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PubMed1996

The beta 3-adrenergic receptor gene Trp64Arg mutation is overrepresented in obese women. Effects on weight, BMI, abdominal fat, blood pressure, and reproductive history in an elderly Australian population.

A tryptophan to arginine (Trp64Arg) mutation in the beta 3-adrenergic receptor (beta 3-AR) gene has been implicated in diabetes and obesity. We investigated the relationship of the beta 3-AR gene mutation with total body weight, BMI, central abdominal fat, blood pressure (BP), and reproductive history in 686 elderly subjects (429 women, 257 men; mean age 69.8 +/- 6.9 [+/-SD] years) from a cross section of a normal population in Australia. About 14% of the test population were heterozygote carriers of the Trp64Arg mutation; however, significant effects on clinical parameters were only observed in women. The frequency of the mutation was significantly increased in obese women compared with lean women (BMI > or = 27: 20% compared with BMI < 27: 11%, P = 0.02). Significantly higher total body weight (67.5 +/- 12.9 vs. 64.1 +/- 12.2 kg, P = 0.03) and BMI (26.3 +/- 4.7 vs. 25.1 +/- 4.5 kg/m2, P = 0.03) was observed in heterozygote women compared with normal subjects (homozygous for tryptophan). Central abdominal fat was not significantly different, except in women under 70 years, where heterozygotes had 16% higher abdominal fat compared with normal subjects. Female heterozygotes had significantly higher diastolic BP, even after adjustment for age and BMI (88.9 +/- 11.1 vs. 84.2 +/- 10.8 mmHg, P = 0.003) and a longer reproductive life, with an earlier menarche (12.8 +/- 1.3 vs. 13.4 +/- 1.5 years, P = 0.006), a higher gravidity (4.4 +/- 2.4 vs. 3.5 +/- 2.1, P = 0.01), and higher parity (3.8 +/- 2.0 vs. 3.0 +/- 1.9, P = 0.005). Clearly, the beta 3-AR mutation has pleiotrophic effects on a number of physiological systems, including BMI, BP, and reproductive history, perhaps suggesting evolutionary reasons for its maintenance in the population.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

The relationship between reproductive history and cholecystectomy in older women.

We examined the relationship of reproductive history to cholecystectomy in a population-based sample of 1093 women aged 50 years and older. Number of pregnancies ranged from 0 to 13. Age and obesity were each significantly and independently associated with an increased risk of cholecystectomy. When adjusted for differences in age and obesity, those who had had five or more pregnancies had a significantly increased risk of cholecystectomy. We conclude that an increased risk of gallbladder disease may follow either obesity or multiple pregnancies. One possibly unifying hypothesis for the obesity and pregnancy association is sustained hyperestrogenemia.

Aged↗
PubMed1975

Previous reproductive history in mothers presenting with spontaneous abortions.

Information on the previous reproductive history of 3467 mothers presenting with a spontaneous abortion is compared with that of a control series presenting with a livebirth. In 1384 abortions the chromosome constitution of the fetal products was determined. The mothers who had delivered a chromosomally normal abortion more often had a history of previous repeated abortions, while those of chromosomally abnormal abortions tended to have fewer repeated abortions but an excess of previous viable children with Down's syndrome. Data are also presented on 23 mothers with two spontaneous abortions of known karyotype; these, together with similar data obtained elsewhere, made it possible to estimate an overall rate of recurrence of chromosome defects in conceptions of the same parents, and the probability that affected fetuses will survive to a viable stage in pregnancy. The clinical and genetic implications of the findings are briefly discussed.

Abortion, Habitual↗
PubMed2005

[Reproductive history of women consulting in emergency services in a southern region of Chile].

BACKGROUND: The occurrence and timing of menstrual and reproductive events such as menarche, regularity of menses, births, maternal breastfeeding and menopause play an important role in a woman's life. AIM: To study the variability of reproductive live from menarche to menopause in different age groups in Chilean Caucasian and Mapuche aborigine females in a southern location of Chile. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A questionnaire about reproductive history was answered by 502 women consulting in six general emergency rooms of different public hospitals of the 8th region of Chile, between May and September 2002. RESULTS: The median age at menarche was 12.8 years among adolescents and 13.7 years among older women (p <0.001). Fecundity rate was 5.2, 3.9 and 1.8 among older women, adults and young adults, respectively. Forty seven percent of adolescent had at least one child. The median age for natural menopause was 47 years. Eighty one percent of older women and 65% of adult women had given breastfeeding for more than six months. No statistical differences in reproductive characteristics were observed between Chilean Caucasians and Mapuche aborigines. CONCLUSIONS: Among these women, the age of menarche in younger women is similar to that of women from industrialized countries. Fecundity has been progressively decreasing. Menopause tends to occur sooner than in other geographical regions, probably due to the high number of surgical sterilizations in our population. Adolescent pregnancy still is a problem.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[The significance of reproductive history for prognosis of primary breast cancer].

