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PubMed1985

Long-term regret among 216 sterilized women. A six-year follow-up investigation.

Six years after tubal sterilization 16 of 208 women reported serious regret. The desire for another child in a new relationship was given as the main reason for later regret, although other causes were also reported. No association between age, parity, time or type of tubal sterilization and later regret was demonstrated. However, a greater proportion of regretters than of the remainder had been recommended the sterilization by a doctor at abortion application. The regretters had undergone more abortions before their sterilization, and the study revealed more unstable marriages with consequently less support from the spouse at sterilization in the regretting group. Post-sterilization regret is discussed within the framework of life events and social support.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Failing to act: regrets of Terman's geniuses.

The regrets reported by Terman's intellectually gifted subjects were analyzed to determine the nature of their regrets, whether they are the same as those reported by the general population, and whether they stem predominantly from errors of omission or commission. A 1986 survey of these subjects in their advanced years (mean age = 74) asked them to specify what they would do differently if they could live over again. An analysis of their responses indicated that, like the population as a whole, they harbor many more regrets of inaction than regrets of action. The implications of these findings for a proposed temporal pattern to the experience of regret is discussed.

Aged↗

PubMed2002

Perceived control of life regrets: good for young and bad for old adults.

Age differences in the associations among intensity of regret, control attributions, and intrusive thoughts were investigated (N = 122, age range = 20-87 years). Given that the opportunities to overcome regrettable behavior decline with age, older adults' attributions of low internal control were expected to serve self-protective functions and facilitate deactivation of regret. In younger adults, by contrast, high levels of internal-control attributions might facilitate active change of regrettable behavior, resulting in low intensities of regret. The results showed that internal-control attributions were related to high intensity of regret and intrusive thoughts in older adults. Among younger adults, however, internal-control attributions were associated with low intensity of regret and low levels of intrusive thoughts.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Sterilization acceptance and regret in Thailand.

The prevalence of sterilization increased steadily in Thailand from 1969/70 to 1984, but remained unchanged over the period 1984-87. This paper uses data from the 1987 Thai DHS to examine sterilization acceptance and regret. The prevalence of sterilization increases with both the number of children and with the age of the woman. Among women with two or more children, there is a positive association between education and wealth, and tubal ligation, but there is no correlation between education and wealth and the percentage of husbands with a vasectomy. Women whose last delivery was in hospital were more likely to have been sterilized than were women with a home delivery, and among women with a hospital delivery, those who had a cesarean section were more likely to have been sterilized than were women with a vaginal delivery. Both accessibility to medical facilities and medical problems apparently play a role in affecting who gets sterilized. The percentage of women who reported that they regretted that either they had gotten sterilized or that their spouses had gotten sterilized was 11% but regret was higher in cases in which the wife had had surgery (12%) than in cases in which the spouse had had a vasectomy (8%). This difference persisted even when other variables were introduced to examine the correlates of regret (number of children at time of sterilization, subsequent death of a child, whether sterilization was done at time of CS, residence of the respondent) using multiple classification analysis. Perhaps when women themselves are sterilized, they attribute subsequent problems in health to the operation, whereas such changes cannot be attributed to the vasectomy of their husband.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Effect of Regret on Post-choice Valuation: The Case of More Than Two Alternatives.

The author examines the influence of experienced regret on the selection of the reference point used in post-choice valuation. He incorporates two reference points, expected performance and performance of the forgone alternative, the former affecting the amount of satisfaction and the latter affecting the amount of regret experienced by a decision maker. Prior research on regret has assumed only a two-alternative choice set with the forgone alternative being the reference point for measuring regret. The author relaxes that assumption and develops hypotheses to examine the selection of the reference point in cases that more closely represent real-life experience (i.e., choice sets with more than two alternatives). Two studies are reported. The results from the first study support most of the hypotheses. The second study further investigated the selection of a reference point. Several theoretical and managerial implications are discussed and future research directions are suggested. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2000

Regret and Responsibility Resolved? Evaluating Ordóñez and Connolly's (2000) Conclusions.

