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PubMed2003

Motivations for caregiving in adult intimate relationships: influences on caregiving behavior and relationship functioning.

This study identified and examined the correlates of specific motivations for caregiving in romantic couples (N = 194 couples). At Time 1, couple members completed measures assessing motivations for caregiving, the quality of caregiving that occurs in the relationship, and personal and relationship characteristics that might influence caregiving motivations. Relationship functioning was then assessed 2 to 3 months later. Results revealed that (a) there are a number of distinct motivations for providing and for not providing care to one's partner, (b) the motivations are associated with various personal features of the caregiver and the recipient, (c) the caregiver's perceptions of the relationship influence his or her caregiving motives, (d) different motivations for caregiving predict different patterns of caregiving behavior, and (e) responsive caregiving predicts the recipient's perceptions of healthy relationship functioning both immediately and over time. Implications of identifying the motivations that promote or inhibit the provision of responsive support in intimate relationships are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Social relationships and physiological function: the effects of recalling social relationships on cardiovascular reactivity.

BACKGROUND: The mechanisms by which social relationships exert their influence on mental and physical health outcomes deserve greater attention. PURPOSE: Although many studies assess the influence of actual social interactions on cardiovascular reactivity, we hypothesized that cognitive and behavioral processes (e.g., recalling and discussing relationships) may be important factors responsible for the health effects of social relationships. METHODS: We had men and women recall and speak about specific relationships that differed in their underlying positive and negative substrates. RESULTS: Results revealed that gender moderated the hypothesized pattern of responses, with women showing consistently greater cardiovascular reactivity to the speaking task, particularly when speaking about negative relationships, compared to men. CONCLUSIONS: This study is discussed in light of recent research on gender differences in relationship outcomes as well as the potential importance of delineating the cognitive representations and processes that influence reactions to one's social environment.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Attachment style and adult love relationships and friendships: a study of a group of women at risk of experiencing relationship difficulties.

This study examines the relationship between attachment style and love relationships and friendships in a group of women (N = 40) known to be at risk of experiencing relationship problems. The association between attachment style and measures of self-esteem and depression were also investigated. Women with a secure attachment style had more positive ratings in the domain of adult love relationships than women with insecure attachment style (avoidant and ambivalent) and difficulties in adult love relationships were found to be particularly related to an avoidant attachment style. Insecure attachment style was also related to having cohabited with a deviant partner. Adult attachment style was not found to be related to ratings of current mood but was significantly related to self-esteem and to ratings of functioning in the domain of adult friendships. In particular, participants with an anxious-ambivalent attachment style had more negative self-esteem than secure participants. Secure participants had more positive ratings in the domain of adult friendships than insecure participants and a moderately significant association was also found between difficulties in the domain of adult friendships and an anxious-ambivalent attachment style. In addition, 20% (N = 8) of the women also reported attachment styles characterized by high levels of avoidance and ambivalence: this group was found to have more pervasive difficulties in their close relationships than women who endorsed a single dominant attachment style.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The influence of partner status, relationship quality and relationship stability on outcomes following intensive substance-use disorder treatment.

OBJECTIVE: Addiction treatment studies examining the influence of patients' partners suggest that partner behaviors affect patients' substance-use outcomes. We examine the influence of having a partner at treatment entry as well as the influence of the general quality of support and substance-using status of the partner, on outcomes following treatment for substance-use disorder. We also examine the influence of relationship stability on treatment outcomes and examine baseline partner behaviors that may predict relationship stability. METHOD: A prospective, intact-group design was utilized with data analyzed using logistic regression. Participants (N = 3,014) from 15 intensive substanceuse disorder treatment programs were assessed at treatment entry and 1-year postdischarge. RESULTS: Although patients with partners possessed a more favorable clinical profile, their outcomes were no better than those of their single counterparts. However, patients whose relationships lasted through the first year posttreatment had better outcomes than patients whose relationships ended. Relationships with more positive partner behaviors and fewer negative partner behaviors at intake were more likely to remain intact over the course of the first year posttreatment. Positive partner behaviors did not enhance patients' outcomes directly, but partner interpersonal stressors and patients' belief that their partner had a substance-use problem had a significant, deleterious impact on patients' substance-use outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians should routinely assess the quality of patients' relationships with partners. If deleterious partner behaviors exist, empirically supported interventions (e.g., behavioral couples therapy) could be utilized to reduce these behaviors and ultimately reduce relapse risk.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Grandparental impact in young adults' relationships with their closest grandparents: the role of relationship strength and emotional closeness.