The aetiological impact of a woman's reproductive history on breast cancer is well established, whereas the prognostic influence of the reproductive pattern is less well described. A literature search with focus on three Danish studies is described. Status as parous/nulliparous and number of births appear to have no prognostic influence. Women who have their first child at an early age have a lower survival than women who have postponed their first childbirth. This may eventually be explained by selection, i.e. that women with an early first full-term pregnancy represent a group with a more malignant disease. Women diagnosed in the first two years after childbirth have a significantly lower survival, probably because the cancer, being subclinical during pregnancy, is affected by the high oestrogen concentrations with aggressive growth as the outcome. Pregnancy after treatment of breast cancer does not appear to have a negative influence on the prognosis.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1984

Reproductive history in women with coronary heart disease. A case-control study.

Reproductive history events may be risk factors for coronary heart disease among women under age 60. In this study, the cases were 169 women under age 60 with a diagnosis of coronary heart disease while residents of Rochester, Minnesota. The first manifestation of coronary heart disease was angina in 95, myocardial infarction in 59, and sudden unexpected death in 15 women. Two age- and sex-matched controls for each case were selected from all registrations for care at the Mayo Clinic in the same year the case was diagnosed. The cases had more of the accepted coronary heart disease risk factors--i.e., hypertension (relative risk = 2.9), smoking (relative risk = 2.4), elevated serum cholesterol (relative risk = 2.6), and diabetes (relative risk = 4.1)--than did controls. In addition, women undergoing artificial menopause and those whose first pregnancy was before age 25 appeared to be at higher risk of coronary heart disease. Use of multivariate analysis to control for known coronary heart disease risk factors resulted in a relative risk of 1.9 for women whose age at first pregnancy was less than 20, and 1.8 for those whose age at first pregnancy was 20-24, as compared with those never pregnant and those whose age at first pregnancy was greater than or equal to 25.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Survival of Aedes albopictus: physiological age and reproductive history].

OBJECTIVES: To study the longevity of Ae. albopictus populations in rural and urban areas in two different feeding conditions and to assess their physiological age and reproductive history. METHODS: Ae. albopictus larvae were collected in the Para ba Valley, (urban area) and Ribeira Valley (rural area), S o Paulo State, Brazil. In the laboratory, females were fed with sugar or blood and monitored daily. The day of death of each mosquito and other reproduction related characteristics were registered. Ovaries were dissected using Polovodova techniques and follicular development was examined according Christophers and Mer. Life tables were created and statistics analysis was performed for survival rates. Data analysis was carried out using Stata 7.0. RESULTS: Gonotrophic discordance was seen in both populations. Parous females developed terminal sacs. Nulliparous females had normal ovaries and in some cases dilatations were seen. Females fed with sugar showed higher survival rates. Statistical difference in survival rates was not observed in the populations of both areas. CONCLUSIONS: Parity status and physiological age of Ae. albopictus were not described using ovarioles analysis because they formed terminal sacs instead of dilations. Longevity of Ae. albopictus females was influenced by the food provided.

Aedes↗
PubMed1992

Reproductive history of mothers of children with solitary, nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or palate.

The reproductive history was studied to evaluate if the three types of solitary, nonsyndromic clefts: cleft lip (CL), cleft lip and palate (CLP), and cleft palate (CP) are homogeneous entities. Occurrence of fetal loss, maternal health, and drug consumption of the mother during the pregnancy were compared in cases involving three types of clefts. Data was gathered from 87 children with clefts, 55 males and 32 females. Spontaneous abortions and vaginal bleeding were found to occur significantly more often in the (older) mother of a CLP child. This suggests that the factors involved in the etiology of CLP differ from the factors involved in CL and CP. Therefore, grouping of data of the three types of clefts in studies on the etiology should be avoided.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1985

Morphometric studies of the bovine uterus: microscopic lesions and retrospective reproductive history.