T. Connolly, L. D. Ordo;aan;atez, and R. Coughlan (1997, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 70, 73-85) argued, on the basis of 5 experiments, that regret need not be related to a sense of responsibility for the regretted outcome. We (M. Zeelenberg, W. W. van Dijk, & A. S. R. Manstead, 1998, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 74, 254-272) showed in 2 experiments that this conclusion was premature, because it was based on an indirect measure of regret (i.e., overall happiness with the decision outcome). When regret was directly measured, the predicted effects of responsibility were found. L. D. Ordo;aan;atez and T. Connolly (2000, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 81, 132-142) replicated our findings in 2 experiments. Based on their findings they arrived at 4 conclusions. In this rejoinder we first discuss Ordóñez and Connolly's new studies and we then discuss the validity of their 4 conclusions. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.

Journal Article↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Patient regrets after bilateral prophylactic mastectomy.

BACKGROUND: The discovery of a cadre of breast cancer susceptibility genes has resulted in an increase in the number of women seeking information about prophylactic breast surgery, but virtually no large-scale prospective databases exist to assist women considering prophylactic mastectomy. METHODS: The authors constructed a National Prophylactic Mastectomy Registry comprised of a volunteer population of 817 women from 43 states who have undergone prophylactic mastectomy. RESULTS: In the registry, 370 women had undergone bilateral prophylactic mastectomy. Twenty-one (5%) women expressed regrets about the procedure. The median follow-up was 14.6 years (mean 14.8 years; range 0.2-51 years). Those with regrets were subsetted into those with major (n = 10) or minor (n = 7) regrets. Regrets were more common in those women with whom discussion about prophylactic mastectomy was initiated by a physician (19/255), compared with patients who initiated the discussion themselves (2/108; P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: The overall satisfaction rate of 95% reported here may be explained by the voluntary nature of this registry. The most important factor that predicts an unfavorable outcome following bilateral prophylactic mastectomy is a physician-initiated discussion.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

The differential effect of realistic and unrealistic counterfactual thinking on regret.

Research has established that realistic counterfactual thinking can determine the intensity and the content of people's affective reactions to decision outcomes and events. Not much is known, however, about the affective consequences of counterfactual thinking that is unrealistic (i.e., that does not correspond to the main causes of a negative outcome). In three experiments, we investigate the influence of realistic and unrealistic counterfactuals on experienced regret after negative outcomes. In Experiment 1, we found that participants who thought unrealistically about a poor outcome reported less regret than those who thought realistically about it. In Experiments 2a and 2b, we replicated this finding and we showed that the decrease in regret was associated with a shift in the causal attributions of the poor outcome. Participants who thought unrealistically attributed it more to external circumstances and less to their own behaviours than those who thought realistically about it. We discuss the implications of these findings for the role of counterfactuals as self-serving biases and the functionality of regret as a counterfactual emotion.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Regret, satisfaction, and symptom improvement: analysis of the impact of partial colpocleisis for the management of severe pelvic organ prolapse.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess a cohort of patients who underwent a colpocleisis procedure more than 1 year post operation to determine: 1) the proportion of patients who regretted having the procedure, 2) patient satisfaction with the procedure, and 3) changes in symptom severity after surgery. STUDY DESIGN: Using the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) Genitourinary Disorders Center database, a prospective analysis was performed on 54 patients who underwent colpocleisis between August 1996 and April 2003. From August to October of 2004, participants were contacted by an investigator not involved with the surgery and were asked 1) "do you regret having your surgery, and, if so, why?," 2) "how satisfied are you with your progress (completely, somewhat, or not)?," and 3) to repeat the short form Incontinence Impact Questionnaire/Urogenital Distress Inventory (IIQ-7/UDI-6). RESULTS: Fifty-nine percent (32/54) of potential candidates participated in the study. Nine percent (3/32) of patients regretted having colpocleisis performed. Fifty-seven percent (16/28) were completely satisfied, 29% (8/28) somewhat satisfied, and 14% (4/28) not satisfied. Mean IIQ score improved significantly from 40.9 (+/-31.7) at baseline to 14.1 (+/-26.7) at last interview (P = .003). Mean UDI score improved significantly from 63.1 (+/-24.3) at baseline to 24.2 (+/-26.7) at last interview (P = .001). There was a negative correlation between change in UDI scores with time since procedure (r = -.397, P = .055) and age (r = -.435, P = .034). CONCLUSION: Few patients reported regret after partial colpocleisis. There was a high rate of patient satisfaction and significant symptom improvement more than a year post surgery. Stable but smaller improvements were reported with longer time from surgery and increasing age.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Understanding the decisions of cancer clinical trial participants to enter research studies: factors associated with informed consent, patient satisfaction, and decisional regret.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the psychosocial outcomes related to decision-making processes of individuals eligible for participation in clinical trials. METHODS: Individuals eligible to participate in selected clinical trials were contacted to complete two surveys; one shortly after participants were identified, and the second 6 weeks after the first survey was completed (N=50). Measures included subjective informed consent; satisfaction with decision-making; decisional regret; and timing of consent (early versus late signers). ANOVA and correlation coefficients were used to test the relationships between variables. RESULTS: Early signers reported themselves to be less informed about the details of their particular clinical trials than later signers (M=81.9 versus 91.2; F=5.5; p=.02). There was a non-significant trend for early signers to be less satisfied with their decisions than late signers. Satisfaction with decision-making and subjective informed consent were both strongly associated with later decisional regret (r=-.32 and -.30, respectively). However, there was no relationship between timing of consent and decisional regret. CONCLUSION: Participants who enroll in clinical trials quickly may not believe they fully understand the implications of trial participation. In general, participants who do not believe they fully understand the implications of trial participation, or who are less satisfied with their decision to enroll in the trial may ultimately feel regret about their decision to participate. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: More effort is needed to ensure that clinical trial participants fully understand the risks and benefits of participation and are satisfied with their decision to enroll in a trial prior to signing consent forms.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Is Regret Theory an alternative basis for estimating the value of healthcare interventions?