This study explored the role that relationship strength, generally, and emotional closeness, more specifically, may play in delimiting the bounds of grandparental influence in young adults' lives. One-hundred and seventy-one college-aged young adults completed a questionnaire evaluating their relationship with the living grandparent to whom they felt most emotionally close or, if they felt close to none of their living grandparents, the grandparent with whom they had the most contact. Participants' perceptions of the strength of this relationship were significantly and positively related to their responses on measures of the extent to which their closest grandparent influenced various aspects of their lives (e.g., their beliefs and values, how much their lives would be missing had they never known the grandparent). In addition, participants whose grandparent-grandchild relationships were emotionally close endorsed a broader range of alternatives on checklist measures of perceived relationship impact than did those whose relationships were more emotionally distant.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Relationship between menopausal stage and age and quality of relationships with partners, children and friends.

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the interaction of menopausal stage and age with the quality of women's relationships with their partners, children and close friends. METHODS: Females from a community sample (n = 48, age range 35-65 years) volunteered to participate in structured interviews. Questions relating to demographic background and relationships with partners, children and friends were included. Seventeen women were premenopausal, 16 women had been postmenopausal for 1-5 years and 15 women had been postmenopausal for between 6 and 10 years. RESULTS: The association of age and menopausal stage could not be separated when relationships with partners were considered. Premenopausal and younger women appeared to be more satisfied and more positive, and rated their relationship as more important to them than did older and postmenopausal women. Menopausal stage, but not age, appeared to be associated with the satisfaction women had with their children and the desire to see their children more often. When the two groups of postmenopausal women were compared, it was found that those women postmenopausal for 1-5 years wanted to see their children more often and were more dissatisfied with the relationship they had with their children than those women postmenopausal for 6-10 years. There were no effects of menopausal stage or age when the quality of close friendships was considered. CONCLUSIONS: Further work is needed to explore the implications of these findings as they relate to the interaction of menopausal stage and age with the quality of interpersonal relationships.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Social relationships in a herd of Sorraia horses Part II. Factors affecting affiliative relationships and sexual behaviours.

The influence of age, dominance rank, kinship and aggressiveness over affiliative relationships and sexual behaviours were analysed in a herd of Sorraia horses, Equus caballus, kept under extensive management. Subjects were 10 adult mares 5-18 years old that had known each other since birth, and a stallion introduced into the group for breeding for the first time. Kinship coefficient and dominance rank were the most important factors affecting affiliative relationships. Bonds were reciprocal and stronger among mares with higher kinship. Mares spent more time in proximity to close-ranking and lower-ranking females. Mares with stronger affiliative relationships or higher relatedness were not less aggressive towards each other. Affiliative relationships between the stallion and the mares were not reciprocal: lower-ranking mares formed stronger bonds with the stallion but he preferred the less genetically related mares for proximity. However, the stallion was involved in sexual behaviours more frequently with the mares that were more genetically related to him. These results suggest that kinship beyond close relatives may affect affiliative relationships both among familiar and among unfamiliar horses. However, the influence of kinship does not imply that horses possess a kin recognition system and alternative explanations are discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

From a relationship to encounter: an examination of longitudinal and lateral dimensions in the doctor-patient relationship.

Existing conceptualizations of the doctor-patient relationship provide little insight into this complex and perhaps now nonexistent "relationship" in the 21st century. Today, the word "relationship" as applied to the doctor-patient experience may be a misnomer--or at least an inappropriate description of the experience. One could ask, for example, if a person's most recent physician visit was more akin to their encounter with their last cab driver, or the person who sold them their last pair of shoes. After reviewing the 20th century theoretical conceptions of the doctor-patient relationship and describing the state of illness and health care delivery and policy in the United States, we develop a theoretical rubric for examining the 21st century physician-patient relationship. We argue that while patients should continue to be educated on how to use their time with physicians effectively and efficiently and physicians should continue to improve their communication with patients, we also argue that for policy purposes, it is not the physician or the patient that needs to change but rather the pressures and constraints of the organizational context within which the doctor-patient encounter takes place.

Humans↗
PubMed1990

Relationship orientation, quality of prior relationship, and distress among caregivers of Alzheimer's patients.

Communal orientation and closeness of the caregiver-patient relationship were investigated as predictors of distress among caregivers of Alzheimer's patients. Persons high in communal orientation were less depressed than those low in communal orientation. Caregivers reporting a close relationship with the patient before illness onset felt less burdened than those whose relationship had not been close. Communal orientation interacted with closeness when data were analyzed separately for men and women. Among men, being low in communal orientation and having a relatively poor prior relationship were associated with the highest levels of depression, levels that put them at risk for clinical depression. Among women low in communal orientation, higher levels of depression were related to having a close prior relationship with the patient.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Can skills training prevent relationship problems in at-risk couples? Four-year effects of a behavioral relationship education program.