A survey of reproductive tracts from nonpregnant cows at an abattoir was conducted. Reproductive tracts from 98 cows were studied microscopically and evaluated with a grading system to determine the severity of pathologic changes. Inflammatory reaction (type and distribution), fibrosis, gland morphology, and appearance were measured, quantified, and scored (1 to 4). Category 1 endometrium (normal) was found in 18 cows, category 2 in 23, category 3 in 34, and category 4 in 23. The category of endometrium was then compared with the retrospective reproductive status, and it was found that reproductive problems had occurred in 6 cows (33.3%) in category 1, in 13 cows (56.5%) in category 2, in 25 cows (73.5%) in category 3, and in 21 cows (91.3%) in category 4. Cervicitis was found in 43 (43.8%) genital tracts; 16 cows (16.3%) had salpingitis. Ovarian lesions were not observed. Serum samples were tested for certain antibodies. Only 1 was seropositive for brucellosis, but 61 of 81 sera had leptospira titers greater than 1:100 and 1:50 (hardjo). The serovar hardjo was the most prevalent. All sera had neutralizing titers against parainfluenza type 3 virus; 74.2% and 56.7% of the sera had neutralizing antibodies against bovine viral diarrhea virus and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Fertility and reproductive history of sterilized and non-sterilized women in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.

This article compares sterilized and non-sterilized women in relation to socio-demographic characteristics, reproductive history, and cohabitation status. Women from 30 to 49 years of age and residing in Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil, were interviewed with a pre-tested and structured questionnaire: 236 women sterilized at least five years before the interview and 236 non-sterilized women. The sterilized women were significantly more likely to be married or cohabiting, to be younger when they began cohabiting, and to have been in the union longer than the non-sterilized women. They also began childbearing at an earlier age and had a history of more pregnancies and more live births than non-sterilized women. Factors associated with a history of 3 or more live births at the time of the interview were surgical sterilization, younger age at first childbirth, older age at the interview, recognition of fewer contraceptive methods, and lower per capita income. The article concludes that sterilization generally appears to be the consequence of higher fertility in a group of women who initiate childbearing early in life, although its role in preventing these women from having even larger families may also have a demographic impact.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Reproductive history in relation to relative weight and fat distribution.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between reproductive history and body composition. DESIGN: Prospective population study in Sweden. SUBJECTS: 1462 randomly selected women representing five separate age cohorts (38, 46, 50, 54 and 60 at the 1968-1969 baseline examination) have been followed longitudinally. MEASUREMENTS: Relative weight, fat distribution, and fat cellularity were related to menarche, parity, lactation, menopause and oestrogen medication. RESULTS: Age of menarche did not show any association with subsequent fat distribution, nor did length of lactation time. On the other hand parity was positively associated to total as well as central obesity, and lactation time was positively associated to abdominal fat cell diameter. Premenopausal women showed higher mean body weight and hip circumference than postmenopausal women of the same age. Change from pre- to postmenopausal status was associated with increase of waist circumference as well as reduction of hip circumference, resulting in an increased waist-hip ratio (WHR). Oestrogen replacement suggested some postponement of this increase. CONCLUSION: Parity and menopause are the reproductive factors most associated with gradual changes in body fat distribution. Oestrogen medication seems to play an additional role in diminishing waist circumference increase and could thus contribute to decreased cardiovascular morbidity in women.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1981

Hip fracture in elderly women and reproductive history.

Data routinely collected by nursing homes were used to examine the relationship between hip fracture and reproductive history as reflected by total number of living children. Recently interest has centered on exogenous estrogens and their effect on fractures in post-menopausal women; little attention has been given to endogenous factors. Among ever married women 65 years of age and older, a statistically significant inverse relationship between number of living children and the diagnosis of hip fracture was found. Among those of high parity (4 or more living children) the risk of hip fracture is 8% compared with 16% among those with 0 to 3 living children. The relative odds are 2.08 with 95% confidence interval (1.12, 3.84). These preliminary results using nursing home data have encouraged us to pursue the investigation of reproductive characteristics and their relation to fractures in post-menopausal women, using more refined measures than total number of living children, as well as taking into account possibly confounding factors such as race, weight, diet, smoking, activity level and use of exogenous estrogens.

Aged↗
PubMed1978

Reproductive history and risk of breast cancer: a case-control study in an unselected Swedish population.

Variables in reproductive histories were studied in 179 consecutively detected, unselected breast cancer patients and age-matched controls selected from a computerized population register. The comparison between patients and controls showed no significant difference in age at meanarche, age at first birth, age at menopause or number of children. A subdivision into pre- and post-menopausal women yielded no further information. These results are at variance with most earlier reports, possible because the controls here were selected from the whole female population instead of hospitalized patients. Our data do not support the view that it is possible to define groups at high risk for breast cancer on the basis of productive histories.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Reproductive history, occupational exposures, and thyroid cancer risk among women textile workers in Shanghai, China.