This paper presents an argument for the existence of "regret' influencing the valuation of alternative outcomes when making treatment decisions in healthcare. It is argued that valuation techniques as currently formulated rely upon the axioms of Expected Utility Theory (transitivity and independence). This potentially leads to a misrepresentation of the respondents true preferences over treatment alternatives, and thus results in the potential for "irrational' decisions being observed. A modified version of Regret Theory is outlined, and the results of a tentative empirical analysis provided to illustrate the importance of accounting for regret in the valuation of health states. It is concluded that regret is an important element in individual valuation and decision making in health care.

Colonic Neoplasms↗

PubMed2003

Factors associated with satisfaction or regret following male-to-female sex reassignment surgery.

This study examined factors associated with satisfaction or regret following sex reassignment surgery (SRS) in 232 male-to-female transsexuals operated on between 1994 and 2000 by one surgeon using a consistent technique. Participants, all of whom were at least 1-year postoperative, completed a written questionnaire concerning their experiences and attitudes. Participants reported overwhelmingly that they were happy with their SRS results and that SRS had greatly improved the quality of their lives. None reported outright regret and only a few expressed even occasional regret. Dissatisfaction was most strongly associated with unsatisfactory physical and functional results of surgery. Most indicators of transsexual typology, such as age at surgery, previous marriage or parenthood, and sexual orientation, were not significantly associated with subjective outcomes. Compliance with minimum eligibility requirements for SRS specified by the Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association was not associated with more favorable subjective outcomes. The physical results of SRS may be more important than preoperative factors such as transsexual typology or compliance with established treatment regimens in predicting postoperative satisfaction or regret.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

The inaction effect in the psychology of regret.

Previous research showed that decisions to act (i.e., actions) produce more regret than decisions not to act (i.e., inactions). This previous research focused on decisions made in isolation and ignored that decisions are often made in response to earlier outcomes. The authors show in 4 experiments that these prior outcomes may promote action and hence make inaction more abnormal. They manipulated information about a prior outcome. As hypothesized, when prior outcomes were positive or absent, people attributed more regret to action than to inaction. However, as predicted and counter to previous research, following negative prior outcomes, more regret was attributed to inaction, a finding that the authors label the inaction effect. Experiment 4, showing differential effects for regret and disappointment, demonstrates the need for emotion-specific predictions.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2006

Emotions and preventive health behavior: worry, regret, and influenza vaccination.

