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PubMed1993

Cold weather field evaluation of the 18-Man Arctic Tray Pack Ration Module, the meal, ready-to-eat, and the Long Life Ration Packet.

The Army Field Feeding System was evaluated for its ability to provide adequate nutrition and hydration during a 10-day cold weather field exercise. Soldiers consumed the 18-Man Arctic Tray Pack Ratio Module with either a wet-pack (Meal, Ready-to-Eat) or a dehydrated (Long Life Ration Packet) individual ration. Both feeding regimens were acceptable, meeting protein and micronutrients requirements. However, the soldiers consumed only 70% of their energy requirement, thus losing an average of 0.9% of body weight. This weight loss, although not excessive, underscores the importance of maintaining an adequate food intake during extended cold weather military field operations.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Rationalizing rationing in health care: experience of two primary care trusts.

BACKGROUND: Priority setting, or rationing, in healthcare is an unavoidable consequence of competing demands on the resources available. This is a description of the experience of the two Primary Care Trusts in using an explicit scoring tool to prioritize proposals submitted for new funding within the local health economy. METHODS: A Priorities Forum Panel was established, comprising representatives from the local NHS trusts. The Panel reviewed and scored new funding proposals and then ranked them for priority funding. RESULTS: Over 100 proposals were submitted (total cost: approximately 44 million pounds). Sixty-six proposals were scored (total cost: over 26 million pounds). Around 5 million pounds was available for funding, resulting in few of the top-scoring proposals being supported. The proposals which were linked to the implementation of National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidance were generally given a lower priority compared with those likely to relieve local pressures and facilitate the implementation of specific National Service Framework criteria. CONCLUSIONS: Funding of the locally driven priorities took precedence over some of the nationally driven priorities, such as funding of specific NICE guidance. The shortfall in resources did not allow for the funding of a significant number of high-scoring proposals.

Financing, Government↗

PubMed2006

Rational versus anti-rational interpretations of science: an ape-language case-study.

Robert Nola (2003) has argued that anti-rationalist interpretations of science fail to adequately explain the process of science, since objective reasons can be causal factors in belief formation. While I agree with Nola that objective reasons can be a cause of belief, in this paper I present a version of the strong programme in the sociology of knowledge, the Interests Thesis, and argue that the Interests Thesis provides a plausible explanation of an episode in the history of ape-language research. Specifically, I examine Terrace, Petitto, Sandess, & Bever (1979, 1980) illegitimate comparison of the signing of their chimpanzee, Nim, with data from human early childhood language development, and argue that Terrace et al.'s interests played a causal role in determining their sceptical beliefs concerning ape linguistic abilities. However, I go on to argue that Terrace et al.'s interests are not the only causal factors in determining their beliefs: objective reasons, associated with the institution of new methodologies, were also causally determinative of Terrace et al.'s sceptical beliefs. Consequently, I argue that belief formation in science is a multi-factorial affair wherein both interests and objective reasons have causal roles. I finish the paper with two conjectures concerning the proper locus of scientific rationality.

Animal Communication↗

PubMed2001

Values-intuitive rational action: the dynamic relationship of instrumental rationality and values insights as a form of social action.

This paper is concerned with the implications for conceptualizing social action which arise from a consideration of whether human beings are capable of knowing ultimate (universal, unconditionally valid) values. This issue is framed within the view that the validity of our understanding of social action is inextricably linked with the validity of our conception of humankind: the scope and variety of social action has potentialities and limitations that are inscribed by the nature of human beings qua human beings. The paper suggests an enlargement, through the addition of a proposed conceptual tool, of the framework that comprises Weber's typology of social action. It argues that the common human properties of the person in whom social action is embedded should not arbitrarily exclude questions of the genesis of values. An analytical argument is put forward through an examination of the extent to which a faculty for values insights is implicated in Weber's concept of charisma and ethical analysis of political leadership. The notion of values-intuitive rational action is then outlined and discussed. The analytical argument is supported by theorizing from developmental psychology and examples of such action are given. Methodological difficulties in investigating the latter and the interrelationship of such action with institutional and social contexts are briefly discussed.

Group Processes↗

PubMed1996

A strategy to promote the rational use of laboratory tests. IFCC Education and Management Division Committee on Rational Laboratory Use. International Federation of Clinical Chemistry.

The following guidelines suggest ways in which clinical chemists can promote rational laboratory use by critically evaluating the tests they offer. This may be done by documenting the clinical uses and limitations of tests in the same way that clearly written method descriptions outline analytical procedures in a particular laboratory. This information can then be disseminated on result report forms, during discussion, or through investigational protocols or clinical guidelines. For the information to be of value, it should be the result of clinical and laboratory input reflecting the local practice and facilities. The material should be clearly written, easily accessible to the users, and updated whenever there is a change in methodology or clinical practice. Much can be achieved by applying common sense to common knowledge, and laboratories of all sizes can prepare their own material. In addition, national scientific societies and other professional organizations can assist local endeavors by providing educational material on test evaluation, selection, and use.

Clinical Laboratory Information Systems↗

PubMed1992

Rational education for rational therapy.

A sound knowledge of pharmacology and clinical therapeutics could help future prescribers in India to master the principles and practice of rational therapy. The teaching of pharmacology in medical schools should be restructured accordingly, and greater attention should be given to the applied aspects of the subject. Practicals in experimental pharmacology and dispensing pharmacy should be discontinued and useful exercises should be introduced. Methods of evaluation should be modified.

Curriculum↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Is economic rational opposed to medical rational?].

Economic and medical rationalities could be conciliated. In a view of relative convergence various administrative decisions and new medicosurgical strategies are highlighted. The role of centres promoting continuous medical formation is stressed. They should also organize repetitive information campaigns.

Belgium↗

PubMed1995