraphy. RESULTS: Subclavian carotid time and mean retinal perfusion time were not significantly different between groups, whereas the carotid retina time was 1.6 s (min = 0.8, max = 2.6) in normals and 3.3 (min = 2.6, max = 4.2) in normal tension glaucoma. This difference was highly significant (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The delay of the carotid retina circulation time in normal tension glaucoma patients may reflect a reduced blood flow velocity in the internal carotid artery, the ophthalmic artery and the central retinal artery. The subclavia carotid time and ultrasound investigation of the carotid artery were normal. This suggests that the delayed carotid retina time is an indicator of reduced blood flow velocity in ophthalmic and mainly central retinal artery. The good discrimination between normal subjects and NTG patients must be confirmed in a larger group of patients.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

The systemic evaluation of acute retinal artery occlusion.

Acute retinal arterial occlusion is an ophthalmic condition that is associated with a high prevalence of systemic disease. Recent studies have demonstrated that significant numbers of patients with acute retinal arterial occlusion have both hemodynamically significant carotid artery stenosis and cardiac pathology that necessitates systemic therapy. Furthermore, emerging evidence show that coagulopathies and hyperhomo-cysteinemia may be responsible for acute retinal arterial occlusion. In this paper, we review recent scientific evidence that supports that adoption of specific guidelines for the systemic evaluation of acute retinal arterial occlusion.

Acute Disease↗