The role of worry, regret, and perceived risk in preventive health decisions was explored in a longitudinal questionnaire study on influenza vaccination among 428 university employees. The study yielded 3 main findings. First, ratings of anticipated worry and regret were stronger predictors of vaccination than perceived risk and mediated the effect of risk on vaccination. Second, the anticipated level of emotions differed systematically from experienced emotions, such that vaccinated individuals anticipated more regret and less worry than they actually experienced. Third, anticipated and experienced emotions had implications for subsequent vaccination decisions. Those who did not vaccinate in the 1st year but had high levels of worry and regret were likely to be vaccinated the following year.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Predicting binge-drinking behaviour using an extended TPB: examining the impact of anticipated regret and descriptive norms.

AIMS: To investigate the utility of an extended Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), including descriptive norms and anticipated regret, in predicting binge-drinking intentions and behaviour. METHODS: A total of 178 undergraduates completed a questionnaire containing measures of TPB variables, descriptive norms, anticipated regret, and previous binge-drinking behaviour. One week later, 104 students completed a measure of binge-drinking behaviour. RESULTS: Hierarchical regression demonstrated that attitudes (beta = 0.30, P < 0.001) and anticipated regret (beta = 0.47, P < 0.001) were significant predictors of intentions, with the final equation accounting for 58% of the variance. Hierarchial regression found that intentions (beta = -0.21, P < 0.05) and previous binge-drinking behaviour (beta = 0.36, P < 0.01) predicted current drinking behaviour, accounting for 33% of the variance. CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests that modifying attitudes and inducing regret may be effective strategies for reducing binge-drinking intentions among undergraduates, which should reduce subsequent binge-drinking behaviour.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

A path not taken: a cultural analysis of regrets and childlessness in the lives of older women.

This paper explores regrets about childlessness in 90 older women interviewed using qualitative methods. Regrets were discussed in the context of the changing meaning of childlessness over the life course. We found that issues of regret are situated in a cultural system that renders childless women marginal. We argue that regrets should be understood in a wider cultural context that incorporates the cultural construction of the self over time.

Aged↗

PubMed1998

Factors predictive of regret in sex reassignment.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the features and calculate the frequency of sex-reassigned subjects who had applied for reversal to their biological sex, and to compare these with non-regretful subjects. An inception cohort was retrospectively identified consisting of all subjects with gender identity disorder who were approved for sex reassignment in Sweden during the period 1972-1992. The period of time that elapsed between the application and this evaluation ranged from 4 to 24 years. The total cohort consisted of 218 subjects. The results showed that 3.8% of the patients who were sex reassigned during 1972-1992 regretted the measures taken. The cohort was subdivided according to the presence or absence of regret of sex reassignment, and the two groups were compared. The results of logistic regression analysis indicated that two factors predicted regret of sex reassignment, namely lack of support from the patient's family, and the patient belonging to the non-core group of transsexuals. In conclusion, the results show that the outcome of sex reassignment has improved over the years. However, the identified risk factors indicate the need for substantial efforts to support the families and close friends of candidates for sex reassignment.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

The involvement of the orbitofrontal cortex in the experience of regret.

Facing the consequence of a decision we made can trigger emotions like satisfaction, relief, or regret, which reflect our assessment of what was gained as compared to what would have been gained by making a different decision. These emotions are mediated by a cognitive process known as counterfactual thinking. By manipulating a simple gambling task, we characterized a subject's choices in terms of their anticipated and actual emotional impact. Normal subjects reported emotional responses consistent with counterfactual thinking; they chose to minimize future regret and learned from their emotional experience. Patients with orbitofrontal cortical lesions, however, did not report regret or anticipate negative consequences of their choices. The orbitofrontal cortex has a fundamental role in mediating the experience of regret.

Adult↗