Eighty-three couples were stratified into groups at high and low risk for relationship distress and randomized to either the Self-Regulatory Prevention and Relationship Enhancement Program (Self-PREP) or a control condition. As predicted, there were differential effects of Self-PREP on high-risk and low-risk couples. Because of low statistical power, results must be interpreted cautiously, but at 1-year follow-up high-risk couples in Self-PREP showed trends toward better communication than control couples. However, there was no difference in the communication of Self-PREP and control low-risk couples. High-risk couples receiving Self-PREP exhibited higher relationship satisfaction at 4 years than control couples, but in low-risk couples relationship satisfaction was higher in the control condition. High-risk couples seemed to benefit from skills-based relationship education, but low-risk couples did not.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Relationship quality and relationship context as antecedents of person- and task-focused interpersonal citizenship behavior.

A model hypothesizing relationship quality and relationship context as antecedents of two complementary forms of interpersonal citizenship behavior (ICB) was tested. Measures with coworkers as the frame of reference were used to collect data from 273 individuals working in 2 service-oriented organizations. As hypothesized, variables reflecting relationship quality were associated with person-focused ICB, as mediated by empathic concern. Also as hypothesized, a relationship context variable, network centrality, exhibited a direct relationship with task-focused ICB. Unexpectedly, network centrality was directly associated with person-focused ICB. and empathic concern was associated with task-focused ICB. The results are discussed, and implications for research and practice are offered.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Building a relationship: communications and relationships between staff and stroke patients on a rehabilitation ward.

Communications among staff and patients on a stroke rehabilitation ward form the focus of this article, which reports on some aspects of a larger study using a grounded theory approach. Tape-recorded interviews were transcribed and analysed concurrently according to recommendations for the approach. A main theme entitled building a relationship was identified, and this process was found to occur in a context varying from participative at one end of a continuum to hierarchical at the other. Building a relationship was found to be influenced by role, personal qualities and organizational context. Appropriate relationships between role-holders were subject to negotiation, leading to a resulting congruence or incongruence between participants' expectations of each other and their roles. Personal qualities were brought into play in the process, with patients' views of staff and staff views of patients both being influential. Some of these views seemed to parallel what has been described in earlier literature as 'the sick role' and the labelling of patients as 'good' or 'bad'. Responses to personal qualities led to nurses ascribing meaning to patients' behaviour in terms of adjustment to their stroke, giving time to them to help them to adjust, and withdrawal and handing over to other staff if this strategy failed. Organizational context also had an influence on building a relationship, with time constraints being identified particularly by nurses, and the need to fit in the most essential aspects of care. Place was also important, in that nurses were confined to the ward as a work location, whereas other therapists and doctors worked in other places and sometimes had the facility to take patients off the ward to concentrate on therapy. The findings are discussed against the background of related literature and the conclusion is drawn that the crucial role of nurses in rehabilitation is not recognized and valued, and that shortages of resources-especially suitably qualified and trained nursing staff-are a negative influence on building the relationships which are vital to successful rehabilitation.

Cerebrovascular Disorders↗
PubMed2004

Individual patterns of dynamic QT/RR relationship in survivors of acute myocardial infarction and their relationship to antiarrhythmic efficacy of amiodarone.

INTRODUCTION: Amiodarone is an effective antiarrhythmic drug, but it has serious side effects and conducted trials did not support its prophylactic use in survivors of acute myocardial infarction. It is possible that the prophylactic use of the drug has not been tested effectively. To optimize therapy outcome, markers of drug efficacy might be developed to identify patients who, although at arrhythmic risk, would not benefit from amiodarone treatment. We investigated descriptors of QT/RR relationship for their potential value in predicting inefficient amiodarone treatment. METHODS AND RESULTS: The study used 866 Holter recordings (462 amiodarone, 404 placebo) obtained 1 month after randomization in the European Myocardial Infarct Amiodarone Trial (EMIAT). A commercial Holter system was used to measure RR and QT intervals. Subject-specific descriptors of QT/RR relationship were calculated. Comparison was performed in amiodarone- and placebo-treated patients, distinguishing patients who did and did not suffer from arrhythmic death. QT/RR relationship and individually corrected QTc interval differed significantly, not only between amiodarone- and placebo-treated postmyocardial infarction patients but also between patients with and without arrhythmic death on amiodarone (QTc with vs without arrhythmic death 426.30 +/- 33.93 ms vs 444.23 +/- 36.65 ms, P = 6.5 x 10(-3)). In a multivariate analysis, reduced optimum regression residuum (14.33 +/- 7.08 vs 20.11 +/- 9.39, P = 4.4 x 10(-3)) and flatter slope (0.44 +/- 0.19 vs 0.55 +/- 0.24, P = 4.0 x 10(-2)) of the QT/RR relationship independently predicted arrhythmic death during follow-up. CONCLUSION: Chronic amiodarone treatment markedly affects the QT/RR relationship. The lack of treatment-related QT/RR changes predicts arrhythmic death. Descriptors of complexity of QT/RR relation seem to be potent markers of treatment efficiency.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Consensus change, conflict, and relationship satisfaction in romantic relationships.