OBJECTIVES: Thyroid cancer risk has been previously associated with increased age at first pregnancy and history of miscarriage. Occupational risk factors for thyroid cancer, with the exception of radioactive iodine, have not been well investigated. We conducted a case-cohort study nested in a cohort of 267,400 female textile workers in Shanghai, China, who had been followed for cancer incidence during 1989-1998. METHODS: The analysis included 130 incident thyroid cases and 3,187 subcohort non-cases. Reproductive history was determined by questionnaire at baseline. Historical exposures were reconstructed from work history and information on factory processes and exposures. Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed to estimate hazard ratios (HR) for reproductive factors and occupational exposures. RESULTS: Associations were observed between thyroid cancer and employment in jobs with 10 or more years of benzene exposure (HR 6.43, 95% CI: 1.08, 38) and formaldehyde exposure (HR 8.33, 95% CI: 1.16, 60). Administration workers also had an increased risk (HR 1.56, 95% CI: 1.08, 2.25). No associations between examined reproductive factors and thyroid cancer were observed in this study. CONCLUSIONS: Despite statistically imprecise risk estimates, the findings suggest potential associations with some occupational chemical exposures in this cohort of textile workers.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Long-term effects of reproductive history on all-cause mortality among adults in rural Bangladesh.

A woman's risk of dying is altered during pregnancy and immediately postpartum. Moreover, physiological and social changes associated with pregnancy may have long-term effects on mortality. Comparing these long-term associations among women and their husbands may provide insights into the nature of such a relationship. In this cohort study, we examine the association between reproductive history and all-cause mortality among ever-married women and men after age 45 in Matlab, Bangladesh, using data collected between 1982 and 1998 for a unique demographic surveillance system. No association was found between parity and mortality among women, but a small decrease in men's mortality was found to be associated with their wives' parity. Survival for both sexes was greatly enhanced by an increasing number of surviving children, regardless of parity or other social factors. A "healthy pregnant woman effect" coupled with the social and economic advantages of having surviving children may explain the observed effects.

Bangladesh↗
PubMed1989

Reproductive histories and premenopausal breast cancer: different estimates using population, neighborhood, or hospital controls.

The difference in estimates of odds ratio for reproductive factors and premenopausal breast cancer in case-control studies may be due to selection bias from the use of different types of controls. In a national case-control study in Norway a total of 105 patients (92% of those eligible) under 40 years of age were interviewed. Three different series of controls were selected: two population controls (71% of all eligible) matched on date of birth were drawn from a central register covering all residents in Norway; one neighborhood control (72%) matched on month and year of birth and postal address; and one hospital control (89%) matched on a 5-year age group. Matched, adjusted analysis gave similar estimates of odds ratio for population and neighborhood controls for age at menarche, age at first full term pregnancy, and parity. Use of hospital controls yielded different estimates for age at menarche and age at first full term pregnancy; the latter was found to be a stronger risk factor with use of hospital controls. The study indicates that the use of hospital controls can give estimates of odds ratios for reproductive histories which differ from estimates based on population controls.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Occurrence of breast cancer in relation to diet and reproductive history: a case-control study in Fukuoka, Japan.

An epidemiologic study on breast cancer in relation to diet and reproductive history was conducted with 3 populations at different levels of risk for the disease: Japanese in Fukuoka, Japan (low risk), Japanese in Hawaii (intermediate risk), and Caucasians in Hawaii (high risk). This report describes the Fukuoka portion of the study. We interviewed 212 patients with histologically confirmed breast cancer and an equal number each of hospital and neighborhood controls to determine risk factors for the disease. The results indicated that "overnutrition" (a high-fat and high-animal protein diet) was not statistically associated with the disease. As noted in previous studies, age at the first birth was positively related to the disease; those women who gave birth to their first child when they were 35 or more years of age showed a relative risk of 5.0 compared with those giving birth at less than 20 years of age. A past history of both natural abortion and of benign breast disease were significantly associated with the disease. On the whole, the results obtained from this Fukuoka portion of study were in good agreement with those from the Hawaii study during which Japanese and Caucasians in Hawaii were investigated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

The evaluation of agreement by means of log-linear models: proxy interviews on reproductive history among floriculture workers in Colombia.

We used data from Colombia to compare responses from husbands and wives concerning the reproductive history of the women. We analyzed agreement in two ways: First, we compared kappa statistics between independent subgroups. Second, we evaluated agreement by means of log-linear models. Men underreported the total number of pregnancies and the number of abortions of their wives. Agreement on the term of the pregnancy was dependent on the ages of the partners. Log-linear modeling provides an attractive alternative to more usual ways of studying agreement.

Adolescent↗