In this cross-sectional study of 92 romantic relationships, both the S. S. Hendrick (1988) Relationship Assessment Scale and a 16-item negative conflict scale were independently associated with the consensus items of the Short Marital Adjustment Test (H. J. Locke & K. M. Wallace, 1959), but not with change from initial to present consensus. However, consensus change was significantly correlated with relationship satisfaction and negative conflict in those reporting decreased consensus or no change but not increased consensus. Furthermore, relationship satisfaction was accounted for solely by negative conflict in the increased consensus group and by present consensus in the decreased consensus group. These results suggest that the association of relationship satisfaction with consensus and negative conflict may differ according to perceived consensus change.

Conflict, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The relationship between perceived dysfunctional family-of-origin rules and intimacy in young adult dating relationships.

This study examined the relationship between perceived dysfunctional family-of-origin rules and intimacy in single young adult dating relationships. A sample of 754 single, Caucasian-American young adults completed measures of perceived dysfunctional family-of-origin rules and emotional, intellectual, and sexual intimacy in dating relationships. When controlling for the effects of gender and age, results showed that perceived dysfunctional family-of-origin rules had a negative impact on the perceived expression and experience of these three kinds of intimacy in dating relationships. Implications for relationship therapy are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[New diagnostic alternatives for dysfunctional relationships: the relationship axis of the OPD-2].

As a part of the new version of Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnosis (OPD-2), the relationship axis is introduced which was developed on the basis of research and clinical work with the OPD-1. It provides a procedure indicating dysfunctional relationship patterns. The new version is characterized by the following qualities: The relationship axis is based more consequently on the circumplex model of interpersonal behaviour. Therefore, it is suitable for a broader range of evaluation methods linked to this model. It also contains instructions on how to draw a summary of relationship dynamics. Thus the results of the diagnostic assessment can be summarized for clinical and practical purposes and used directly for therapeutic work. In addition, a simplified version of the rating procedure enables identification of the patient's significant problematic relationship themes and his or her personal resources.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Lesbians in currently aggressive relationships: how frequently do they report aggressive past relationships?

Findings are reported from a survey examining the frequency with which women in currently aggressive same-sex relationships also report aggressive past relationships involving female partners, male partners, or members of their family of origin. Particular attention is paid to victims who also used aggression and their perceptions of whether their aggressive behavior was self-defensive or mutually aggressive. Results indicate that about one-fourth of participants had been victims of aggression in current relationships, roughly two-thirds had been victimized by a previous male partner, and almost three-fourths had experienced aggression by a previous female partner. Among those reporting having been both victims and users of aggression, about one-fifth had used aggression in their current relationship, almost one-third used aggression with a previous male partner, and nearly two-thirds had used aggression with a previous female partner. A majority of victims who had also used aggression with a previous male partner characterized this use as self-defense, as compared to only 30% of those who had used aggression with a female partner. Instead, aggression in relationships involving a female partner was most frequently described as mutually aggressive in nature.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Molecular evolution and structure--function relationships of the superoxide dismutase gene families in angiosperms and their relationship to other eukaryotic and prokaryotic superoxide dismutases.

This study assesses whether the phylogenetic relationships between SODs from different organisms could assist in elucidating the functional relationships among these enzymes from evolutionarily distinct species. Phylogenetic trees and intron positions were compared to determine the relationships among these enzymes. Alignment of Cu/ZnSOD amino acid sequences indicates high homology among plant sequences, with some features that distinguish chloroplastic from cytosolic Cu/ZnSODs. Among eukaryotes, the plant SODs group together. Alignment of the Mn and FeSOD amino acid sequences indicates a higher degree of homology within the group of MnSODs (>70%) than within FeSODs (approximately 60%). Tree topologies are similar and reflect the taxonomic classification of the corresponding species. Intron number and position in the Cu/Zn Sod genes are highly conserved in plants. Genes encoding cytosolic SODs have seven introns and genes encoding chloroplastic SODs have eight introns, except the chloroplastic maize Sod1, which has seven. In Mn Sod genes the number and position of introns are highly conserved among plant species, but not among nonplant species. The link between the phylogenetic relationships and SOD functions remains unclear. Our findings suggest that the 5' region of these genes played a pivotal role in the evolution of function of these enzymes. Nevertheless, the system of SODs is highly structured and it is critical to understand the physiological differences between the SODs in response to different stresses in order to compare their functions and evolutionary history.

Amino Acid Sequence↗